Overview Basal and Petaloid Groups Spring 2014 Figure 71 from the text Synapomorphies of Monocots Root system adventitious One cotyledon Stems with scattered vascular bundles ID: 295419
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Slide1
The Monocots: Part 1Overview, Basal, and “Petaloid” Groups
Spring
2014Slide2
Figure 7.1 from the textSlide3
Synapomorphies of MonocotsRoot system adventitious
One cotyledon
Stems with
scattered vascular bundles
(
no secondary growth
);
herbaceous
Leaves parallel-veined
with a
sheathing base
Flowers
pentacyclic
(5 whorls),
trimerous
Sieve tube member plastids with several
cuneate
protein crystals
Lots of molecular support for
monophylySlide4
Monocot charactersAdventitious roots:
-derived from structures other than another root Slide5
Monocot charactersOne cotyledon!
MONOCOT
NON-
MONOCOTSlide6
Monocot charactersScattered vascular bundles in stem
numerous; actually complex organization
no vascular cambium (a few weird exceptions)Slide7
Monocot charactersLeaves:
parallel venation in
most
monocots [may be reversals with net-venation!]
sheathing base
Trillium
SmilaxSlide8
Monocot characters
Pentacyclic
,
trimerous
flowers with 2
perianth
whorls and
2
whorls of stamens and the gynoecium as 1 whorlSlide9
Monocot charactersCuneate protein bodies in sieve cell plastids
“wedge-shaped” inclusions
function unknownSlide10
Additional features of monocotsLeaves formed from the basal end of the leaf primordiumUsually with monosulcate pollen
Lack glandular teeth on leavesSlide11
How many monocots?
ca. 3,000 genera
ca. 65,000 species
22-25% of angiosperms
Include:
-aroids
-bananas
-lilies
-gingers
-orchids (20,000+ spp.)
-irises
-palms
-grasses (
11,000+
spp.)Slide12
Fig. 7.17 from SimpsonSlide13
Phylogeny of Monocot GroupsAcorales
Alismatales
Liliales
Asparagales
Dioscoreales
Pandanales
Arecales
Poales
Commelinales
Zingiberales
Basal
“
Petaloid
”
CommelinidSlide14
Basal and “Petaloid” Monocot GroupsOrder
Acorales
Acoraceae
Order
Alismatales
Araceae
*
Alismataceae
Order
Liliales
Liliaceae
*
Order
Asparagales Agavaceae Alliaceae*
Amaryllidaceae
Iridaceae
*
Orchidaceae
*
*required familiesSlide15
Basal Monocots:Acorales: Acoraceae
Widespread, temperate throughout tropical regions
Aquatic herb
Diversity: 1-3 spp. in 1 genus (
Acorus
)
Flowers: typical of Araceae, coalesced into a spike-like spadix
Significant features: Sister to the rest of the monocots; contain ethereal oils.
Special uses: none
Family not required
, but
Acorus
evolutionarily importantSlide16
Acorus
(sweet flag)–
The most basal monocot!
Aquatic.Slide17
“Petaloid” Monocots—Alismatales:Araceae
(The Arum Family)
Cosmopolitan; greatest diversity in tropical regions
Mainly terrestrial and some aquatic herbs, vines, epiphytes, floating aquatics
Diversity: 3,300 species, 104 genera
Flowers:
many, small
;
lacking extensive
perianth
, carpels 2-3; if unisexual then spatially separated in inflorescence or sometimes plants
dioecious
Significant features: inflorescence –
spadix
subtended by a
spathe
(specialized leaf)
Special uses: many ornamentals; Colocasia as foodRequired family Slide18
Araceae—Arisaema
Arisaema triphyllum
Jack-in-the-pulpit
Arisaema dracontium
green dragon
-Jack-in-the-pulpit is one of our common spring wildflowers
Arisaema
sikokianumSlide19
Araceae
Monstera
PhilodendronSlide20
Amorphophallus (Corpse flower)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHaWu2rcP94
Slide21
Araceae: Lemna and friends
Lemna ~
duckweed
Reduced plant body: no stem or leaves;
sometimes no roots
Rarely flowerSlide22
Alismatales: Araceae
Economic plants and products:
Colocasia esculenta
Taro “root” or dasheen
“poi”
10% of the world uses as
staple (starch) in dietSlide23
“Petaloid” Monocots—Alismatales:Alismataceae
(The Water Plantain Family)
Widely distributed
Aquatic & wetland rhizomatous herbs
Number of species: 88 species, 15 genera
Flowers: sepals & petals distinct, many apocarpous carpels; flowers or floral axes often whorled
Significant features: rhizomatous
Special uses: ornamental aquatics
Family not requiredSlide24
Phylogeny of Monocot GroupsAcorales
Alismatales
Liliales
Asparagales
Dioscoreales
Pandanales
Arecales
Poales
Commelinales
Zingiberales
Basal
“
Petaloid
”
CommelinidSlide25
LilialesNectaries at base of tepalsSpots on tepals
Extrorse anthersSlide26
“Petaloid” Monocots—Liliales:Liliaceae
(The Lily Family)
Widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere
Perennial herbs
, usually with
bulbs
and
contractile roots
Number of species: ca. 600 species, in 16 genera
Flowers:
tepals
6, distinct, carpels 3, stamens 6
Significant features: Fruit a
loculicidal
capsule, sometimes a berry;
no onion-like odor
Special uses: many ornamentals
Required familySlide27
Liliaceae - LiliumSlide28
Liliaceae
Erythronium
trout-lily
-
native
spring
w
ildflower of woodlandsSlide29
Tulipa
-scapose herbs from tunicate bulbs
-leaves 2-several on a stem
-perianth campanulate to cuplike
-tepals 6, erect
-stigma prominently 3-lobedSlide30
Liliaceae
Economic plants and products (horticultural):
Lilium
Easter lily
Tulipa
tulipSlide31
Phylogeny of Monocot GroupsAcorales
Alismatales
Liliales
Asparagales
Dioscoreales
Pandanales
Arecales
Poales
Commelinales
Zingiberales
Basal
“
Petaloid
”
CommelinidSlide32
Asparagales vs. Liliales
Herbs; not succulent
Tepals often spotted
Nectaries at base
of tepals/filaments
Styles 1 (trifid) or 3
Seed coat present
No phytomelan crust
(seeds not black)
Herbs to woody;
sometimes succulent
Tepals not spotted
Nectaries septal
Style usually 1, simple
Seed coat collapsed
to
+
present
Phytomelan crust
(seeds black) from dry
fruits; not in fleshy fruitSlide33
Figure 7.32 from the textSlide34
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales: Alliaceae
(Onion Family)
Widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions; also semiarid.
Bulb-forming herbs
with
basa
l, usually
narrow leaves
Number of species: ca. 600 species, in 13 genera
Flowers: Often showy,
tepals
6, stamens 6, 3 connate carpels,
ovary superior
;
inflorescence umbellate
; fruit a
loculicidal
capsule.Significant features: sulfur-containing compounds (onion odor)Special uses: onion, garlic, leek, shallots, chives, used as food & seasonings; ornamentalsRequired familySlide35
Alliaceae - AlliumSlide36
Alliaceae
Economic plants and products:
Allium
species –
onions, leeks, garlic!
OrnamentalsSlide37
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales: Iridaceae
(The Iris Family)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; absent in Australia.
Perennial herbs
forming rhizomes, corms, or bulbs
Number of species: ca. 1,750 species, 67 genera
Flowers: radial or bilateral, showy;
tepals
6, outer
tepals
often differentiated from inner; stamens (2)
3
,
opposite outer
tepals
; carpels 3, fused into an inferior ovary; fruit a
loculicidal
capsule Significant features: leaves unifacial or terete, equitantSpecial uses: many ornamentals; saffron (Crocus sativus)Required familySlide38
Stamen positionopposite outer
tepals
Equitant
leaves
Perennating
structures
Iridaceae
charactersSlide39
Iridaceae diversitySlide40
Iris
(Greek for rainbow)
-
style branches broad,
petaloid
,
terminating in paired crests
-anthers
appressed
to style branches Slide41
Iris in wetland habitatsSlide42
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales: Orchidaceae
(The Orchid Family)
Widespread throughout the world; maximal diversity in tropical regions
Primarily
epiphytes
; some
terrestrial herbs
, occasionally vines
Diversity: ca. 20,000 species in 700-800 genera
Flowers: showy, usually
resupinate
, bilateral, the median inner
tepal
differentiated into a
labellum
(lip); highly modified androecial and
gynoecial
parts, fused into a column; pollen grouped into soft or hard masses (pollinia) united by a stalk into a pollinarium; ovary inferior; placentation parietal; fruit a capsule dehiscing with (1-)3 or 6 slits; seeds tiny, dust-like Significant features: among the most specialized of all angiosperm flowersSpecial uses: many ornamentals; Vanilla
Required familySlide43
TerrestrialOrchid growth habits
EpiphyticSlide44
velamen
Orchid rootsSlide45
Orchid
flower morphology
s
ee Digital FlowersSlide46
Orchidaceae
Pollination
function of column & pollinia
pollinariumSlide47
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmgKABRCZpo&feature=related
Richard Dawkins talking about orchid pollinationSlide48
Comet Orchid
(
Angraecum
sesquipedale
)Slide49
Morgan’s Sphinx Moth
Endemic to
Madagascar
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMVN1EWxfAU
Slide50
Asparagales: Orchidaceae
Economic plants and products:
Vanilla flavoring extracted
from immature capsules
of
Vanilla planifoliaSlide51
Some other cool Asparagales
Agavaceae
AmaryllidaceaeSlide52
Agavaceae – Agave and
Yucca
Agave
Yucca
HostaSlide53
Agave
: bat pollinated
Yucca
: moth pollinatedSlide54
Asparagales: Agavaceae
Economic plants and products:
Agave tequilaSlide55
Asparagales: Agavaceae
Economic plants and products:
Fiber for rope from species of
Yucca
and
Agave
e.g., sisal hempSlide56
Amaryllidaceae diversitySlide57
Amaryllidaceae
Hymenocallis
spider-lily
Narcissus
daffodil, jonquil, narcissus
Corona sometimes present