Transport, Economy and Society - PowerPoint Presentation

Transport, Economy and Society CHAPTER 3

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Table of Contents Transport and Economic Development Transportation and Society Transport CostsTransportation Supply and Demand

Transport and Economic Development Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Factors behind the Development of Transport Systems Environmental Historical Technological Political Economic Scale Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Local Regional National / Transnational Global Hydrography and geomorphology Climate Distance Oceanic masses Culture and settlement patterns Urban system Nation state / Colonialism / Imperialism Globalization Roads Railways and canals Corridors and sea routes Air transport and tele-communications Zoning Taxation and regulations Trade agreements Multilateral agreements (WTO) Employment and distribution Modal competition and complementarity Markets Interdependency and comparative advantages

Services and their Associated Infrastructures Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Service Supporting Infrastructures Transportation Water supply Water disposal Irrigation Garbage disposal Telecommunications Power Roads, bridges, tunnels, rail tracks, ports, harbors, airports, distribution centers, etc. Dams, reservoirs, pipes, treatment plants, etc. Sewers, used water treatment plants, etc. Dams, reservoirs, canals, sprinkling systems, etc. Landfills, incinerators, recycling facilities, compost units, etc. Telephone exchanges, telephone lines, oceanic cables, cellular towers, fiber optic cables, web servers, etc. Power plants, transmission & distribution lines, pipelines, etc.

Socioeconomic Benefits of Transportation Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Operators Customers Scope Scale Economy Time and cost savings (e.g. deliveries). Income from transport operations. Formation of distribution networks. Attraction of economic activities. Increased competitiveness. Productivity and added gains. Rent income. Goods and services to operators. Wider range of suppliers and markets. Users Employers / Retail Society Improved mobility. Increased social opportunities. Time and cost savings (e.g. commuting). Income from transport operations. Wider access to labor or customers. Rent income. Goods and services to users. Capacity and efficiency Accessibility and economies of scale Multipliers and opportunities Passengers Freight Direct Indirect Induced

Diminishing Returns of Transport Investments Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A New infrastructure built over limited existing infrastructure. Benefits from new connectivity and capacity. New economic opportunities (labor, resources, markets). B Expansion of existing infrastructure; emergence of corridors. Expanded connectivity, capacity and reliability. Productivity improvements. High infrastructure maintenance and upgrade costs. Niche connectivity. Peak capacity and reliability. Limited productivity improvements. C High Multiplying Effects Average Multiplying Effects Low Multiplying Effects

Diminishing Marginal Returns Inputs Output I1 I2 O2 O1

Types of Transport Economic Improvements (under construction) Factor Driven Efficiency Driven Innovation Driven Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Goals by the Public Sector (under construction) Goal Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Economic Indicators Type Measures Relevance Transportation prices Aggregate price of transportation services by mode or commodity Input costs by economic sector. Market competitiveness. Transportation productivity Labor productivity and total-factor productivity (labor and assets) Level of return on investment. Economic impacts by sector. Logistics costs Supply-chain distribution cost relative to GDP or total costs. Efficiency by logistics function. Transportation capacity utilization Share of modal (vehicles and links) and intermodal (terminals) capacityAssessment of investment needs for maintenance, upgrade and expansion. Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Economic Multiplier Effects of Transportation Type Effect Context Source Transit time One day in transit equivalent to a tariff of 0.6 to 2.1% OECD Hummels (2012) Port 10% increase in port efficiency leads to 3.2% increase in real trade between a country pair USA Blonigen and Wilson (2006) Port1% increase in port efficiency leads to a 0.38% reduction in trade costsWorld Bank (2017) Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Spending as Share of GDP, Selected Countries 2005 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Infrastructure Investment and Maintenance Spending as Share of GDP, 2015

Composition of the GDP, United States, 1991-2013 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Employment in Transportation, United States, 1990-2018 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Employment in the Transport Sector, Selected Countries, 1996 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Operational Geographical Core Economic Impacts of Transportation Infrastructure Accessibility Time Reliability Costs Capacity Location Intermodal Modal Infrastructure level Local Regional Global Time frame Infrastructure level Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Infrastructure Level and Economic Development Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Per Capita Income Infrastructure Level Radio Cell Phone Electricity Water / Sewage Road

Cumulative Modal Contribution to Economic Opportunities Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Horses Canal shipping Railways Roads Air Telecommunications 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 Economic Opportunities Industrial Revolution Mass Production Globalization Maritime shipping

World Migration Routes Since 1700 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. European African (slaves) Indian Chinese Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants

The Ocean Economy Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Harvesting of living resources Extraction of non-living resources Maritime trade and commerce Activity Coastal EEZ Deepsea Seafood Fisheries Aquaculture Marine biotechnology Pharmaceutical, chemicals Minerals Seabed mining Energy Oil and gas Renewables Fresh water Desalination Transport Shipping Ports Tourism Cruising Resorts Settlements Urbanization Food security and demand for food Pharmaceutical and industrial demand Mineral demand Energy demand Freshwater shortages Seaborne trade Global tourism Coastal urbanization Oceanic Region Driver

Resource-Based Transport Systems Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Country A Country B Gateway Inland load center

World Bank Average Annual Lending by Mode, 2007 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Wealth Consumption Investment in Transport Infrastructure: Repaving a Sidewalk Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Before After

Time Sequence and Nature of Impacts of Transport Investments Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Time Sequence Impact Lead Lag Positive Negative 1 2 3 4 5

A Multi-Layer Perspective about Transport and Economic Development Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Demand Pull Valorisation Transport Chain Organization Transport Service Operations Transport Infrastructure Location Organization of the (multimodal) routing of passengers and freight through the transport system using a mix of transport services and transport infrastructures. Bus services, rail services, barge services, maritime transport services, trucking, airline services, etc. Freight and passenger handling in transport nodes. Transport nodes (e.g. airport, seaport, railway station, intermodal terminal, etc.) and transport links (highways, waterways, rail tracks, pipelines, etc.) Geographical location of origin and destination of movements (multimodal transport chain).

Impact of Recessions on Consumption, Production and Trade Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Value of Goods Low High None Significant Decline A – Basic Goods B – Discretionary Goods C – Durable Goods D – Capital Equipment E – Luxury Goods Consumption None Significant Decline 1 – Futures Indexes 2 – Production 3 – Container Volumes 4 – Value of Trade Trade and Production A B C D E 1 2 3 4 Light Sequence Severe Recession

Lifespan of Main Transport Assets Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Long Wave Cycles of Innovation Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1785 1845 1900 1950 1990 Water power Textiles Iron Mechanization Commerce Steam Rail Steel Cotton Electricity Chemicals Internal combustion engine Petrochemicals Electronics Aerospace Digital networks Software New Media Biotechnology 60 years 55 years 50 years 40 years 30 years (?) Pace of innovation 1 st Wave 2nd Wave3 rd Wave 4th Wave 5th Wave 2020 6 th Wave Automation Robotics Digitalization Sustainability 25 years (?)

The Five Waves of Development First wave (1785-1845) Beginning of the industrial revolution (England). Agricultural surpluses, savings and investment.Productivity growth in agriculture and in new industrial activities.Textiles, iron and water power.Second wave (1845-1900) Acceleration in the generation of surpluses. Growth in the investment level (5 to 10% of the national income). Coal, steam engine and railways. Third wave (1900-1950) Phase of maturity (investment levels at 20% of national income). Electricity, chemicals and internal combustion engine. Fourth wave (1950-1990) Mass consumption society (surpluses, savings and investment). Tertiary sector taking a growing share of the economy. Petrochemicals, electronics and aviation. Fifth wave (1990-2020?) Technology and information are the driving forces.De-industrialization of several developed countries.Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Diffusion Cycle of Containerization Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. New (niche) services Productivity gains Network development Productivity multipliers Massive diffusion Network complexities Niche markets Diffusion Level Time Adoption Acceleration Peak Growth Maturity

Containerization as a Diffusion Cycle: World Container Traffic (1980-2017) Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1966-1992 1992-2002 2002-2008 2008 - Reference Adoption Acceleration Peak Growth Maturity Real

TEU to GDP Multiplier, 1985-2017 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 2.18 4.21 3.28 2.19

TEU to GDP Multiplier, Selected Economies, 2000-2015 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Relationship between TEU and GDP Growth Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Technology “Hype” Cycle Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Visibility Inflated expectations Abandonment Delusion Introduction Productivity peak Learning curve Utility Hype Phase Realization Phase

Cycles, Space and Transportation Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Time Space Spatial diffusion A B C D Regional Global C1 C2 Geographical system Adoption Level A B C D Spatial Diffusion of a Transport System

Business Cycles and Misallocations Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Expansion Recession Peak Trough Expansion Credit-Driven Boom Credit-Driven Bust Depression Normal Cycle Credit-Driven Cycle

Main Stages in a Bubble Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Time Stealth Phase Awareness Phase Mania Phase Blow off Phase Mean Valuation Bear trap Bull trap Return to the mean Take off “New Paradigm”!!! Capitulation Despair Media attention Delusion Enthusiasm Greed First Sell off Smart Money Institutional investors Public Denial Fear Return to “normal”

Factors behind the Development of Transport Systems Scale Environmental Historical Technological Political Economic Local Hydrography and geomorphology Culture and settlement patterns Roads Zoning Employment Regional Altitude Colonies Railways and canals Taxation and regulations Modal competition and complementarity Continental Distance Colonialism / imperialism Corridors and sea routes Trade agreements Markets Global Oceanic masses Globalization Air transport and tele-communications Multilateral agreements (WTO) Interdependency and comparative advantages Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Economic Production and Specialization Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Trade and Transport Gateway Trade and Transport Region A Region B Product A Product B Product C Product D Product E Self Reliance Regional Trade International Trade

Transport Impacts on Economic Opportunities Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Transport Improvements Commodity Market Labor Market Expansion New Activities Growth

Transport Impacts on Economic Opportunities Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Transport Infrastructure Investments Transport Improvements Capacity Efficiency Reliability Lower Transport Costs Shorter Transit Times Business Expansion Labor Market Commodity Market Increased Productivity Increased Competitiveness Economic Growth

Moving storage units Just in Time and its Logistics Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Moving storage units Assembly and warehousing Assembly line Warehousing Delivery units for goods Delivery units for parts Production unit

Transportation and Society Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Passengers Mobility Transition Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Economic Development Individual Collective Motorized Non-motorized Rural Industrial Post-Industrial (Services) Share of Mobility

Relationship between GDP and Motorization, Selected Asian Countries, 1960-1990 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Share of Consumption by Sector and Income, Developing Countries, 2010 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Probability of Pedestrian Fatality by Impact Speed Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Pedestrian Fatalities, United States, 1990-2018

Transport Fatalities by Mode, United States, 1970-2017 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Road Fatalities per 100,000 People, Selected Countries Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Economic Opportunities According to Automobile Ownership Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. H CR(A) CR(B) With automobile Without automobile E2 E1 E3

Transport Costs Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Components of Transport Cost Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B Friction of Distance Transaction Costs Shipment

Household Expenditures on Transport, United States, 2005 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Fixed and Operating Transport Costs Mode Fixed/Capital Costs Operating Costs Rail or Highway Land, Construction, Rolling Stock Maintenance, Labor, Fuel Pipeline Land, Construction Maintenance, Energy Air Land, Field & Terminal Construction, Aircraft Maintenance, Fuel, Labor, Airport Charges Maritime Land for Port Terminals, Cargo Handling Equipment, Ships Maintenance, Fuel, Labor, Port Charges Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Conditions Affecting Transport Costs Condition Factors Examples Geography Distance, physiography, accessibility Shipping between France and England vs. shipping between France and the Netherlands Type of product Packaging, weight, perishable Shipping coal Shipping flowers or wine Economies of scale Shipment size A 777 compared to 737 (passengers) Post- Panamax compared to Panamax (freight) Trade imbalance Empty travel Trade between China and the United States Infrastructure Capacity, limitations, operational conditions The Interstate Mode Capacity, limitations, operational conditions A bus compared to a car Competition and regulation Tariffs, safety, ownership The European Union, The Jones Act Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Truck Transport Cost Components, North America, 2005 Cost Component Cost Share Range Driver 27 to 36% Fuel 18 to 24% Administration and Interest 13 to 14% Equipment Ownership 7 to 12% Repairs 7 to 12% Insurance 3% Tires 2 to 4% Miscellaneous (Licenses, Cleaning, etc.) 2 to 3% Margin 5% Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Freight Transportation Service Spectrum Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. High Low $1.5 / lbs 5 - 10¢ / lbs 3¢ / lbs 1¢ / lbs 0.5 - 1¢ / lbs 0.5¢ / lbs Air Cargo Truck Rail Intermodal Rail Carload Rail Unit Water Fastest, most reliable and most visible. Lowest weight, highest value and most time-sensitive cargo. Fast, reliable and visible. Range of weight and value. Rail intermodal competitive with truck over longer distances. Slower, less reliable and less visible. Highest weight, lowest value and less time-sensitive cargo.

Friction of Distance Functions Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Distance Costs 1 2 3 4 Transshipment Costs Fixed Costs Zone Change (a) (b)

Zonal Freight Rates Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Distance Costs I II III IV Flat zonal rate Real transport cost D1 D2

Total Freight Moved by Distance, United States, 2007

Different Components of Transport Time Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Time Distance Transport Time Timing Punctuality Frequency

Freight Transport Revenue per Ton-Mile (in 2006 dollars) Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

First and Last Mile Unit Cost Structure Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. “First Mile” “Last Mile” Unit Transport Costs Transport sequence Urban Area International / Intercity

Letters of Credit and Bills of Lading in Commercial Transactions Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Seller Shipper Seller’s Bank Buyer’s Bank Buyer Contract Letter of Credit Shipper Seller’s Bank Buyer’s Bank Buyer Consignment Bill of lading Seller Shipper Seller’s Bank Buyer’s Bank Buyer Bill of lading Payment Seller Seller’s Bank Buyer’s Bank Buyer Consignment Bill of lading 1 2 3 4 Seller Shipper

Selected International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Loading Location Port of Origin Port of Destination Unloading Location Insurance EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CIP Seller’s cost / risk Buyer’s cost / risk

Maritime Dry Bulk Costs, 1870-2000 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cost / Performance Relationships for Inland Freight Transportation Modes Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Intermodal Cost Performance (Speed, Reliability, Flexibility) Barge/Short Sea Intermodal Potential Truckload Air Rail Carload LTL

Shipment Size and Inland Transport Costs Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Top 10 Commodity Groups Ranked by Value Per Ton, United States, 2002 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Costs by Industry Type, 1999 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Share of Transport Costs in Product Prices Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Share of Transport Costs in Product Prices and Average Haul Length Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Average Length of Haul by Major Commodity Group, 2002 (in miles) Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Typical Ocean Freight Costs for some Products (Asia – United States or Asia – Europe) Typical Shelf Price Shipping Costs Shipping Costs Share LCD TV Set $700 $4.00 0.5% Digital Camera (high range) $450 $0.15 0.03% Vacuum Cleaner $150 $1.00 0.6% Scotch Whisky (bottle) $50 $0.15 0.3% Coffee (1 kg) $15 $0.15 3.3% Biscuits (Tin) $3 $0.05 1.7% Beer (Can) $1 $0.01 1.0% Apple $0.75 $0.04 5.3% Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Baltic Dry Index, Monthly Value, 1985-2019 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Baltic Dry Index, Monthly Value, 1985-2019

Maritime Freight Rates (Nominal USD per TEU), 1993-2009 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World Container Route Index, Monthly

RWI/ISL Container Throughput Index (2008 = 100) Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World Container Index, 2011 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Maritime Transportation Rates for a 40 Foot Container between Selected Ports, 2010 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. $1,000 $1,200 Shanghai LA/LB New York Rotterdam 2,620 1,400 Eastbound / Northbound Westbound / Southbound 3,700 1,830 1,810 2,520 Santos Melbourne 1,570 3,690 3,060 3,060 1,070 4,340 Durban Paths are approximate 1,770 3,670 3,810 3,340 2,750 2,550 2,880 3,480

Average Cost per TEU by Containership Capacity and By Route, 1997 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Daily Operating Expenses for Containerships per TEU Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Freight Rates in TEU Between Singapore and Rotterdam Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Shipping Costs Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Port Cost Components Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Terminal Handling Charges Cargo Dues Port Dues Marine Service Costs Harbor Side Land Side

Port Cost Components and Total Port Pricing per TEU (USD), 2012 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Terminal Handling Charges Cargo Dues Port Dues Marine Service Costs Harbor Side Land Side

Cost to Import a 20 Foot Container, 2015 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Logistics Costs and Average Transit Time of a 20 Foot Container, Mombasa – Nairobi (Kenya) Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Police checks (+ 2 hours) Other driver delays (+11 hours) Weight station (+3 hours) Weight station (+3 hours) Unloading (+2 hours) Nairobi Mombasa

Estimates of Total Imports Freight Costs Relative to Imports (CIF), 1997 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Fixed and Variable Costs and Service in the Transportation System Characteristic Fixed Infrastructure Variable Costs Examples Highways, rail tracks, airports, ports Trucks, railcars, planes, ships Ownership Mostly public Mostly private Lifespan Very long (decades) Short to average (5 to 20 years) Rate of change Slow Rapid redeployment Impact on service Shapes accessibility Shapes level of service Competition Level the playing field Source of comparative advantages Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Retail Gasoline Prices and Annual Vehicle Mileage, United States, 1960-2017 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1979-1985 1960-1978 2001-2017 1986-2000

Composition of Logistics Costs Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Provision and Demand of Transport Services Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Supply and Demand Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. i j A ij i j Realized Demand T ij Potential Demand Modal Supply Intermodal Supply Transport Supply Transport Demand

Ton-Miles of Transported Freight, United States, 1960-2011 (millions) Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Passenger-Miles Transported within the United States, 1960-2014 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Growth Factors in Transport Demand Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Quantity of Passengers or Freight Average Distance Passenger or ton-kms KM Passengers Freight Growth in production and consumption Income growth Outsourcing / Offshoring Economic specialization Suburbanization

Factors behind Freight Transport Demand Economy General derived demand impact. Linked with the GDP. Function of the structure of the economy in terms of resources, goods, and services. Industrial location Effect on ton- kms and on modal choice. Spatial Structure Effect on ton- kms . Function of international trade structure. Containerization and intermodal transportation. International Agreements Both concerning trade and transportation. Economic specialization. Increased transborder traffic. Simplified custom procedures. JIT practices and warehousing Decreased inventories. More shipments. Smaller line hauls. Shift to faster and more reliable modes. Use of 3 rd party logistics providers. Strategic alliances Between carriers, shippers and often producers and retailers. Lower distribution costs. Packaging and recycling Increased transportability of products. Lower freight density. Reverse distribution. Regulation and deregulation Increased competition, level of service and lower costs. Growth of intermodal transportation. Fuel costs, taxes and subsidies Large and volatile cost components, specifically for energy intensive modes. Preferred mode or carrier. Infrastructure and congestion Efficiency, operating costs and reliability. Safety and environmental policies Operating speed, conditions and costs. Capacity and weight limits. Technology Containerization, double-stacking, automation and robotics, handling and interchange systems and automated terminals. Information systems (IDE). Lower costs, increased efficiency and reliability and new opportunities. Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Share of Total Domestic Freight Activity by Mode, Selected Countries, 1996 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Share of Total Domestic Passenger Activity by Mode, G7 Countries, 1996 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Static and Dynamic Capacity of Transport Infrastructure Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Static Capacity Dynamic Capacity Optimum nominal capacity Facility Expansion Technical and Managerial Improvement A

Major Supply Variables for Transportation Modes Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Road Rail Air Maritime Routes Terminals Vehicles Lanes Width Speed limit Tracks Grade Yards Transshipment Corridors Air control Canals Locks Parking Runways Gates Docks Transshipment Speed Capacity Speed Capacity Speed Capacity Speed Capacity

Impacts of Modal Competition and Intermodal Capacity on Transport Supply Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Traffic Assignment Mode A Mode B C Capacity C(A) Terminal A Terminal B C(B) T(AB) = C(B) T(A) T(B) C = T(A) + T(B) Modal Competition Intermodal Capacity

Classic Transport Demand / Supply Function   Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Traffic Cost Demand Supply T1 C1 D C2 T2 Equilibrium S1 S2

Road Transport Elasticity by Activity Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Traffic Cost 100% 0% Emergency Commuting Major Purchase Special Event Social Activities Recreation

Transport Supply, Demand and Travel Time Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. T>A T<A Transport supply (A) Transport Demand (T) Time of the Day Travel time Morning peak Afternoon peak Traffic

Transportation Yield Management Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Rate / Fare / Toll Remaining capacity None Full Operating costs Remaining time before scheduled capacity t 0

Average Fares Disbursed for JFK–LAX Route, 2009 (April to July) No elasticity Low elasticity High elasticity

Average Price of a Domestic Airfare Based on Advance Purchase, United States, 2013 Copyright © 1998-2019, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.