Cystoisospora spp coccidia of carnivores Grouped by Infection Site and Motility systemic intestines blood tissue Flagellates sg Excavates Hemoflagellates Trypanosoma cruzi ID: 1043519
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1. Coccidia part 3 (intestinal apicomplexans) Cystoisospora spp.(coccidia of carnivores)
2. Grouped by Infection Site and Motilitysystemicintestinesblood/tissueFlagellates (sg = Excavates)HemoflagellatesTrypanosoma cruziTritrichomonas blagburniLeishmania infantumGiardia spp.MucoflagellatesTrypanosoma cruziLeishmania infantumIntestinal apicomplexan (coccidia)Blood apicomplexa (piroplasms)Cryptosporidium parvumEimeria spp.Cystoisospora spp.Cytauxzoon felisBabesia spp.Toxoplasma gondiiNeospora caninumSarcocystis spp.Systemic apicomplexa (coccidia)Parasitic ProtozoaApicomplexa (sg =Alveolates)(know terms on this slide)Tritrichomonas foetus
3. Cystoisospora spp. (Coccidosis)Many Cystoisospora spp. have very high host specificityCommon Coccidian of CarnivoresDiarrhea!Direct Life Cycle
4. Life cycles: understand highlighted components of the Direct and Indirect Life CyclesTransmission: know specified routes of transmission (ingestion of oocysts vs. ingestion of paratenic host).Pathogenesis: understand disease due to direct destruction of enterocytes.Clinical signs: understand the specified clinical signs Diagnosis: understand the specified ways to diagnose coccidosisTreatment: know the highlighted information about treatingControl: Know the highlighted practices to control CystoisosporaEpidemiology: know this is not zoonotic, that Cystoisospora species are very host specific and the specified risk factors (host and environmental)Know the highlighted, specific details for host species (kittens, puppies and piglets)Learning Objectives: Cystoisospora spp.
5. Morphology: CystoisosporaOocystSpecies-specific size, shape, Unsporulated when passesSporulated oocyst contains 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each = 8 sporozoites totalsporulatedunsporulated
6. Life Cycle: CystoisosporaDirect life cycle TransmissionFecal-oral, ingestion of sporulated oocyst Invasion Sporozoites excyst from oocyst and invade enterocyteORFacultative (optional) Indirect life cycle TransmissionRodent or bird paratenic host (sporozoites live in various tissues in the host)Invasion Sporozoites excyst from prey tissue and invade enterocyte
7. DIRECTFACULTATIVE INDIRECTCystoisospora canisDefinitive host (asex. and sex. replication occurs)Paratenic = not needed for the development of the parasite but helps to maintain the parasite's life cycle.
8. Intestines of definitive hostStart heresporulationmerogonyfertilizationGametogonyIngestion of sporulated oocyst invade enterocytedisseminationinfectiveAsexualSexual
9. Sporogony (= sporulation) → Sporogony occurs in the environment.Life Cycle: Cystoisospora (cont)ORIngestion of sporulated oocyst by definitive hostIngestion of sporulated oocyst by paratenic hostLindsay, David S., et al. "Developmental biology of Cystoisospora (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) monozoic tissue cysts." The Journal of parasitology 100.4 (2014): 392-398.
10. Cystozoites can form in paratenic hosts and even definitive hosts. Cystozoites act as a latent stage and do not cause clinical disease.Life Cycle: Cystoisospora (cont)Ingestion of sporulated oocyst by paratenic hostSporozoites infect and encyst in tissue of paratenic host forming a “cystozoite”
11. Pathogenesis: CystoisosporaPathogenesisDirect destruction of enterocytes (small intestines)destruction of epithelial lining and (rare hemorrhagic ulcers)malabsorptionTrauma ↑ permeability, with loss of fluids and sometimes bloodImmune response causes hyper-secretionThe Awkward Yeti by Nick Seluk
12. ComplaintMild to moderate diarrhealoose, mucoid, sometimes watery; sometimes bloody (rare)Most often reported in nursing or recently weaned petsImmunocompromised or stressed animals may break with coccidiosisshipping stress, shelter stress, kennel stressLarge infective dose of sporulated oocysts → worse clinical disease Clinical Disease: Cystoisospora
13. Diagnosis: CystoisosporaClinical Signs Animal age and historyyoung? immune compromised? stress?Fecal Float Centrifugation look for unsporulated oocysts in fresh samplemay see sporulated oocysts in older sampleDiarrhea may occur prior to oocyst excretion (prepatent period)May need to differentiate between Eimeria (coprophagy) vs. Cystoisospora
14. Anticoccidials “Sulfa drugs” Sulfadimethoxine (Albon) -static Albon®, Bactrovet®, or Tribrissen®Efficacy against acute disease unclearPonazuril (off label)-cidalToltrazuril sulfone®, Marquis®, Ponalrestat®Studies indicate may be more effectiveTreatment: CystoisosporaGive supportive therapy for symptomsOnce infected, have immunity against that species
15. SanitationYoung and naïve animalsKennels & catteriesPig farrowing housesSporulated oocysts are resistant, can survive (year) in moist, protected environmentsSusceptible to freezing or extremely high temperatures; ammonia solutionPrevent access to paratenic hostsMainly rodentsGood nutrition importantKeep Stress LowControl: CystoisosporaKärcher UK,Dec 3, 2014
16. Cystoisospora spp.UbiquitousVery host specific no cross-species infections or zoonosisHost risk factorsImmunodeficient: young, stressed, poor nutritionEnvironmental risk factors Moist, unsanitary conditions promote sporulation of oocysts occurs within 2-4 daysAccess to paratenic hosts (mostly rodents)Epidemiology: Cystoisospora
17. Host species and Pathogenic Cystoisospora spp.
18. Cystoisospora canis Large, oval oocystDiarrhea (low pathogenicity in adult dogs)C. ohioensisSmall-medium size, spherical oocystMay cause diarrheaCystoisospora canishttps://www.dogbreedinfo.com/diarrhea.htm Canine CystoisosporaPuppy Diarrhea!copious, watery, may persist for weeks (small bowel diarrhea)
19. Feline CystoisosporaCystoisospora felisLarge, oval oocyst, Small bowel diarrheapathogenic for kittens C. rivoltaSmall-medium spherical oocystsmall bowel diarrhea in newborn kittenshttp://www.organic-pet-digest.com/dogs-recurring-diarrhea-after-multiple-antibiotics-treatments.html www.catster.comwww.catster.comKitten Diarrhea!Small-bowel diarrhea
20. FYI Large or Small bowel diarrhea?frankGiardia?Tritrichomonas?Cystoisopora
21. Swine -pigletsCystoisospora suisDevelops entirely in one host (direct life cycle –NO Facultative Cycle)Neonatal DZ – 1-2-week-old suckling pigletsNon-hemorrhagic diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss (SI infection)High morbidity, Low mortality; very short course of disease (~4days)Impaired growth, economic lossAs piglet gets older, ↓susceptibility and pathology Immunity is complete against reinfectionPorcine Cystoisospora
22. Piglet ScoursFYI: other specific infectious agentsImportant to distinguish b/w coccidiosis, viral or bacterial piglet diseases
23. Cystoisospora suis
24. Porcine CystoisosporaDiagnoseDiagnose with fecal float, stained fecal smears, autofluorescence microscopyTest multiple sample days (sporadic shedding)8 Eimeria spp. so differentiate by oocyst morphology Eimeria have 4 sporocysts / polar capCystoisospora have 2 sporocysts / no polar capTreatment/ControlCoccidiostats have proven to be moslty ineffectiveToltrazuril treatment suppress oocyst excretion and improve piglet healthRigorous sanitation with steam cleaning; slatted floors
25. In-Class DiscussionA 6 month-old kitten is brought in with diarrhea What are your top protozoal infectious differentials?
26. In-Class DiscussionName that Coccidian (genus) from a goat Is it infective?
27. In-Class DiscussionName that Coccidian (genus and species)From young sheep with diarrhea that were just transported to a new state
28. In-Class DiscussionName that Coccidian (genus and species)From DogHint: it’s big!
29. In-Class DiscussionName that Coccidian (Genus)From a Turkey
30. In-Class Discussion5 µMFecal float from a calfHint: it’s tiny!
31. In-Class DiscussionName that Coccidian (genus and species)From an older kitten
32. In-Class DiscussionName that Coccidian (genus)From Cow
33. In-Class DiscussionName that CoccidianFrom Piglet
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35. Have Questions?barbara_qurollo@ncsu.eduIllustration by Allie Brosh, http://hyperboleandahalf.blogspot.com/