18201860 A10Q 71030 Essential Question To what degree was the South developing as a distinctively different region from the rest of the United States during the period 1820 to 1860 To what degree did slavery shape life in the South during this period ID: 775978
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Slide1
THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH
THE OLD SOUTH & SLAVERY
1820-1860
A10Q
7.10.30
Slide2Essential Question
To what degree was the South developing as a distinctively different region from the rest of the United States during the period 1820 to 1860?
To what degree did slavery shape life in the South during this period?
(Consider political, economic, social and intellectual aspects of life in the South)
Slide3Characteristics of the Antebellum South
Primarily agrarian.
Economic power shifted from the
“upper South” to the “lower South.”
“Cotton Is King!”
* 1860
5 mil. bales a yr.
(57% of total US exports).
Very slow development of industrialization.
Rudimentary financial system.
Inadequate transportation system.
Slide4Early Emancipation in the North
Slide5The Agricultural Economy of the South,1860
Slide6Changes in Cotton Production
1820
▲
1860
▼
Slide7Value of Cotton Exports As a Percentage of All U.S. Exports
Slide8Southern Population
Slide9Graniteville Textile Co.
Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in Richmond, VA
Slide10Southern Agriculture
Slide11Slaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi Plantation
Slide12Eli Whitney
Invented cotton gin in 1793Removed the seed, cotton production now seen as profitable50% more efficient than picking by handCotton becomes main cash crop of southIncreased the need for slaves, unintended effectBlack Belt- cotton production moved into Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama
Slide13Southern Economy
South became a monopolistic economy, dominated by wealthy plantation owners
Industrial growth lagged behind the North
Southerners resentful the North made huge profits at their expense
South complained of northern middlemen, bankers, and shippers
South resentful being so dependent on northern manufactures and markets
Attention was drawn away from the development of southern cities
Slide14Slaves Using the Cotton Gin
Slide15“Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”William Henry Brown, 1842
Slide16Slaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling House, 1823
Slide17Southern Society (1850)
“Slavocracy”[plantation owners]
The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers]
6,000,000
Black Freemen
Black Slaves
3,200,000
250,000
Total US Population
23,000,000
[9,250,000 in the South = 40%]
Slide18Planter Class
Held enormous political power
* Accomplished this despite small numbers
* Especially true in upper south
Often viewed as “Aristocrats”
* Most did not live life of luxury
* Most $ went into purchasing more land
Adopted code of “Chivalry”
* Concern for defending honor
Slide19“Southern Lady”
Subordinate to men
“Women, like children, have but one right, and that is the right to protection. The right to protection involves the obligation to obey”
Minimal Exposure to “public world”
Small Plantations
* May spin, weave, assist with farming
Large Plantations
* Less involved
Slide20“Plain Folk”
Subsistence Farmers“Yeoman Farmer”Inferior EducationLower Literacy RatesSubordinate to Upper Class
Slide21“Plain Folk”
Minority “Hill people”Living in or west of AppalachiansIsolated from slave culture“White Trash” or “Crackers”Extremely poor whites Majority – Live around PlantationsDepend on upper class for economic support
Slide22Southern Society in 1860
Slide23Weaknesses of Plantation System
Relied on a one crop economy
Repelled large scale European immigration
Stimulated racism among poor whites
Created an aristocratic political elite
Slide24US Laws Regarding Slavery
U. S. Constitution
:
* 3/5s compromise [I.2]
* fugitive slave clause [IV.2]
1793
Fugitive Slave Act
.
1850
stronger
Fugitive Slave Act
.
Slide25Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?
1780s
: 1
st
antislavery society created in Phila.
By 1804
: slavery eliminated from last northern state.
1807
: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy.
1820s
: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free.
1833
: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire.
1844
: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies.
1861
: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.
Slide26Slavery Was Less Efficient in the U. S. than Elsewhere
High cost of keeping slaves fromescaping.GOAL raise the “exit cost.”
Slave patrols.
Southern Black Codes.
Cut off a toe or a foot.
Slide27Slave Auction Notice, 1823
Slide28Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856
Slide29Slave MasterBrands
Slave Accoutrements
Slave muzzle
Slide30Anti-Slave Pamphlet
Slide31Slave tag, SC
Slave Accoutrements
Slave leg irons
Slave shoes
Slide32Slave-Owning Population (1850)
Slide33Slave-Owning Families (1850)
Slide34Slave System
Slave pop. 4 million by 1860, 4x as many in 1800
Importation ended in 1808
Slaves were treated as property
They were deprived of their African names, culture and religion
Africanism
- survived as an African American subculture in music, religion and folklore
Deprived of their dignity
Slide35Treatment of Slaves
Suffered cruel physical and psychological treatment
Were convinced they were inferior and deserved their lot in life
Slaves were provided with limited diet, clothing, housing and medical care
Discipline by whip very common
House servants treated better than field workers
75% worked as field hands
Illegal to teach slaves to read and write- fear give slaves idea of freedom
Slide36Treatment of Slaves
Slave pop. Increased due to breeding
Owners rewarded slave women for having many children
Sexual abuse of female slaves common
White slave owners often fathered sizable mulatto population, most remained slaves
Marriages were not recognized
Sale of slaves did not respect family ties
Sold down the river- meant being sold to owner in deep south
Slide37The Culture of Slavery
Black Christianity [Baptists or Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.“Pidgin” or Gullah languages.Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible.Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].
Slide38Slave Resistance
1. Slowing down the work paceIsolated acts of sabotage.Escape via the Underground Railroad.Organized Revolts (Rarest form)Poisoned food
Slide39Runaway Slave Ads
Slide40Haitian Revolution - 1791
Blacks outnumber whites475,000 Blacks 40,000 Whites Estimated Deaths200,000 Blacks100,000 Whites1804 - Haitian ConstitutionFollowed by Massacre of remaining WhitesMay have sparked increase in US attempted revolts
Slide41Slave Rebellions
1800 - Gabriel Prosser
Richmond, VA1000 Slaves Plot revealed before revolt began 35 executed
1822 - Denmark VeseyFree Black living in CharlestonRumored 9000 followersPlot revealed before revolt beganLed to further suppression
Slide42Slave Rebellions
1833 – Nat
Turner in Virginia
Slave PreacherKilled 60 white men, women, children100+ Slaves murdered in responseCaused widespread anxiety among plantation owners causing stricter black codes
Slide43B. WHITE SOCIETY & CULTURE
Why did many Southerners support the slave system when 75% didn’t own slaves?Was there a change in attitude re slavery?How did they justify slavery?Who did NOT support the slave system?
Plantation House, St. Mary’s, MD (1830s)
Southern Yeoman farmer’s home
Slide44B. WHITE SOCIETY & CULTURE
3. Defense of Slavery & White Supremacy
“necessary evil”
→ “positive good”
Legal & constitutional
History of Greece and Rome
Religious
– the Bible
Better than North – “wage slaves”
Black Inferiority
[Among Southerners]
Elevated poor
whites
Paternalistic view- necessary to protect blacks from mistreatment and abuse they would receive if they were freed
Slide45Southern White Paranoia
Feared more revolts
Infuriated by abolitionists propaganda
Believed institution benefited both races
Biological racial superiority to justify slavery
Gag Resolutions- southern fears of debate of anti-slavery appeals- prevented debate on abolition proposals
Black Codes- banned from holding office, no jury trial, could not carry firearms
Slide46Southern Pro-Slavery Propaganda
Slide47Paths of the Internal Slave Trade