Screening Tests and Selfexams Screening tests Colon Breast Cervical Prostate Selfexams Testicular Skin Why Screening Tests The treatment of cancer is most successful when the cancer is detected as early as possible often before symptoms occur ID: 777254
Download The PPT/PDF document "Cancer Screening and Prevention" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Cancer Screening and Prevention
Slide2Screening Tests and
Self-exams
Screening tests:
Colon BreastCervical
Prostate
Self-exams:
TesticularSkin
Slide3Why Screening Tests?
The treatment of cancer is most successful when the cancer is detected as early as possible, often before symptoms occur.
Slide4Cervical Cancer Screening
Abnormal
Pap smear
Normal
Pap smear
The Pap test (or Pap smear) allows early detection of cancer of the cervix
The cells are placed on a slide and sent to a laboratory, where a microscope is used to check for abnormalities.
PAP SMEAR ANIMATION: https://
www.youtube.com
/
watch?v
=1JzV6z6G2Rc
Slide5Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines
Annual pap testing should begin with the onset of sexual activity or at age 18
Investigate pros & cons of new HPV vaccine
Pap testing should continue less frequently at the discretion of the medical provider and patient after three or more annual tests have been normal
Slide6Breast Cancer Screening
Breast cancer can sometimes be detected in its early stages using a mammogram, an X-ray of the breast.
If
a mammogram indicates the presence of an abnormality, further tests must be done to determine whether breast cancer actually is present.
Mammogram animation: https://
www.youtube.com
/
watch?v
=
zQTw_PVzdOQ
Slide7Breast Cancer
Screening Guidelines
Yearly mammograms starting at age 40 and continuing for as long as a woman is in good health.
Clinical breast exams (CBE) should be part of a periodic health exam, about every three years for women in their 20s and 30s and every year for women 40 and over.
Slide8Breast Cancer
Screening Guidelines
Women should report any breast change promptly to their health care providers. Breast self‑exam (BSE) is an option for women for women starting in their 20s.
Women at increased risk (e.g., family history, genetic tendency, past breast cancer ) should talk with their doctors about the benefits and limitations of starting mammography screening earlier, having additional tests (e.g., breast ultrasound or MRI), or having more frequent exams.
Video: Self Breast Exam
https://
www.youtube.com
/watch?v
=e6wpOnf2ORg
Slide9Colon Cancer
Most colon cancers start as a polyp
Removing polyps can prevent colon cancer
Advanced bleeding cancer
A polyp
Slide10Colon Cancer Screening
A procedure called a fecal occult blood test (FOBT) detects invisible amounts of blood in the feces, a possible sign of several disorders, including colon cancer
.
With
an application stick, a dab of a stool specimen is smeared on a chemically treated card, which is tested in a laboratory for evidence of blood.
Slide11Colon Cancer Screening
Some
other options include
sigmoidoscopy
and colonoscopy.
sigmoidoscopy
uses a lighted instrument called a
sigmoidoscope
to find precancerous or cancerous growths in the rectum and lower
colon.
Colonoscopy uses
a lighted instrument called a
colonoscope
to find precancerous or cancerous growths throughout the colon, including the upper part.
Colonoscopy animation: https://
www.youtube.com
/watch?v=XHot6QBx2JQ
Slide12Colon Cancer Screening Guidelines
Age of 50 and older; younger if
there is a family history
Yearly fecal occult blood test (FOBT) orFlexible sigmoidoscopy
every 5 years or
Colonoscopy
every 10 years
Slide13Prostate Cancer
Screening Guidelines
Men should speak to their doctor about the pros and cons of prostate cancer screening
Both prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examinations (DRE) are recommended for men over 50 and who choose to undergo screening for prostate cancer
PSA
is a blood test that measures the level of protein produced by the prostate gland. High levels of this protein is maybe a risk factor for prostate cancer
.
Slide14Testicular Cancer
Screening Guidelines
Doctors agree that examination of a man
’s testicles is an important part of a general physical exam. It is recommended that a testicular exam be conducted during routine cancer-related checkups.
It is believed that it is important to make men aware of testicular cancer and that any unusual mass should be evaluated by a health care provider immediately.
Slide15Skin Cancer
The ABCD
’s of melanoma (skin cancer):
Asymmetry: one half is not like the otherB
order: the edges are jagged or irregular
C
olor: the color is varied, tan, red, black ectDiameter: the diameter is larger than 8mm (the top of a pencil eraser
A
B
C
D
Slide16Skin Cancer Prevention
It is important to:
Protect your skin with hats, long sleeves and sunscreen
Do a self examination of your skin monthlyBecome familiar with any moles, freckles or other abnormalities on your skinCheck for changes once a month. Show any suspicious or changing areas to your health care provider.
Slide17Biopsy
Patient
’
s
tissue sample or blood sample
Genomic profile
Proteomic profile
Pathology
To diagnose the presence of cancer, a doctor must look at a sample of the affected tissue under the
microscope
If any test
indicate
the possible existence of cancer, a doctor must then perform a biopsy, which is the surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination.
Slide18Biopsy
Patient
’
s
tissue sample or blood sample
Genomic profile
Proteomic profile
Pathology
This microscopic examination will tell the doctor whether a tumor is actually present and, if so, whether it is malignant (i.e., cancer) or benign.
In addition, microarrays may be used to determine which genes are turned on or off in the sample, or proteomic profiles may be collected for an analysis of protein activity
Slide19How Far Have We Come ?
Five year survival rate:
1913 - 10%
2003 - 66%
Advances in cancer research continue
Slide20Fruits and Vegetables Decrease Cancer Risks
Cancer rates could
decline
by up to 20% if everyone consumed 5 fruits and vegetables a day!*
Cancer fighting substances:
AntioxidantsDietary fiberCarotenoidsFlavenoids
*American Institute for Cancer Research, 1998.
Slide21Limit Alcohol to No More Than
Men – 2 drinks per day
Women - 1 drink per day
Slide22Reduce Your Skin Exposure to the Sun
Limit time outside, between 10 a.m. & 4 p.m.
Wear protective clothing. Use wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses.
Prevent sunburns, especially for children under 18. Use waterproof sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher. Reapply as directed.
Avoid tanning beds.
Slide23Be Active…Often
Exercise for 30 minutes or more at least 4 days a week.
Slide24Avoid Smoking or Chewing Tobacco
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the US and Canada
Second hand smoke affects everyone
Slide25Tobacco Use and Cancer
Cigarette smoke contains more than two dozen different chemicals capable of causing cancer.
Cigarette
smoking is the main cause of lung cancer and contributes to many other kinds of cancer as well, including cancer of the mouth, larynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney, and bladder.