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e ISSN 2582 5208 Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume03Issue01January 2021 Impact F actor 5354 wwwirjmetscom wwwirjmetscom ID: 955390

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e - ISSN: 2582 - 5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January - 2021 Impact F actor - 5.354 www.irjmets.com www.irjmets.com @Internation al Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [ 1172 ] REVIEW ARTICLE “TIGER NUTS (Cyperus esculentus) ” – PALIEO BUT TODAY’S SUPER FOOD Malashree L *1 , Prabha R *2 , Ramachandra B *3 , Sushmitha P *4 *1 Assistant professor, Department of Dairy Microbiology, Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. *2 Associate professor & Head, Department of Dairy Microbiology, Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. * 3 Assistant professor, Department of Dairy Microbiology, Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. *4 M.Tech Scholar, Department of Dairy Microbiology, Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, India . ABSTRACT Tiger nut is a tuber from a perennial plant known by its scientific name Cyperus esculentus . Since from many centuries people have been consuming the tiger nuts and emerged as palieo food today. Since from 4000 B.C, there are stories of these unique tuber s utilization. These tiger nuts were first discovered in Egypt and also known as nut grass or yellow nutsedge, this plant originated in Southern Europe but became naturalized in Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Archaeological evidence suggests that this n ut has been cultivated for thousands of years, providing a critical component of the embalming process for Egyptian pharaohs. Today, tiger nuts are widely produced in Africa and have incredible nutritional benefits. They can be eaten fresh, semi - dried, or fully dried. Additionally, tiger nut milk and tiger nut oil are often sold as forms of the nuts. Although tiger nuts were briefly popular in the 1950s and 1960s, they have only recently been rediscovered for their health properties. Now, they are poised to become the next big super food. Keywords: Tiger nuts, Chufa, Yellow sedge, Cyperus esculentus and Palieo food . I. INTRODUCTION Vegetables are important part of healthy eating and provide a source of many nutrients, including fibres , vitamins and minerals. Now a day’s Veganism has risen in po p ularity and the term vegan diet centres on eating more wholesome plant based foods and cutting out animal products like meat, sea foods, egg and dairy products. It’s been known that vegetables a re grouped as roots and tubers, green leafy vegetables and other vegetables. Roots and tubers are grown below the soil; contain more starch, fibre and minerals which were the staple food for cave man during olden days. Now people are going back to Palieo d iet which follows the eating habits for a new wellness lifestyle. One such Palieo food making come back in the healthy food is Tiger nuts. What are Tiger nuts? Tiger nut belongs to Sedge family with the scientific name Cyperus esculentus . Tiger nuts are commonly called as earth almonds, rush nut, yellow nut sedge, chufa, Cicoda or Cicada in Hindi, Bhadra musta in Sanskrit . In spite of all these comm

on names Tiger nuts tubers are familiar as Tiger nut because it was first cultivated during Mesopotamia which is a cradle of civilization between the two rivers Tigris (Tiger) and Euphrates ( Gambo., 2014). Characteristics of Tiger nut tubers are Oblong shaped, yellow, brown or black bumpy - skinned with an encircling leaf scar and ivory internal nut - like flesh , Sweet taste and nutty flavor. Tiger nut tubers have their role in Food, Cosmetics and Medicinal . During ancient period tubers were cultivated as weed potential, but the recent findings on health benefits of tubers have proved it as a right plant in wrong place . Plant Anatomy Tiger nut plant is a straight fibrous rooted perennial plant with 3 - 4 feet height. The central stem primary shoot is straight and 3 angled, mostly covered by sheaths of the leaves. The leaf sheaths are whitish gre en, e - ISSN: 2582 - 5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January - 2021 Impact F actor - 5.354 www.irjmets.com www.irjmets.com @Internation al Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [ 1173 ] sometimes they become pale red towards the base of the plant. Pollination of the plant occurs by wind giving rise to flower having a white style and yellowish brown anthers. The rhizomatous, fibrous root system spreads into a vertical rhizome giving ri se to secondary shoot. The rhizomes are connected to a small tubers upto half inches across. Young tubers are white while the older tubers are yellow and usually found within 6 inches of the ground surface. High temperature and low nitrogen level aids the p lant to produce small, oblong tubers (12 - 15 tubers per seed) in abundance w hich are sweet and rich in fat ( Deatra, 1999 ) . II. CULTIVATION AND PROCESSING PATTERN Tiger nut is a very fast growing perennial grass like plant from the sedge family and is very easily grown in warm climate, sandy soil with pH 5 .0 - 7.5 . Before sowing, soak the tubers in water for overnight , plant one inch deep, maintain 1 foot distance between plants and first shoot emerges after 1 - 2 weeks. The young plants which are of 4 inch ta ll are transplanted to main field keeping them wet and providing little compost. The young plants get matured within 3 - 4 months and cultivation period takes almost 10 months (March to Dec) till the plants are grown . A t the end of September, leaves start browning indicating the harvesting stage. Harvesting is done normally between November to January. The plants are digged out of the soil and tubers are separated from the plant. Tubers are taken for cleaning process to remove soil and unwanted roots. Fres h tubers are sun dried for 3 months to take care of anti nutrients and fungi. Finally tubers are classified based on size and packed in gunny bags. Approximately yield of the crop is 22.7kg /acre . (www.tigernut.com) Types of Tiger nuts Based on Size t iger nuts are classified into micro t iger nut of about 6 - 7 mm , standard t iger nut of about 8 - 1

1 mm and large t iger nut of 12 - 16 mm . Further b ased on c olour the three types include brown t iger nut , y ellow t iger nut and b lack t iger nut . Tiger nuts – Dictionary of nutrients The proximate composition of dried tiger nut is given in the below table ( Oladele and Aina, 2007 ) . Constituents Yellow variety (%) Brown variety (%) Moisture 3.50 3.78 Crude protein 7.15 9.70 Lipid 32.13 35.43 Crude fibre 6.26 5.62 Carbohydrates 46.99 41.22 Ash 3.97 4.25 Energy (KJ ) 1343 1511 Tiger nut milk is an ideal milk for persons who do not tolerat e gluten (celiacs) or to those who are allergic to cow milk and its derivates . Tiger nut oil is made of highly unsaturated fatty acids and hence good for the health of humans. Tiger nut oil contributes to the reduction of cholesterol; it reduces the risk of coronary heart diseases and atherosclerosis ( Elena et al., 2010) . T iger nut milk without sugar can be a drink for diabetics for its content in carbohydrates which a ba se of sucrose and starch (without glucose) an d due to its content of arginine which liberates the hormone that produces the insulin (Adejuyitan , 2009 ) . The high cont ent of fib e r has a good effect on digestion, as it stimulates digestive juices, contributes to a longer feeling of fullness and speeds up transit in the intestinal tract and so prevents constipation . A deficiency in calcium and magnesium has been associate d to a high risk of cardiovascular diseases like hypertension. High content of minerals phosphorus, magnesium, iron and calcium is thought e - ISSN: 2582 - 5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January - 2021 Impact F actor - 5.354 www.irjmets.com www.irjmets.com @Internation al Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [ 1174 ] to decrease the risk of preeclampsia, and may have a protective role against colon cancer (Heine et al ., 2012). Anti nutrients in Tiger nuts Plant based foods are limited by the presence of ant i nutrients. Anti - nutrients are those natural or synthetic substances which by themselves or through their metabolic products arising in living systems interfere with food utilization, causes certain physiological responses and affect the health and productivity of man and animal. The naturally occurring anti - nutrients that are commonly found in leguminous seeds are protease inhibitors, saponins, oxalates, tannins ( 15%), alkaloids (7.3 %), Oxalates (2.8 mg/g ) and phytates (0.1%). Anti nutrients are reduced to some extent by some of the treatments like soaking, germination, blanching, roasting and fermentation methods. Okoye et al., 2018 has reported on effect of germination and fermentation of tiger nut tubers has resulted in decrease in tannin content from 21.9mg/100gm to 1.24 mg and 1.05 mg respectively. Sim ilarly Oladele et al., 2009 has stu died the effect of soaking and r oasting on tiger nut tubers and resu lted in reduction of alkal

oids from 58 - 37% and 77 - 20% respectively . Health benefits of Tiger nuts Prebiotic property : Prebiotics are a specialized plant fiber that beneficially nourishes the good bacteria already found in the large colon. Among all of the outstanding benefits of the tiger nut is the fact that it is a resistant starch food. Unlike regular starch, resistant starch (RS) has the power to improve your health in various ways, improve digestive system health , improve insulin sensitivity, l ower blood sugar levels, and lower risk of colorec tal cancer and reduce appetite . Fig. - 1: Mechanism of Prebiotic effect of Resistant Starch of Tiger nut RS is a type of plant fiber that is a newly recognized health food for both humans and animals. It refer s to the portion of starch and starch products within the fiber that resist digestion as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The properties of the starch itself have been found to be beneficial to health by improving the population of gut microb iota and triggering cell signaling pathways associated with anti - inflammation, anti - diabetes and anti - obesity. By escaping digestion in the small intestine, RS has few interactions with other components of the upper gastrointestinal tract. It is fermented in the large intestine resulting in the production of carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, organic acids (e.g. lactic acid), and short - chain fatty acids (SCFA). However, RS is believed to result in only a modest production of these gases compared with othe r non - digestible oligosaccharides and lactulose. The SCFAs produced include butyrate, acetate and propionate and it’s these SCFAs that are thought to mediate the effects of RS, rather than RS exerting a physical bulking effect. (www.chufaworld.co.uk) e - ISSN: 2582 - 5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January - 2021 Impact F actor - 5.354 www.irjmets.com www.irjmets.com @Internation al Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [ 1175 ] Alternative for Lactose intolerance : Lactose intolerance (LI) is a condition in which people have symptoms due to the decreased ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products. Lactose intolerance is due to the lack of enzyme lactase in the sma ll intestines to break lactose down into glucose and galactose. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea. It’s been reported that 70% of world’s population suffer from Lactose intolerance. Tiger nut milk is better substitute for LI since it does not contain lactose. Antidiabetic property : RS which are dietary fiber that has been a novel strategy for control of Glycemic index in diabetes . It is the ef fects of fermentation of RS of t iger nut in the gut that is the primary mechanism for increased endogenous secretions of GLP - 1 and PYY. Studies also show that RS can stimulate the secretion of GLP - 1 (glucagon - like peptide 1) and PYY (peptide YY), which are gut - secreted hormones with anti - obesity a

nd glucose tolerance effects. GLP - 1 decreases blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin secretion, whilst PYY helps reduce appetite and limit food intake. Hence, increased GLP - 1 and PYY play an important role in the effect of RS on body fat accumulation. (Adejuyitan, 2009). Fig. - 2: Mechanism of Antidiabetic effect of Resistant starch Antibacterial effect : Tiger nut tubers have been investigated for the antibacterial activity of various extracts (acetone, 50% ethanol, and chloroform and petroleum ether) of t iger nuts against the selected human bacterial pathogens through disc diffusion method. The zone s of inhibition of the various extracts of the sample against the tested bacterial species were observed. The study resulted in 50% ethanolic extract of the tubers showed maximum antibacterial activity against E.coli, S t .aureus, and Salmonella s p p. Acetone extract showed maximum antibacterial activity against S t .aureus , K b .pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris. Chloroform extract of the sample showed maximum antibacterial activity against S t .aureus. Petroleum ether extract of the sample showed maximum antibacterial activity against K b .pneumoniae. (Ndikom and Elutade., 2016). III. APPLICATIONS OF TIGER NUTS Major derivatives include Tiger nut (roasted) , Tiger nut milk (TNM), Tiger nut flour and Tiger nut oil . ( Bamishaiye, 2011) Production at industrial level Sortin g, Germicidal treatment (0.05% S od.benzoate) Wash with water 1kg of the dried tiger nuts e - ISSN: 2582 - 5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January - 2021 Impact F actor - 5.354 www.irjmets.com www.irjmets.com @Internation al Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [ 1176 ] S oak in potable water at ratio nut: water (1:3) S oaked nut is milled into slurry several times Press the slurry using muslin cloth to extract the milk Homogenization and Heat treatment (22 Mpa / 80˚C/ 5sec) Cool and store in bottles Flow chart 1: Production of Tiger nut milk Production of Tiger nut milk co - products Flow chart 2 : Production of various Tiger nut milk co - products Ferment ed products of Tiger nut milk Fer mentation of c ereal - based beverages like oat milk, soy milk has been commonly used in African countries. In the present market innovative fermented tiger nut based beverages are arising around Europe and is becoming popular in the US with the functional value (VanWyk., 20 11) . Maduka et al ., 2017 has investigated that the sterilized tiger nut milk fermented with the lactic acid bacteria shows higher LAB count than unsterilized tiger nut milk. Probiotic yoghu rt has been developed with tiger nut milk and Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lb. acidophilus which resulted in no changes in post acidification probl

em in the product and highest apparent viscosity and lowest whey synersis ( El - Shenawy et al ., 2012). Potent ial application s of Tiger nuts Flour obtained from tiger nuts has a unique sweet taste that has been found ideal for use in the baking industry. It can be used to make delicious cakes and biscuits and also used to compliment fruit flavours as well. The g round flour can be mixed with sorghum to make porridge (TTSL, 2005). Tiger nuts could be used in bread, breakfast cereals and puddings. Tiger nuts are often used as a substitute for almonds or coffee and cocoa additive (FAO, 1988; NUTRA, 2005). Fresh tige r nuts have been fermented to produce a local alchoholic drink (Barminas et al , 2001). The ground flour can be mixed with sorghum to make porridge (TTSL 2005) . Umerie and Enebeli (1996) produced caramel from malted tubers of tiger nut which appeared as black brown syrup and is suggested that it could find applications where it will add body, flavour or colour, as in bakery products, non alcoholic beverages, dark beers and in condi ments production. Tiger nut could also be used as a livestock feed as reported by many researchers. e - ISSN: 2582 - 5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January - 2021 Impact F actor - 5.354 www.irjmets.com www.irjmets.com @Internation al Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [ 1177 ] Figure showing application tiger nut in various fields IV. CONCLUSION Tiger nut with the essential nutrients and its health benefits; i t can be a super food in future . As it n aturally contains prebiotic exhibit several health benefits aiming towards functional food . Development of Probiotic drink products from tiger nut milk can be promising alternative source of food . Since the cultivation procedure is simple rendering c ost effective – boon to farmers in future in India . It’s a Plant for future - unexploited and eaten without much knowledge of its benefits . Future prospects There is need of awareness campaigns on its health and nutritional benefits among the people also cultivation of tiger nut in India must be encouraged. Development of wide range of tiger nut milk based product in market can be way to development of new functional food. Clinical studies of tiger nuts in on health benefits are yet to prove. V. REFERENCES [1] Adejuyitan, J.A., E.T. Otunola, E.A. Akande, I.F. Bo larinwa and F.M. Oladokun, (2009). Some physicochemical properties of flour obtained from fermentation of tigernut ( Cyperus esculentus ) sourced from a market in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Afr. J. Food Sci , 3 : 51 - 55. [2] Bamishaiye, E. & Bamishaiye, O.M. , (2011). Tiger nuts: as a plant, its derivatives, and benefits. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development , 5 : 1684 - 1701. [3] Barminas, J.T., Maina, H.M., Tahir, S., Kubmarawa , D. and Tsware, K. ( 2001 ). A Preliminary Investigation into the Biofuel Characteristics of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) Oil. Elsevier

Sci. Ltd. Biores. Tech.; 79: 87 - 89 [4] Deatra J. Sams, ( 1999, Nutsedge : Weedy Pest or Crop of the Future? Southern Illinois University Carbondale / Ethnobotanical Leaflets / http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/ [5] El - Shenawy, M. Abd El - Aziz, W.I. El - Kholy, M.T. Fouad., (2012), Probiotic yoghurt manufactured with tiger - nut extract ( cyperus esculentus ) as a functional dairy food. Journal of Agricultural Research and Natural Resources , 1 (2): 20 - 31 [6] Elena Sánchez - Zapata , Juana Fernández - López , Jose Angel Pérez - Álvarez ., ( 2012 ), Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus) Commercialization: Health Aspects, Composition, Properties, and Food Applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 1541 - 4337. [7] FAO (1988). Traditional Food Plants: Food and Nutrition Paper 42. Rome 239 - 242 [8] Gambo, A. and Da ’u, A., (2014), Tiger Nut (Cyperus Esculentus): Composition, Products, Uses And Health Benefits – A Review. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences , 7(1): 56 – 61 [9] Heine GH, Nangaku M, Fliser D. ( 2012 ), Calcium and phosphate impact cardiovascula r risk. European heart journal 34( 15 ):1112 - 21 e - ISSN: 2582 - 5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January - 2021 Impact F actor - 5.354 www.irjmets.com www.irjmets.com @Internation al Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [ 1178 ] [10] Maduka, N., Ire, F. S. And Njoku, H. O., ( 2017 ) , Fermentation of Tiger nut by lactic acid bacteria and tigernut - milk drink fermentation by Lactic acid bac teria as a potential probiotic product. Asian Journal of Science and Technology , Vol. 08, Issue, 07, pp.5167 - 5172 [11] Ndikom, M. C. And Elutade, O. O ., ( 2016 ) , Preliminary screening for bacteriocin - producing lactic acid bacteria in tigernut ( Cyperus esculentus ) tubers. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology , 30 ( 2 ): 3484 - 3489. [12] NUTRA, ( 2005 ) , Non - dairy Drinks Easy Pushover for Soy? Food and Beverage Development Ingredients.com.europe http://www.ntraingredients.com/ [13] Okoye J.I and Ene G.I. ( 2018 ) , Effect of Processing on the Nutrient - Anti and Nutrient contents of Tiger nuts. Journal of Food Tech Food chem. 1 :101 [14] Oladele A K , Osandabunsi FO, Adebowale AY. , ( 2009 ) , Influence of processing techniques on the nutrients and anti - nutrients of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus). World J Dairy Food Sci 2: 88 - 93. [15] TTSL, ( 2005 ) , Tigernuts. Chufas. Souchet. Ermandeln. Pois Sucrés: Tigernut Traders, S.L.Export. www.tigernut.com ; http:// www.tigernut.com/product3.html/ [16] Umerie, S.C. and Enebeli, J.N. ( 1996 ) , Malt Caramel from Tubers of Cyperus esculentus Copyright Elsevier Sci. Ltd Gr eat Britain. Biores. Tech..; 57: 215 - 216 [17] VanWyk, B. - E. ( 2011 ) , The potential of South African plants in the development of new food and beverage products. S. Afr. J. Bot , 77, 857 –