Tee L Guidotti OEMAC 2011 Master Communicator of His Age Ramazzini set the bar high He was known in his own time as An excellent prose stylist writing in elegant Latin A superb lecturer one of the most popular at the University of Padua ID: 708663
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Slide1
Communication in Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Tee L. Guidotti
OEMAC
2011Slide2
Master Communicator of His Age!
Ramazzini set the bar high.He was known in his own time as:
An excellent prose stylist, writing in elegant LatinA superb lecturer (one of the most popular at the University of Padua)Able to converse with workers and aristocratsSlide3
Channels of Communication
FormalInformal
JournalsBooks
Internet
Blogs
Social media
The take-home message of
this
presentation is that formal and informal communication styles in science are changing and to some degree converging.
This affects occupational and environmental medicine in
mostly
beneficial ways and opens opportunities.
These changes may make academic careers more difficult, however.
Important, but not what we are going to talk about today. This is a whole other talk!Slide4
Journal Publishing
The rise of
CMAJ
to a world-class, high-impact journal is one of the great success stories of medical publishing. Slide5
How did we communicate knowledge about science before the modern journal?
In the earliest days,By letter, which became:Journals
The modern “original research paper”By books, which became:MonographsEncyclopediasThe modern “review article”
Then came journalsThen came the internetElectronic publishing is recreating lettersRelational, nonhierarchical searches (the ideal) are “recreating” manuscripts or at least their functionSlide6
Medical Journals
Earliest scientific journals often carried medical articles (e.g. Philosophical Transactions)Earliest medical journals followed same
model as general science:Journal de médecine (1683)
Medicine Curiosa (1684)Oldest surviving:Lancet
(1823)
Boston Medical and Surgical J
NEJM
(1828)
Provincial M&S J
BMJ
(1840
)Annales de chirurgie
(1849)Slide7
Occupational MedicineOldest
Most Influential Today
Medicina de Lavoro (Italy, 1901)
Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health (US, 1919)Archives des Maladies Professionnelles de
M
é
decine
du Travail et de
Securit
é
Sociale
(1946)
There has never been a regular journal of OEM in Canada.Nearest was Occupational Health in OntarioScandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and HealthOccupational and Environmental Medicine
(the blue journal)Journal of OEM (ACOEM)Occupational Medicine
(the yellow journal)Slide8
The Canadian Journal of Occupational Medicine
It never happened.In 1988, OEMAC commissioned a feasibility study.Potential market was too smallMRC unlikely to subsidize (this was before CIHR).Cost much too great for OEMAC to subsidize.
Limited pool of reviewers and authors who were not already committed to an established journalReviewed journal alternativesIdentified Occupational Medicine
(yellow journal) as best fit.Negotiations foundered on language policy.Rest is history, sort of. Slide9
Occupational Medicine
Medical journals in general have lower impact factors than in other scientific fields.Most readers are practice-based, not scientists; don’t write papers
Basic sciences are cited by both but basic scientists rarely cite practice journals.
Dominated by a few highly cited journals, everything else drops off quickly by specialty (except cardiology)Occupational medicine journals do not do well in direct comparisons with other scientific and medical journals.
Field is small.
Authors
in OEM do not cite one another
as often.
Much OEM-relevant material is published in journals out of the field.
Content of original research is less than other medical specialties, but still much higher than in OHS/HSE sister fields.Slide10
The Journal Publishing Process (Then)
Work performed, paper then writtenSelection of a journal (first choice)
SubmissionPeer review processEditor selects reviewersReviewer’s comments are returned to Editor
Decision made, informed by reviewer’s commentsIf accepted, paper goes into queue for publicationIf accepted subject to minor revisionsIf r
eturned, invitation
to resubmit after major revisions
If rejected, author may repeat with another journal or drop it
Galley proofs sent to author for revision
Published in printSlide11
The Journal Publishing Process (Now)
Paper is written as work is performedJournal usually in mind already (first choice)Submission is electronicPeer review process
Editor selects reviewers, authors may proposeReviewer’s comments are returned to EditorDecision madeIf accepted, paper goes into queue for posting electronically, enters
another queue for “final” publication in printIf accepted subject to minor revisions, turn-around time can be quickIf r
eturned subject, invitation
to resubmit after major revisions,
but essentially
treated as a new submission
If rejected, author may benefit from reviewers’ comments
Galley proofs sent to author on-line for
revision
Publication in print can follow e-publication by monthsSlide12
What Has Changed
Journals are usually published by large commercial publishers or sponsored by organizations or both.Costs and time to publication have dropped considerably
Electronic publishing and internet accessAutomated editing and communication (Apple world)Burden of copyreading
/proofreading has shifted to authorDigitization of figures and photographsPrinting costs are lessAccess has shifted to on-line
Purchase v. license v. open access
Author/sponsor subsidizes publishingSlide13
Distribution of JournalsFew high-volume distribution journals with individual subscriptions (CMAJ, NEJM, JAMA, Lancet, BMJ)
Migration to on-line access (le Quotidien du Médecin)
Most journals have low circulation potential.Subscription base is libraries and institutionsBundled into package deals (hundreds)
Publishers sell access, not physical copiesLong “tail” to sales because of archival valueOn-line publishing is changing everything.
Increased archival value of back
issues
Language “communities” shifting to internetSlide14
ImplicationsPublisher Driven
“Community”-driven
Cost-shifting from publisher to Editor and author, with no loss in qualityMassive savings on in-house editorial servicesReplace printing costs with on-line journals
Premium titles: highest impact, not highest circulationNew titles easy to initiateFavors editorial quality, content, timeliness
Copyright protection
Trend for journals to become the centre of a particular scientific or medical community:
Authors and readers are usually the same people
Internet groups and other social
media
Language-
centred
communities
Problems finding qualified reviewers
Highly responsive to new developments
Copyright release and license
CopyrightSlide15
Impact Factors and Other Metrics
Uses comprehensive databases:Web of Knowledge (Thompson-Reuters, 7300 STEM and 2200 soc sci journals)“Impact factor” (for journals)
“Eigenfactor” (weighted scores for individual papers)Scopus (Elsevier, 18,000 total)Google Scholar
Impact factor is currently the standard for journalsReflects how often all papers in the journal are cited by original articles in the other journals in the T-R database (proprietary)“h” index
A productivity indicator, taking into account quantity published and frequency of citation
Increasingly used to evaluate individual
investigators!Slide16
Journals are coming to resemble social media!
Postings to an on-line platform for a community of reader/authors who offer comments and interact on-lineReviewing is a little bit like comment + “Like”Next step is relational database and lateral search strategiesContext is everything, not the isolated fact
Context of the finding, the insight, or the proposition of the paperContext of the applicationContext of the integration into knowledge
This is especially true for OEM!Careers will be evaluated on impact factor, hSlide17
ConclusionNeeds in OEM “community” different
Need for high quality scientific studiesEven greater need for integrative frameworks, discussionScientific publishing is coming full circle
Social media is serving the “epistolary” function of scientific “letters” Relational databases will soon serve the “integrative” function of old manuscriptsCommunity of readers and authorsSocial media will recreate the role of scientific society
Science blogs will be the equivalent of open discussions at meetings, digesting and extracting information from contentLanguage-specific “communities” are a new opportunity.Slide18
BooksSlide19
Book Publishing
Books may be initiated:By author, with prospectusBy publisher, as for a seriesBy a sponsor, that assumes risk and cost
Producing a bookResearch the publisherIdentify the editor
Prepare a proposalElaborate in a prospectus
Book production is a
contractual
responsibility of the
author, editor
Copyreading
Proofreading
Cooperation in marketing research and promotion
Types of Books
Textbooks
Trade publications
Pocketbooks, “handbooks”, and manuals
HandbücherMonographs
Below,
Handbuch
der
PhysiolgieSlide20
Book publishing has changed. Commercial
Self-Publishing
Concentrated industryROI, not volume of salesOverhead costs reduced
Fewer editorial servicesLess direct marketingSmaller inventoriesAuthors bear more of cost:
Figures and indexing
Copyediting
Promotion
Risk
Authors make little money on medical books today.
Self-publishing (e.g. Amazon) growing
Reasonable alternative for small fields
Control over design, format, promotion
On-line promotion and access are critical
On-demand printingCosts of distribution and marketing
Prediction: E-publishing will replace self-published books. Slide21
Internet Publishing
Pioneer in medical e-publishing was eMed.Advantages:Universal access
Hyperlinks, lateral searches very easyRapid updating possibleCheap cheap cheap
Journal formats work well.Multimedia if desired
Can integrate with social media
Disadvantages
Book formats not so much (harder to read)
Peer review
casual “Like”!
Web rot over time
Competition for credibility
Why are graphics about internet publishing always so anachronistic?Slide22
Informal Communication
Conferences and meetings have played an essential role in keeping OEM together because of informal content.
OEM List: Occ-Env-Med-L@listserv.unc.eduBlogs
“The Pump Handle”Social media
Few sites s
pecific
to
OEM, OHS, HSE
Still learning how to use it in medicine
Goes beyond information dissemination
Collaboration (
ResearchGate
)
DiscussionShared resourcesJob opportunitiesChat (an underappreciated function)
OEM-Relevant Sites I Follow on LinkedIn
Canadian Occupational SafetyEnvironmental and Occupational EpidemiologyOccupational and Environmental MedicineOccupational Health and Safety
Occupational Health Network
Occupational Health Physicians in the UK
Occupational Health and Safety Professionals
OH-World
Oil and Gas HSE Professionals
OSHA Discussion & Support
RSM Occupational Medicine SectionSlide23
ConclusionScientific publishing is coming full circle
Social media is serving the “epistolary” function of scientific “letters”.Relational databases will soon serve the “integrative” function of old
manuscripts.Community of readers and authorsSocial media will recreate the role of scientific society.
Science blogs will be the equivalent of open discussions at meetings, digesting and extracting information from content.Communities need a place for
informal
discussion of OEM, not just access to scientific information.
Social media for Canadian OEM?