In 410 AD Rome was sacked by Alaric and the Visigoths AngloSaxon Invasion of Britian Angles Saxons Jutes and other Germanic tribes Seafaring warriors Vengeance and Bloodshed AngloSaxon Settlement ID: 805598
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Slide1
Anglo-Saxon Britain
450-1066 A.D.
Slide2In 410 A.D., Rome was sacked by Alaric and the Visigoths
Slide3Anglo-Saxon Invasion of
Britian
Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and other Germanic tribes
Seafaring warriors
Slide4Vengeance and Bloodshed
Slide5Anglo-Saxon Settlement
of
Britian
Slide6Ancestral Tribes of Clans
Slide7Living Quarters—Mead Halls
A reconstructed Anglo-Saxon home located in West Stow in Sussex, England
Mead Hall
center of life
sleeping quarters
dining area
meeting place
Slide8Located in Woodbridge, Suffolk, England
Discovered in 1939
Burial ship of an Anglo-Saxon king
Burial site contained 41 items of solid gold and 37 gold coins
Sutton Hoo
Slide97
th
century helmet
Reconstructed from hundreds of corroded iron fragments
Slide10Anglo-Saxon pendant probably made in the 7th century AD
found in garden soil at Sacriston, County Durham.
made of solid gold with a goldwire or filigree decoration.
Anglo-Saxon Brooch
Slide11Additional Anglo-Saxon Artifacts
Slide12King Offa’s Dyke
approximately 170 miles long running north and south
continuous wall except for river crossings
built in the late 8
th
century
Slide13Earth Embankment
No fancy stonework
No garrisoned posts
12 foot wide ditch on Welsh side
Height ranges from 10 to 60 feet
Construction
Slide14Monument to Power
Perhaps this dyke was a defense against raiders from Wales.
Perhaps it served as a permanent boundary between Mercia and Wales.
Perhaps it was a boundary monument to remind the Welsh of King Offa’s power and control.
Slide15Anglo-Saxon Cross Shaft
Location: St. Peter Advincula Church, Glebe Street, Stoke
Re-erected on its modern base in 1935, the fragment of 10th Century Anglo-Saxon stone cross shaft had been used as a door lintel in the church until its discovery by a gravedigger in 1876.
The square sectioned top of the cylindrical shaft has a different decorative motif on each face. However part of the side key pattern has been cut away, probably to allow its use as the church's door lintel.S
Slide165
th
century British kingdoms, after the departure of the Romans
Slide17Invasions of Germanic tribes—the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes—began in 450 A.D.
Slide18Slide19By 600 A.D., Germanic tribes controlled the southeastern part of Britain.
Roman-Celtic Britons still held the north and west.
Slide20By 700 A.D., Celtic culture survived only in present-day Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall—areas where the Celtic language continues today.
Slide21The medieval legends of King Arthur and his Round Table may have originated in the Saxon period.
Arthur may have been a Roman-Celtic leader named
Ambrosius Aurelianus
who led an assault on the German invaders.
Slide22An aerial view of a hillfort known as Bradbury Rings
Aurelianus led the Britons in victorious battle against the Saxon invaders at Mount Badon (never accurately identified),
c. 500 A.D.
Slide23Legend holds that “Arthur’s” grave is here, at Glastonbury Abbey, in Somerset.
Slide24Roman writer, Sidonius Apollinaris, described the Germanic invaders as “scruffy, blond, giants.”
Slide25By the 7
th
C., Anglo-Saxon England included 7-8 major kingdoms.
Together they were called the
Heptarchy
.
Northumbria
Mercia
East Anglia
Essex
Sussex
Kent
Wessex
Slide26All Anglo-Saxon kingdoms shared these characteristics:
1. A king, whose leadership position depended not on birth, but on his leadership in war.
Slide27One of the kings of the seven kingdoms was acknowledged as the “ruler of Britain,” or
Bretwalda
.
Slide28The Sutton-Hoo treasure from East Anglia, 6
th
C.
Slide29In the 7
th
C., Northumbria became the site of a revival of Celtic culture—the Northumbrian Renaissance.
Slide30In the 8
th
C., Mercian King Offa defeated the other kingdoms, and proclaimed himself “King of the English.”
Slide31To centralize control of “England,” he built the earthwork that still bears his name—Offa’s Dyke, stretching 150 miles along the border between England and Wales.
Slide32Ultimately, Wessex would become the nucleus of a united England, and its West Saxon monarchy evolved into the English monarchy.
The “winged griffin” of Wessex is still part of the British royal coat of arms.
Slide332. Strong kinship groups duty-bound to protect the honor and welfare of their kin.
As strong kings united England, blood feuds were replaced by a system of money compensation (
wergeld
) for death, personal injury, and theft.
Slide34Customary law: neither the king nor his council (the
Witan
) could
make law
.
Instead, they
declared a custom
.
Slide35Polytheistic religion:
Germanic tribes worshipped the old Norse gods—Odin, Thor, Woden.
Slide365. No written language
Epic poems, like
Beowulf
, were oral traditions.
Slide376. Anglo-Saxon society had a mixed economy of agriculture, hunting, and animal husbandry.
Slide38Between 600-900 A.D., two forces—the development of a strong monarchy and the return of Christianity—encouraged the unification of England.
Slide39Celtic Chrisitianity center around large, autonomous monasteries.
Lindisfarne Priory
Slide40Page from the illuminated manuscript of the
Book of Kells
, produced at Iona monastery.
Slide41Celtic Christianity differed from Roman Christianity:
Monks followed a stricter rule; but monasteries were less regulated.
Celtic monks shaved the front of their heads, not the tonsure.
Celtic Christians used a different method of calculating the date of Easter.
Slide42Merovigian King Clovis
On the continent of Europe, Roman Christianity had begun to convert the Germanic tribes.
Slide43In 597 A.D., Pope Gregory sent St. Augustine and 40 monks to evangelize in Britain.
Slide44Augustine established a base at Canterbury, in Kent.
Slide45Canterbury became the mother-church of Roman Christianity in Britain, and Augustine became the first
Archbishop of Canterbury
.
Slide46At the urging of Augustine, King Ethelbert issued the first written laws in England (called
dooms
).
Slide47Roman and Celtic Christian advocates debated before King Oswy at the
Synod of Whitby
in 664 A.D.
Slide48Christianity proved to be a force for peaceful unification.
It settled the problem of which Christian tradition England would follow.
It brought Britain in line with the rest of Europe.
The English church adopted the Roman
episcopal
structure.
Spiritual unity could now lead to political unity.
Slide49The Northumbrian Renaissance
The Venerable Bede
(c. 673-735),
History of the English Church and People
A historian!!!
-questioned accuracy of sources.
-sense of historical structure
-first historian to date from the birth of Christ
Slide50King Alfred the Great of Wessex
King Alfred (r. 871-899) was the greatest of the Wessex Bretwaldas and is considered the first true King of England.
King Alfred’s jewel
Slide51Accomplishment of King Alfred’s reign:
1. Created a national army, the
fyrd
, to fight the Danes.
Slide52Accomplishment of King Alfred’s reign:
2. He built a line of fortifications—the
burghs
—that soon became towns.
Slide533. He began construction of a navy to fight the Danes on the sea.
Slide544. He made the Anglo-Saxon laws—the
dooms
—apply uniformly over England.
Slide55He encouraged the monks to keep the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
In 900 A.D., the
Chronicles
described Alfred as King over the entire English people.
Slide56The Danelaw, A.D. 880
6. He forced the Danish king to accept the division of Britain into two kingdoms, Wessex and the
Danelaw
(Essex, East Anglia, and part of Northumbria).
Slide57King Alfred’s reign marked a turning point in English history:
It was the climax of the trend to political unification.
It was the first stage in the development of English royal government.
Slide58Under Ethelred, “the Unready,” England lost the gains achieved by King Alfred.
Slide59Danish Vikings assailing a Burgh.
It is thought that this image from a 12th century manuscript was illuminated at Bury St. Edmunds, and shows Thetford under attack.
Slide60A Dane,
Cnut
(or
Canute
), held the English throne from 1016-1035.
Slide61Edward, called “the Confessor,” succeeded Cnut.
He was the last Anglo-Saxon King of England.
Slide62Edward built the first Abbey at Westminster, which was completed only eight days before his death in January of 1066.
Slide63Life in Anglo-Saxon England
“Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and
short
! –
Thomas Hobbes
Slide64A “nucleated” village
Slide65Smallest villages were the
vills
.
Slightly larger were the
tuns.
A
burgh
(or
borough
) was larger than the tun.
A
city
was the site of a cathedral and the seat of a bishop.
Slide66Anglo-Saxon Government
Based on Germanic tribal organization.
Kings were chosen from a royal family by a small group of men, the wisest and strongest in the tribe.
Monarchy was not truly hereditary.
Slide67Anglo-Saxon society was
not
egalitarian.
Hierarchy of Society:
King or
Bretwalda
2.
Atheling
: a prince of the royal house.
3.
Eorl
: a noble by birth, given land by the king in return for military service. Both land and nobility was inherited.
4.
Thegn
: a lesser noble, given land in return for military service. But land and title was not inheritable.
5.
Ceorl
: a freeman; an independent landowner
Slide68Anglo-Saxon society was
not
egalitarian.
Hierarchy of Society:
4.
Serf
: an agricultural laborer bound to the land.
5.
Slave
: a person personally owned by another.
Slide69The Anglo-Saxon
Fyrd
Military service owed by Eorls, Thegns, and Ceorls formed the primary defensive force, the
fyrd
.
Slide70A Saxon shield wall, by re-enacters.
Slide71Manuscript illustration of a Saxon spearman
King Alfred had made the fyrd into a true standing army, with members required to serve on a rotating basis year-round.
Even though this policy was abandoned by his successors, the right of the king to call upon “every able-bodied man” for military service remained.
Slide72The King and the
Witan
(or
Witenagemot
) dispensing justice.
Slide73One important role for the Witan was the selection of the ruling monarch.
Slide74Anglo-Saxon Local Government
Basic unit of land = the
hide
, the amount of land needed
to support one family.
Slide75For purposes of tax assessment and military service, hides were grouped together in units called
hundreds
, comprised of approximately 100 hides.
Slide76The Hundreds were grouped together into approximately 40
shires
, or counties.
Slide77Each shire held a court, called the Shire Moot, that met twice a year. All free men participated.
Slide78A local official, the
shire reeve
, presided over the Shire Moot.
The Sheriff was the key link between the king and local administration.
Slide79England had the most advanced government in western Europe, especially at the local level.
Slide80Anglo-Saxon Legal System
Based on custom and tradition.
Recognized the intervention of God.
Principal court was the Hundred-Moot.
Slide81Oath-takers or Compurgation
A group of twelve freemen who could swear that the defendant was truthful.
Slide82Anglo-Saxon Burghs
Slide83Most domestic structures were built of wood, chinked with mud.
Slide84Roofs were usually made of thatch.
Slide85Easton Church
Churches and monasteries were built of stone.
Slide86Anglo-Saxon churches were generally small in scale, with few decorative elements.
Slide87Church towers began as defensive structures, enabling inhabitants of villages to watch for invaders.
Slide88Another common element in Anglo-Saxon churches were stone crosses.
Slide89The Church was a vital part of Anglo-Saxon society.
Efficient farmers
Influenced English foreign policy
Provided education