Chapter 4 Human environment elective Settlement a place where people live Settlements vary in size location and functions Site the piece of land a settlement is built on Physical factors often determine the location of a settlement as things like slope water supply defence buildin ID: 223233
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Slide1
Settlement
Chapter 4
Human environment electiveSlide2
Settlement
: a place where people live. Settlements vary in size, location and functions.Slide3
Site
: the piece of land a settlement is built on. Physical factors often determine the location of a settlement as things like slope, water supply, defence, building materials and resources often were and are considered
.
By examining the land of an area you can explain why or why not this site is suitable for settlementSlide4
Situation
: this is when you describe the settlement in relation to the surrounding lands and other towns.
The
land around a settlement is the area the settlement might expand into and is important to recognise positive and negative factors in the situation.Slide5
P
hysical factors that influence the location of settlement
Drainage:
water supply is vital but the land must be well drained (fear of flooding)
Soil quality
: Is the surrounding land fertile for crops
Altitude
: lowland areas are easier to build upon and farm in contrast to exposed highland areas.
Aspect
: the direction an area is in can see an increase in sunshine hours, temperatures and less rainfall.Slide6
Density and Distribution
Amount of people per km2 Spread of people across an areaSlide7
4
Settlement
Patterns
Factors influencing each pattern
Dispersed / Random
Clustered / Nucleated
Linear / Ribbon
Absent / None
2/3 details on why and when each type of pattern occurredSlide8
FAVOURED SITES
Early settlers wanted a water supply so chose sites beside a water (river, sea)
Early invaders chose river / coastal sites for defence and ease of escape
Early Industrial revolution, factory owners chose sites beside water for energy supplies
They also chose sites beside resources such as coal and iron ore
Recently, government policies determine the site of new towns (Adamstown, Shannon)
Settled upland areas offer some kind of natural defence, shelter and a sunnier aspect and are not prone to flooding
Dry point settlement were established above the regular flood levels along rivers
Routeways
through mountains led to the development of settlements at the meeting place (focus) of all routesSlide9
7000BC – Old Stone
Age
Middens
(ancient rubbish heap
)
Nomadic hunter-gathers
No fixed home territory
Wandered the landscape in search of fruits and
animals
Stone weapons and tools which were found by
archaeologists
Remains of food found in middens showing what they ate and cookedSlide10
3500BC – New Stone Age
(Neolithic) settlement
Mainly tombs:
Megalithic tombs
,
barrows, portal dolmens, passage graves and
court cairns, stone circles,
standing stones, rock art, earthworks,
fulacht
fia
Cultivated wild grasses and kept
animals = Ireland’s
1
st
farmers
Built burial chambers on high places in the landscape (hill) to remember their dead
Tombs found on fertile landscapes, close to water supply and at dry points above a river
Sheer size of tombs shows the skill used in handling huge stones and boulders
Little evidence of houses but thought to have been tentlike structures with animal skin stretched over curved branches
Understood sun and seasons (
Newgrange
) and aligned tombs to the rising sunSlide11
2000BC – Bronze Age
settlement
Copper mines, barrows, cist graves and wedge
tombs
Much smaller
graves
Their tombs (cist and wedge tombs) were buried in small barrows or stone
chambers
Found mainly on low-lying
land
Many tombs found close to copper mines which was needed for making bronze and reflected use of resourcesSlide12Slide13
600BC-IRON
AGE
Celtic Settlement
Mainly homes:
Ring forts, promontory forts, hill forts and crannogs, barrows
Isolated dwellings across countryside
Used landscape for shelter, farming and dry points
Homes were built on defensive sites (
hillltops
, cliff edges and lakes)
Ring forts built of earth and stone
Earthern
ringforts
(
raths
) in Ireland east and stone
ringforts
( dun/caiseal
) in
ireland
west where there is less soil
Crannogs main settlement in lakes and poorly drained areas of the midlands
Barrows built as burial placesSlide14
500-800AD
– EARLY
CHRISTIAN
Mainly religious sites: Holy wells, cross-inscribed stones, round towers, high crosses, monasteries, churches, graveyards
Lived near religious sites
Sites chosen were isolated for peaceful prayer and defence purposes
Location of church often liked to an important existing well etc.
Houses built of wattle and daub (interwoven tree stems packed with mud) and enclosed with circular fences or embankments
Crosses carved on Stone Age standing stones. Shown as cross-inscribed stones
Monasteries and round towers were important and social centres Slide15Slide16
800-1000AD VikingsSlide17
1100 – 1500 NormansSlide18
1500 – 1700 Plantation eraSlide19
1700 – 1800 GeorgianSlide20
1900 – 2000+ Industrial, Dormitory, New TownsSlide21
History of settlement in Ireland
7000BC Old Stone Age
3500BC New Age
2000BC Bronze Age Settlement
600BC Iron Age/Celtic Settlement
500BC Early Christian Settlement
800 / 1000AD Vikings1100 / 1500 Medieval / Norman era
1500 / 1700 Plantation era
1700 / 1800 Georgian settlements
1900 / 2000+ Industrial – Resort – Dormitory – New TownsSlide22
Counter -
Urbanisation
Urban workers moving to the countrysideSlide23
Aim:
To protect the future of rural Irish society
Duration:
2007 -2013
Investment:
€183.7 billion
Methods:
Transport links (rural to urban)
Support rural-based industries (Farming/Fishing/Forestry)
Village renewal (make villages more attractive to live in)
Boost tourism in rural areas
Improve water supplies
Provide education and training schemes
1Slide24
2
County development plans
Each county in Ireland has its own development plan to control urban and rural settlement.
The plan includes lists of committees, organisations, agencies and groups who deal with local concerns and development.Slide25
Functions of Urban Settlements
R
I
C
E
P
O
T
SSlide26
Functions of Urban Settlements
Religious, Residential, Recreationa
l
Industrial
Commercial
Education
Port
Open spaces
Transport
Services
Functions are the services and activities that an urban area provides for its residents and people of the surrounding areasSlide27
Central Place TheorySlide28
A
central place
is a town which provides goods and services for the people who live in and around the town.
Central PlaceSlide29Slide30
Threshold
: The population needed to keep a services in business
Range
: The maximum distance people will travel for a product or service
Frequency of demand
: How often a service is needed.
Rank order:
a range of cheap daily items (milk, bread
etc
) to expensive and rare goods (car, yacht
etc
)Slide31Slide32
Hierarchy of settlements
Urban settlements are grouped according to their size and the number of functions they have.
Basically this is a ranking system from smallest to largest. It makes sense that the larger the urban area….the more functions the city will have….
supply and demand.Slide33