Introduction to Chemistry - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Introduction to Chemistry

Chapter 1Slide2

Objectives

Identify the five traditional areas of study in chemistry.

Relate pure chemistry to applied chemistry.

Identify reasons to study chemistry.Slide3

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry

is the study of the composition of

matter

and the changes that

matter undergoes.Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.KEYWORDS: Chemistry, and Matter

Section 1.1Slide4

Five traditional areas of study

are:

organic chemistry

inorganic chemistry

biochemistry

analytical chemistry physical chemistrySlide5

Organic chemistry

is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon.

KEYWORD: Organic ChemistrySlide6

Inorganic chemistry

is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon.

KEYWORD-Inorganic ChemistrySlide7

The study of processes that take place in organisms is

biochemistry.

KEYWORD- BiochemistrySlide8

Analytical chemistry

is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter.

KEYWORD-Analytical ChemistrySlide9

Physical chemistry

is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change.

KEYWORD- Physical ChemistrySlide10

Break for Concept

Think of things you see everyday, at home, in the classroom, ANYWHERE

Come up with at least one example for what ORGANIC, INORGANIC, AND BIOCHEMISTRY would study in the real world. (be more specific than what was given to you in the slides)Slide11

Pure and Applied Chemistry

Pure chemistry

is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake.

Applied chemistry

is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application.

KEYWORDS- Pure Chemistry, and Applied ChemistrySlide12

But how do these relate to each other?

Pure research can lead directly to an application, but an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works.

Well that’s cool but what does that even mean?Slide13

Lets Look

A

t Nylon

In the early 1930’s, Wallace Carothers produced nylon while researching cotton and silk.

A team of scientists and engineers applied Carothers’s research to the commercial production of nylon.

Pure Chemistry

Applied ChemistrySlide14

Pure and Applied Chemistry both use…

Technology

is the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired.

Technology allows humans to do some things more quickly or with less effort.

There are debates about the risks and benefits of technology.

KEYWORD- TECHNOLOGYSlide15

Why Study Chemistry?Slide16

Explaining the Natural World

Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work. Slide17

Preparing for a career

All careers require a basic understanding of how things work.

It can require as basic an understanding that you know to never pour water on a electronic device, or drinking certain chemicals, to more advanced understandings that can help you pursue an actual career in chemistry.Slide18

Being an Informed Citizen

While it may not be apparent as of right now, Chemistry can help you in a variety of other skills that are important to real life applications.

Knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action.Slide19

Classwork

Explain why chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events.

Name the five traditional areas into which chemistry can be divided.

Describe the relationship between pure and applied chemistry.

List three reasons for studying chemistry.Slide20

Objectives

Identify some areas of research affected by chemistry.

Describe some examples of research in chemistry.

Distinguish between macroscopic and microscopic views.Slide21

Application of Chemistry

What impact do chemists have on materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment, and the study of the universe?

Section 1.2Slide22

George de Mestral and the hook and loop tapersSlide23

Macroscopic & Microscopic

Macroscopic-

Objects large enough to see with the naked eye

Microscopic-

Items that can only be seen under magnification

KEYWORDS-Macroscopic, and MicroscopicSlide24

Energy

Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy.Slide25

Conservation

One of the easiest ways to conserve energy is through insulation. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat flow from the inside to the outside of a house or from the outside to the inside of a freezer.Slide26

Production

The burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas is a major source of energy. These materials are called fossil fuels.Slide27

Storage

Batteries are devices that use chemicals to store energy that will be released as electric current. Slide28

Medicine and Biotechnology

Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.Slide29

Agriculture

Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.Slide30

The Environment

Chemists can help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution.

A

pollutant

is a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms.KEYWORD- PollutantSlide31

The percentage of children with elevated blood levels has decreased since the 1970s.Slide32

The Universe

To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth.Slide33

Classwork

Name three ways chemists help meet the demand for energy.

How do chemists help doctors treat patients?

Compare macroscopic and microscopic.Slide34

Objectives

Describe how Lavoisier transformed chemistry

Identify three steps in the scientific method

Explain why collaboration and communication are important in science.Slide35

Alchemy

Alchemists developed the tools for working with chemicals.

The developed tools that are still used todays, including beakers, flasks, tongs, and the mortar and pestle.

Section 1.3Slide36

Lavoisier’s Influence on Science

Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to a science of measurement that it is today.

He was also able to design a balance that measured mass to the nearest 0.0005 grams, and that oxygen is required for a material to burn.Slide37

The Scientific Method

The

scientific method

is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem.

Steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories.

KEYWORD- scientific method Slide38

Making Observations

When you use your senses to obtain information, you make an

observation

.

Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it does not light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight?

KEYWORD- ObservationSlide39

Testing Hypothesis

A

hypothesis

is a proposed explanation for an observation.

You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is true.

KEYWORD- HypothesisSlide40

The Experiment

An

experiment

is a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. When you design experiments, you deal with variables, or factors that can change.

KEYWORD- ExperimentSlide41

Variables of an Experiment

The variable that you change during an experiment is the manipulated variable, or independent variable.

The variable that is observed during the experiment is the responding variable, or dependent variable

.

KEYWORD- Independent Variable and Dependent VariableSlide42

Developing Theories

Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may become a

theory

.

A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations.

A theory may need to be changed at some point in the future to explain new observations or experimental results.KEYWORD- TheorySlide43

Steps in the Scientific MethodSlide44

Collaborate and Communicate

When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.

This means that scientists share their work and submit it for criticism to see if their work is accurate and precise.Slide45

Objectives

Identify two general steps in problem solving

Describe three steps for solving numeric problems

Describe two steps for solving conceptual problemsSlide46

Solving Problems

Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan then implementing that plan

Section 1.4Slide47

Solving Numeric ProblemsSlide48

Analyze

To solve a word problem, you must first determine where you are starting from (identify what is known) and where you are going (identify the unknown).

After you identify the known and the unknown, you need to make a plan for getting from the known to the unknown

.

KEYWORD- AnalyzeSlide49

Calculate and Evaluate

Calculate

If you make an effective plan, doing the calculations is usually the easiest part of the process.

Evaluate

Check that your answer is reasonable and makes sense. Check that it has the correct unit and the correct number of significant figures.

KEYWORD- Calculate, and Evaluate