1 Soil pollution SOIL POLLUTANTS Plastics Agro chemicals Fertilizers Heavy metals Plastics Major part of global domestic and industrial waste Not easily biodegraded Waste plastic accumulates much thus adds to severe pollution problem ID: 1045222
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1. Ecology M. SaadatianSoil pollution 1
2. Soil pollution
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4. SOIL POLLUTANTSPlasticsAgro chemicalsFertilizersHeavy metals
5. PlasticsMajor part of global domestic and industrial wasteNot easily biodegradedWaste plastic accumulates much thus adds to severe pollution problemTakes several years to disintegrate – 400 years to degrade mineral water bottlesIn USA, plastics are 7% in weight and 30% of the volumeUse of biodegradable plastic solves the problem of pollution
6. Agrochemical pollutionInclude pesticides, herbicides, fungicidesPesticides applied reach the soil ultimatelyAccumulation of pesticide residues in biosphere creates ecological stress causing soil, water and food contaminationPersisting chemicals are hazardous to human healthTotal remediation is impossibleReduction of residue levels through redeeming technology (desirable)
7. Fertilizer pollutionContinuous application – Deterioration in soil properties, cultivated soils lose their characteristicsApplication of Amm. sulphate, Amm. chloride & Urea reduce soil pHCrops – potato, grapes, citrus, beans – sensitive to chloride toxicityApplication of organic manures and biofertilizers reduce the soil from pollution
8. Heavy metal pollution Metals with atomic number greater than 23 or more than 5 gm per ml (eg. Hg – 70gm ml-1)They are hazardous, not acceptable to biological systemToxic to man & other life formsMost are slow poison, accumulate in the body and cause serious disordersCommon toxic metals- Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Cd
9. Heavy metal (forms)SourceEffectMercury – Hg++Methyl mercury fungicides, electrical and electronic industries, PVC, plastics, paintsIrreversible neurological damage in man, Minamata diseaseLead - Pb2+ , Pb4+Automobile exhaust of leaded petrol, batteries, pipes, solderingMutation in algae and bacteria, blackening in fish, gradual paralysis in manArsenic – As++, Arsenic trioxide, Sodium arsenateHerbicide, fungicide, wood preservative – Agrochemicals (70%), paints, bullets (20%), glass wares (5%)Accumulate in hair, nail, skin lesions, act as oxidative uncoupler, damage to kidney, respiratory and nervous disorders
10. Contd.Chromium – Cr+6 & CrO3Tanneries, electroplating and metal finishing processes, Khaki dyeing textilesToxic to aquatic organisms, absorbed through intestinal tract in manCadmium - CdPigment and stabilizer for PVC, plastics, tyres, rechargeable cells, electroplating, coal oil, phosphate rocksBones become brittle – Itai Itai disease in Japan, gastro enteric distress and pain
11. Control of soil pollutionUse of pesticides and fertilizers should be minimized.Cropping techniques should be improved to prevent growth of weeds.Special pits should be selected for dumping wastes. Controlled grazing and forest management. Wind breaks and wind shield in areas exposed to wind erosion 11
12. Bioremediation The use of naturally occuring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi & plants to break down or degrade toxic chemical compounds that have accumulated in the environmentIt is a method that treats the soils and renders them non-hazardous, thus eliminating any future liability that may result from landfill problems or violations.
13. Factors affecting bioremediationMicrobial factorsTemperature favorable for organismsAvailability of water (Moisture content)Availability of nutrients (N,P,K)C: N (carbon: nitrogen) ratio of the contaminant material< 30:1pHAvailability of Oxygen in sufficient quantity in soil.
14. Water pollutionWater pollution occurs when harmful substances are released into the water in large quantities which cause damage to people, wildlife, or habitat or indirectly into water bodies without proper treatment to remove harmful compounds.
15. Effects of water pollutionWater pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrhea sickness every day. Some 90% of China's cities suffer from some degree of water pollution, and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water.
16. Examples of water pollutantoil & grease from carsfertilizersanimal wastegrass clippingsseptic systemssewage & cleaners from boatshousehold cleaning productslitter
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