A Tour of the Cell - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

A Tour of the CellSlide2

Which cellular structure is common to all three domains of life?

nucleus

endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria

phospholipid bilayer cell membrane

endocytotic vesiclesSlide3

Which cellular structure is common to all three domains of life?

nucleus

endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria

phospholipid bilayer cell membrane

endocytotic

vesiclesSlide4

Enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane lipids are located in what part of an animal cell?

endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus

lysosomes

Golgi

plasma membraneSlide5

Enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane lipids are located in what part of an animal cell?

endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus

lysosomes

Golgi

plasma membraneSlide6

Which of the following is not an argument for the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.

The mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes are circular.

Both the matrix and stromal spaces of these organelles contain many types of soluble

proteins.Slide7

Which of the following is not an argument for the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.

The mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes are circular.

Both the matrix and stromal spaces of these organelles contain many types of soluble proteins.Slide8

Autophagy removes old damaged organelles like mitochondria. Decreased autophagy results in degeneration and inflammation and may result in the

“

symptoms

”

of aging. Which of the following choices is most directly involved in the process of autophagy?

smooth ER

peroxisomes

rough ER

lysosomes

Golgi apparatusSlide9

Autophagy removes old damaged organelles like mitochondria. Decreased autophagy results in degeneration and inflammation and may result in the

“

symptoms

”

of aging. Which of the following choices is most directly involved in the process of autophagy?

smooth ER

peroxisomes

rough ER

lysosomes

Golgi apparatusSlide10

What proteins are

not

made at the rough ER?

insulin (a secreted

proteinaceous

hormone)

digestive enzymes of the gut

antibodies in the blood

proteins that enter the nucleus and bind there

with the DNA as part of the chromatin

collagen

(an

extracellular

matrix

protein

)Slide11

What proteins are

not

made at the rough ER?

insulin (a secreted

proteinaceous

hormone)

digestive enzymes of the gut

antibodies in the blood

proteins that enter the nucleus and bind there with the DNA as part of the chromatin

collagen

(an

extracellular

matrix

protein

)Slide12

What is the correct order of the exocytosis or secretion pathway?

rough ER, endosome, Golgi, smooth ER

rough ER, Golgi, smooth ER, plasma membrane

smooth ER, rough ER, exocytosis, Golgi

rough ER, Golgi, transport vesicle, plasma membrane

rough ER, Golgi, endosome, plasma membrane, transport vesicleSlide13

What is the correct order of the exocytosis or secretion pathway?

rough ER, endosome, Golgi, smooth ER

rough ER, Golgi, smooth ER, plasma membrane

smooth ER, rough ER, exocytosis, Golgi

rough ER, Golgi, transport vesicle, plasma membrane

rough ER, Golgi, endosome, plasma membrane, transport vesicleSlide14

Brefeldin A is a drug that disrupts transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. What other organelles and membranes in an animal cell are affected?

lysosomes, transport vesicles, plasma

membrane, nuclear membranes

mitochondria, peroxisomes, plasma membrane

vacuoles, mitochondria, plasma membrane

lysosomes, transport vesicles, nuclear membrane

all intracellular organelles and membranesSlide15

Brefeldin A is a drug that disrupts transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. What other organelles and membranes in an animal cell are affected?

lysosomes, transport vesicles, plasma membrane, nuclear membranes

mitochondria, peroxisomes, plasma membrane

vacuoles, mitochondria, plasma membrane

lysosomes, transport vesicles, nuclear membrane

all intracellular organelles and membranesSlide16

Alcohol is destroyed in the cell by the removal of hydrogen atoms. Where does this occur? (Drugs are destroyed in the cell at a different location.)

lysosome

smooth ER

peroxisome

rough ER

Golgi apparatusSlide17

Alcohol is destroyed in the cell by the removal of hydrogen atoms. Where does this occur? (Drugs are destroyed in the cell at a different location.)

lysosome

smooth ER

peroxisome

rough ER

Golgi apparatusSlide18

Taxol, a drug approved for the treatment of breast cancer, prevents depolymerization of microtubules. What cellular function that affects cancer cells more than normal cells might Taxol interfere with?

maintaining cell shape

cell motility (cilia or flagella)

chromosome movements in cell division

cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

cytoplasmic streamingSlide19

Taxol, a drug approved for the treatment of breast cancer, prevents depolymerization of microtubules. What cellular function that affects cancer cells more than normal cells might Taxol interfere with?

maintaining cell shape

cell motility (cilia or flagella)

chromosome movements in cell division

cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

cytoplasmic streamingSlide20

Many types of polysaccharides (such as glucosamine, chondroitin, and

hyaluronate

) are sold in health-food and grocery stores to help reduce pain and increase flexibility in the joints. They are molecules that make up

collagen of extracellular matrix.

proteoglycan complex of extracellular matrix.

integrins

.

fibronectin

.

cytoskeleton.Slide21

Many types of polysaccharides (such as glucosamine, chondroitin, and

hyaluronate

) are sold in health-food and grocery stores to help reduce pain and increase flexibility in the joints. They are molecules that make up

collagen of extracellular matrix.

proteoglycan complex of extracellular matrix.

integrins

.

fibronectin

.

cytoskeleton.Slide22

In the figure on the next slide, centrifugation-based fractionation of cellular contents is shown, with tubes at stages A–E noted. If you wished to study the cytosolic protein actin, which sample would be the best to use as a source of this item?

the pellet of tube B

the supernatant of tube E

the supernatant of tube A

the pellet of tube C

the pellet of tube ESlide23

A

B

C

D

ESlide24

In the figure on the

previous slide

, centrifugation-based fractionation of cellular contents is shown, with tubes at stages A–E noted. If you wished to study the cytosolic protein actin, which sample would be the best to use as a source of this item?

the pellet of tube B

the supernatant of tube E

the supernatant of tube A

the pellet of tube C

the pellet of tube

ESlide25

In the figure on the next

slide, centrifugation-based

fractionation of cellular contents is

shown,

with tubes at stages

A–E

noted. If you examine the various pellets from these different tubes, which organelle are you

least

likely to be able to detect by light microscopy

?

nuclei

individual starch grains

chloroplasts

mitochondria

ribosomesSlide26

A

B

C

D

ESlide27

In the figure on the

previous slide

, centrifugation-based fractionation of cellular contents is shown, with tubes at stages A–E noted. If you examine the various pellets from these different tubes, which organelle are you

least

likely to be able to detect by light microscopy?

nuclei

individual starch grains

chloroplasts

mitochondria

ribosomesSlide28

Of the images at the right, which shows the best resolution?

A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

ESlide29

Of the images at the right, which shows the best resolution?

A

B

C

D

E

A

B

C

D

ESlide30

Of the images at the right, which are most likely to be dead and preserved material?

A and C

E and B

D and A

C and D

E and C

A

B

C

D

ESlide31

Of the images at the right, which are most likely to be dead and preserved material?

A and C

E and B

D and A

C and D

E and C

A

B

C

D

ESlide32

Which choice best explains the effect of the presence of a large central vacuole, as found in many plant cells (see image on next slide), on the cell surface area required to obtain the items needed for the metabolic activities of such a cell

?

The presence of a central vacuole shifts the more active

cytoplasmic

areas closer to the plasma membrane,

which,

being then

at a lower distance from the outer

member, places

less

of

a burden on

the outer cell surface area

.

The

vacuole is a very metabolically active compartment,

so

the

cell needs more surface area to service this extra volume

.

A

large central vacuole can provide all the items needed by the rest of the

cell; therefore,

a high external cell surface area is not needed

.

Constructing

and

maintaining

the central vacuole places significant metabolic demands on the cell, this creates a need for a higher

cell

surface area

.

The

vacuole increases the total volume of the cell,

so

the

need

for a greater cell surface area increases.Slide33
Slide34

Which choice best explains the effect of the presence of a large central vacuole, as found in many plant

cells,

on the cell surface area required to obtain the items needed for the metabolic activities of such a cell?

The presence of a central vacuole shifts the more active

cytoplasmic areas closer to the plasma membrane, which, being

then

at a lower distance from the outer member, places less of

a

burden on the outer cell surface area.

The vacuole is a very metabolically active compartment, so

the

cell needs more surface area to service this extra volume.

A large central vacuole can provide all the items needed by the rest of the cell; therefore, a high external cell surface area is not needed.

Constructing and maintaining the central vacuole places significant metabolic demands on the cell, this creates a need for a higher

cell surface area.

The vacuole increases the total volume of the cell, so the

need for a greater cell surface area increases.Slide35

In a typical eukaryotic cell the surface area to volume ratios of the endoplasmic reticulum relative to the cytosol volume, the inner membrane of the mitochondria relative to the matrix volume, and the thylakoid membranes relative to the

stomal

volume in the chloroplast are all high. This implies

that

there

is less need for a high surface area at the cell membrane to service these areas.

these

compartments are more essential than the nuclear compartment with its relatively lower surface area to volume ratio.

the

total volume of these compartments is kept low in most cells.

all

these compartments are very metabolically

active

and need

high

exchange surface areas inside the cell to support their activities.

this

extra internal membrane area acts to keep each of these compartments distinct from the surrounding ones

.Slide36

In a typical eukaryotic cell the surface area to volume ratios of the endoplasmic reticulum relative to the cytosol volume, the inner membrane of the mitochondria relative to the matrix volume, and the thylakoid membranes relative to the

stomal

volume in the chloroplast are all high. This implies

that

there

is less need for a high surface area at the cell membrane to service these areas.

these

compartments are more essential than the nuclear compartment with its relatively lower surface area to volume ratio.

the

total volume of these compartments is kept low in most cells.

all

these compartments are very metabolically

active

and need high exchange surface areas inside the cell to support their activities.

this

extra internal membrane area acts to keep each of these compartments distinct from the surrounding ones

.Slide37

A typical eukaryotic nucleus has to exchange a great deal of protein and nucleic acid material with the surrounding cytosol of the cell. Which choice correctly describes a feature of most nuclei that helps promote this exchange

?

Many

nuclei wait until the start of cell division, when the nuclear membrane barriers are removed, for the exchange of many

needed

items.

There

are numerous nuclear pores

that

allow regulated

passage

of selected items into and out of the nuclear space.

Large

numbers of vesicles that fuse with and bleb from the

nuclear

membranes are used in the movement of these items.

Many

nuclei increase their membrane surface area relative to the nuclear volume by modifying their shape from that of a sphere.

The

nuclear envelope membranes are selectively permeable and able to permit the passage of the needed items through their lipid phase

.Slide38

A typical eukaryotic nucleus has to exchange a great deal of protein and nucleic acid material with the surrounding cytosol of the cell. Which choice correctly describes a feature of most nuclei that helps promote this exchange

?

Many

nuclei wait until the start of cell division, when the nuclear membrane barriers are removed, for the exchange of many

needed

items.

There

are numerous nuclear pores

that

allow regulated

passage

of selected items into and out of the nuclear space.

Large

numbers of vesicles that fuse with and bleb from the

nuclear

membranes are used in the movement of these items.

Many

nuclei increase their membrane surface area relative to the nuclear volume by modifying their shape from that of a sphere.

The

nuclear envelope membranes are selectively permeable and able to permit the passage of the needed items through their lipid phase

.Slide39

A membrane protein is made and inserted into the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A binding site that is present in this protein is aligned so that it faces the lumen of the ER. If this protein is

then

moved to other

endomembranes

, at which surface of the membranes given below is this binding site unlikely to

be found?

the

internal face of the Golgi apparatus

membranes

the

internal face of a lysosome

membrane

facing

the

intermembrane

space of the nuclear envelope

membranes

the

lumen face of a vesicle just derived from the Golgi

apparatus

the

cytosolic face of the plasma

membraneSlide40

A membrane protein is made and inserted into the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A binding site that is present in this protein is aligned so that it faces the lumen of the ER. If this protein is

then

moved to other

endomembranes

, at which surface of the membranes given below is this binding site unlikely to

be found?

the

internal face of the Golgi apparatus

membranes

the

internal face of a lysosome

membrane

facing

the

intermembrane

space of the nuclear envelope

membranes

the

lumen face of a vesicle just derived from the Golgi

apparatus

the

cytosolic face of the plasma

membraneSlide41

Which compartments of the mitochondria and the chloroplasts are most similar to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell

?

the

mitochondrial

intermembrane

space

and the lumen of the

thylakoids

the

mitochondrial

intermembrane

space

and the stromal

space

the

matrix

space

and the stromal

space

the

matrix

space

and the lumen of the

thylakoids

the

matrix

space

and the

interenvelope

space of the

chloroplastSlide42

Which compartments of the mitochondria and the chloroplasts are most similar to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell

?

the mitochondrial

intermembrane

space and the lumen of the thylakoids

the mitochondrial

intermembrane

space and the stromal space

the matrix space and the stromal space

the matrix space and the lumen of the thylakoids

the matrix space and the

interenvelope

space of the chloroplastSlide43

A eukaryotic cell carries out phagocytosis and engulfs a bacterial cell, which ends up in the resulting food vacuole. To go from the cytosol of this bacterial cell to outside of the eukaryotic cell that has taken it in, what is the least number of biological membranes that would have to be crossed?

2

4

1

5

3Slide44

A eukaryotic cell carries out phagocytosis and engulfs a bacterial cell, which ends up in the resulting food vacuole. To go from the cytosol of this bacterial cell to outside of the eukaryotic cell that has taken it in, what is the least number of biological membranes that would have to be crossed?

2

4

1

5

3Slide45

Which one of the following is

not

a common feature of the microfilament and microtubule fibers of the cytoskeleton

?

Often

there are distinct types of motor proteins

that

interact with each type of fiber.

Both

make up part of the elements present in

basal

bodies.

The

actin and tubulin subunits in these fibers are coded for by genes in the nucleus.

Both

fibers can be in a stable

state

or can also

be

in a dynamic state of turnover.

The

subunits assemble into each fiber interact

using

noncovalent

interactions

.Slide46

Which one of the following is

not

a common feature of the microfilament and microtubule fibers of the cytoskeleton

?

Often

there are distinct types of motor proteins

that

interact with each type of fiber.

Both

make up part of the elements present in basal bodies.

The

actin and tubulin subunits in these fibers are coded for by genes in the nucleus.

Both

fibers can be in a stable

state

or can also

be

in a dynamic state of turnover.

The

subunits assemble into each fiber interact

using

noncovalent

interactions

.Slide47

On the next slide is a figure showing some of the sizes of biologically relevant items. If the extracellular matrix of animals and the cell walls of plants and fungi are to give any protection to the cell from pathogenic microbes and viruses that attempt to enter the cell, then

the

pores in these extracellular structures should

be

roughly what diameter

?

1 nm

5 nm

40 nm

1 μm

100 μmSlide48
Slide49

If

the extracellular matrix of animals and the cell walls of plants and fungi are to give any protection to the cell from pathogenic microbes and viruses that attempt to enter the cell, then

the

pores in these extracellular structures should

be

roughly what diameter

?

1 nm

5 nm

40 nm

1 μm

100 μmSlide50

Cells need many items to be viable, but across the diversity of cells there are many variable items that are not essential. Which

of

the following items is least essential to a

cell

and so can be absent from the cells of some species

?

mitochondria

plasma membrane

ribosomes

proteins

genetic materialSlide51

Cells need many items to be viable, but across the diversity of cells there are many variable items that are not essential. Which

of

the following items is least essential to a

cell

and so can be absent from the cells of some species

?

mitochondria

plasma membrane

ribosomes

proteins

genetic material