Ceratophyllales - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Ceratophyllales, “Basal” Eudicots, Caryophyllales

Spring

2014Slide2

Major Angiosperm CladesAmborellaceae

Nymphaeales

Austrobaileyales

MAGNOLIID COMPLEXMONOCOTSEUDICOTS [TRICOLPATES]

ANITA

GRADE

Soltis et al. 2000,

APG II 2002,

Judd et al. 2002Slide3

Fig. 7.1Slide4

Ceratophyllales:Ceratophyllaceae-Submerged aquatic with many adaptations for this habitat-Fossil record extends back to the early Cretaceous-Phylogenetic position still uncertain, but clearly part of the early radiation of angiosperms above the ANITA gradeSlide5

Ceratophyllum – Probably sister

to the eudicots

The most recent

molecular data

support this.Slide6

Ceratophyllales:

Ceratophyllaceae -

CeratophyllumSlide7

Fig. 7.1Slide8

Eudicots (tricolpates)Monophyletic: tricolpate pollen, slender filaments in stamens*, and loss of ethereal oilsCa. 125 million years old as a lineageCa. 75% of angiosperm diversity (at least 160,000 species)Flower parts in whorls, with whorls alternating*

*also happened in monocots!Slide9

Fig. 8.1Slide10

“Basal” eudicots, Saxifragales, Vitales, Caryophyllales

Order

Ranunculales

Ranunculaceae – Buttercups Berberidaceae - Barberries Papaveraceae - Poppies Order Proteales Platanaceae

- Sycamore

Order Caryophyllales

Polygonaceae - Knotweeds

Caryophyllaceae

- Carnations Amaranthaceae

- Amaranths

Cactaceae - Cacti

“Basal”

eudicotsSlide11

“Basal” Eudicots:Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae(The Buttercup Family)

Widespread, but predominantly of temperate and boreal regions

Herbs

or less often shrubs or vinesDiversity: 2,300 species in 47 generaFlowers: receptacle short to elongated, parts in spirals; tepals 4 to many; stamens numerous; 5+ free carpels; fruit usually an aggregate of follicles or achenesSignificant features: wide range of floral diversity and pollination syndromes, toothed or lobed leaves

Special uses: primarily ornamentalsRequired familySlide12

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus:

buttercup

Digital

FlowersSlide13

Ranunculaceae –

Ranunculus

ButtercupsSlide14

Ranunculaceae –

Aquilegia

Columbines

Nectar spurSlide15

Spring EphemeralsSlide16

“Basal” Eudicots:Ranunculales: Papaveraceae (The Poppy Family)

Widely distributed in temperate regions; N. Hemisphere, South Africa

Herbs or soft wooded shrubs

Diversity: 780 species in 43-44 generaFlowers: Sepals 2 (-3) & quickly deciduous; petals 4 (6); carpels 2+, connate, superior ovary; fruit a capsule (poricidal or slits)Significant features: Leaves often highly dissected or lobed; latex/laticifers present; most taxa are poisonousSpecial uses: poppy (Papaver somniferum) source of opiate alkaloids, ornamentalsFamily not requiredSlide17

Papaveraceae - PapaverSlide18

“Basal” Eudicots:Proteales: Platanaceae (The Sycamore Family)

Tropical to temperate regions, N. America, S. Europe, SW & SE Asia

Trees

Diversity: 8-10 species in 1 genusFlowers: densely arranged in a raceme of globose heads; flowers small, unisexual, inconspicuous, wind-pollinated; fruits are aggregates of achenes associated with hairs in dense, globose clusters Significant features: characteristic bark; leaves usually with palmate venation; axillary buds covered by an enlarged petiole baseSpecial uses: ornamental trees, lumberFamily not requiredSlide19

Platanaceae – Platanus occidentalisSlide20

Fig. 8.1Slide21

Core Eudicots:The CaryophyllalesVessel elements with simple perforation platesAnther wall developmentSupport mainly from molecular data

Two main clades: Core Caryophyllales and the non-core Caryophyllales

Evidence now supports placement sister to the Asterids; previously near base of core eudicots

10,650 species in 30 familiesSlide22

Fig. 8.17Slide23

One Origin of Carnivory(there is another in the Asterids)One clade of the non-core Caryophyllales evolved carnivory (lost in one of the families)At least three mechanisms: snap-traps, pitchers, sticky glandsSlide24

Droseraceae – Drosera(sundews)Slide25

Dionaeaceae – Dionaea (Venus fly traps)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7eQKSf0LmYSlide26

Nepenthaceae –

NepenthesSlide27

Non-core Caryophyllales:Polygonaceae(The Buckwheat or Knotweed Family)Widely distributed, usually in temperate regions

Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines

Diversity: Approx. 1,100 species in 43 genera

Flowers: Perianth of 4-6 petaloid (sepaloid) tepals; stamens 5-9; carpels 2-3 in superior ovary; fruit an achene or nutlet, often 3- angled, often associated with remaining perianth partsSignificant features: Presence of a sheathing stipule, the ocrea, at stem nodes (lost in Eriogonum); nodes often swollen; leaves usually alternate, simple and spirally arranged; flowers in fascicles, these variously arranged in inflorescences

Special uses: buckwheat (Fagopyrum) fruits used as food; rhubarb (

Rheum) petioles and sorrel (Rumex) leaves used as vegetable; many weeds

Required familySlide28

Polygonaceae - ocreaSlide29

Polygonaceae: Polygonum (knotweeds)

-a number of species in this

genus are weedySlide30

Polygonaceae: Persicaria (smartweeds)

-

a number of these are

native to North Americanprairies, found especially in potholes and sloughsSlide31

Polygonaceae

-

EriogonumSlide32

Polygonaceae – Buckwheat (Fagopyrum)Slide33

Fig. 8.17Slide34

Core Caryophyllales

Demonstrated to be monophyletic based mainly on DNA data, but most also share the following derived characters:

Betalain pigments

– Nitrogen-containing (alkaloidal) red and yellow pigments that replace the anthocyanin (phenolic) pigments found in most other land plantsPresence of perisperm in seeds – specialized diploid tissue derived from the megasporangiumOvules campylotropous with ‘beaked’ integuments – inner integument extends beyond outer at micropylePlacentation free-central to basalCoiled or folded embryos in seedsUniseriate perianth

– single whorl of tepalsStamens maturing centrifugally – Innermost anthers mature first, progressively moving to outside of whorl

Special form of sieve tube plastids surrounded by proteinaceous filamentsSlide35

Core Caryophyllales

Fig. 8.18Slide36

Core CaryophyllalesBetalain Pigments

Anthocyanin PigmentsSlide37

Core CaryophyllalesOvule and Seed Characters

curved embryo

“Beaked” integument of ovule

perisperm

Agrostemma sp.Slide38

Core Caryophyllales:Caryophyllaceae

(The Carnation Family)

Widespread, usually in temperate/warm temperate regions of N. hemisphere

Herbs; leaves opposite, entire, sometimes hairyDiversity: Approx. 2,400 species in 70 generaFlowers: Tepals 4-5, usually appearing as sepals; outer whorl of stamens often very petal-like and called “petals”; stamens 4-10; carpels 2-5, superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsuleSignificant features: Presence of anthocyanin pigments (loss of betalains); swollen nodes

; notched “petals”Special uses: Many ornamentals

Required familySlide39

Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus

-”petals” 5-toothed,

subtended by 2 or more

overlapping bracts-stamens 10-styles 2-embryo scarcely curvedSlide40

Caryophyllaceae

:

Silene(Campion)

-stipules absent

-sepals connate, shorter

than the “petals”

-flower parts hypogynous

-styles 3 or 5-fruit valves 3-5 or splitting into 6-10 teethSlide41

Core Caryophyllales:Amaranthaceae(The Pigweed or Amaranth Family)Cosmopolitan, in disturbed, arid or saline habitats

Primarily herbs, or small shrubs, occasionally succulent

Diversity: Approx. 2,000 species in 174-175 genera

Flowers: small, tepals usually 3-5; carpels 2-3, usually in superior ovary; inflorescences compact; fruit an achene, utricle, or circumcissile capsule (pyxis) usually associated with persistent perianth partsSignificant features: Includes “Chenopodiaceae”; many

halophytes; polyporate

pollen; stipules lacking;

basal placentation; many with C4

photosynthesisSpecial uses: beets (Beta

), spinach (Spinacia), amaranth (Amaranthus

), and goosefoot (Chenopodium) are eaten as vegetables or

pseudograins; ornamantals, agricultural weeds

Required familySlide42

Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus(amaranths)Slide43

Amaranthaceae: Chenopodium(lamb’s quarters, quinoa)Slide44

Amaranthaceae: Salicornia (pickleweed)

-salt tolerant

-C

4 photosynthesisSlide45

Core Caryophyllales:Cactacaceae(The Cactus Family)North and South America; usually in arid zones or seasonally dry regions; tropics to temperate regions

Spiny stem succulents

; trees, shrubs, globular forms, vines, epiphytes, geophytes

Diversity: 1,400 species in 97 generaFlowers: Tepals numerous, often highly colored, spirally arranged; stamens numerous; carpels 3 to many in an inferior ovary; fruit a berrySignificant features: Lateral shoots reduced to areoles, associated with a spine or spine cluster; reduced in subfamily Opuntioideae

to glochids; CAM metabolism

Special uses: Fruits (tunas) and stems (nopales) of Opuntia

and some other genera are eaten; many grown as ornamentals.Required familySlide46

Cactaceae distributionis restricted to the western Hemisphere except for Rhipsalis

RhipsalisSlide47

Cactaceae

Opuntia

-

Prickly pearareole; glochids(irritating hair-like spines)

Areole – axillary bud area

spines

spine

glochidsSlide48

Cactaceae – Primitive genus Pereskia-many with leaves-spines but no

glochidsSlide49

Cactaceae: Opuntia

-stem segments

flattened - “pads”

-glochids presentSlide50

Cactaceae - Subfamily Cactoideae

-no leaves

-no

glochidsSlide51

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJc1IhESV8c

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZTbihSpMo8

Some cacti are bat pollinated!