Deviance and social control - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Deviance and social control

Chapter 8Slide2

Deviance

Most people internalize the majority of the norms in their societies, but may not internalize all the norms and so there isn’t total social control

There are always people who break the rules of a society

Behavior that violates significant social norms is called

deviance Slide3
Slide4

Deviance

Continuously talking to oneself in public

Drag racing on a public street or highway

Regularly using illegal drugs

A man wearing woman’s clothing

Attacking another person with a weapon

What do they all have in common?

They are all examples of deviant behavior Slide5

Deviance

B

ecause there are so many norms governing behavior, occasional violations are unavoidable

What is considered deviant varies from society to society…

society determines what is deviant

Society determines the consequences for deviant behavior Slide6

Deviance

people are considered deviant for repeat behavior

So if they once get a ticket for driving their car too fast…that is not deviant

If they continue to be caught driving at high speeds and have reputation of a reckless driver, then called a deviant

commits an act that has serious negative consequences for society

i.e. rape, murder, sexual assault, robbery Slide7

Deviance

Labeling deviance has 2 components:

to be considered deviant by society, an individual must first be detected committing a deviant act, behavior is known to others

the individual must be stigmatized by society

stigma

– mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society

Cut/burn marks on person, public punishments, executions, imprisonment, cut direct , spoiled reputation

What is considered deviant varies from society to society and during different time periodsSlide8
Slide9

Deviance

Emile Durkheim’s

The Rules of Sociological Method

observed that deviance has some uses in social life.

Unifying the Group – serves to draw the line between conforming members of society and “outsiders” – the nonconforming members

Clarifying Norms – defines the boundaries of acceptable behavior

Diffusing Tension – acts that allow individuals to relieve tension without disrupting the basic fabric of societySlide10

Deviance

4. Promoting

Social Change – can help prompt social change by identifying problem areas

Providing Jobs – provides legitimate jobs for a wide range of people

judges, lawyers, police officers, prison personnel, parole officers, crime reporters

criminologists – social scientists who study criminal behaviorSlide11
Slide12

12

SECTION 1

Deviance

Perspective

Theory

Questions

Functionalist

How do individuals respond to culturally approved goals and the legitimate means of achieving them? (conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion)

Strain

Conflict

What is the result of competition and social inequality? (deviance) Who decides what is deviant? (ruling classes)

Conflict

Interactionist

Why do people conform to norms? (The strength of social ties determines conformity.)

Control

How do people learn conformity or deviance? (through socialization, or interaction with others) Where does this learning mainly occur? (primary groups

)

Cultural Transmission

How do people become identified as deviant? (through secondary deviance, or being labeled as deviant)

LabelingSlide13

Deviance

Functionalist Perspective

Structural-Strain

Theory

–

Proposed by Robert K. Merton

Theory views deviance is a natural part of society and

as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structures of society

American society places high value on certain goals, not everyone has access to legitimate means to achieve these goals

People are judged on the basis of how well they meet those goalsSlide14

Deviance

under the strain of incompatible goals and means, individuals fall victim to anomie

anomie

– situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable, leave individuals without guidelines for behavior and confusion Slide15

Deviance

Sociologist Robert K. Merton suggest that individuals respond to the culturally approved goals and legitimate means of achieving goals in 5 ways.

Conformity

Innovation: end up deviant

Ritualism: end up deviant

Retreatism

: end up deviant

Rebellion: end up deviantSlide16
Slide17

Deviance

Conflict Theory

Conflict Theorists

– deviance is a result of competition and social inequality, struggle between those who possess power and those who do not

people with power commit deviant act to maintain power

people without power to obtain economic rewards or because of low self-esteem and feelings of powerlessnessSlide18
Slide19

Deviance

Richard

Quinney’s

Conflict Theory:

ruling class labels threatening behavior as deviant

lower class has limited opportunity, forced into deviant behavior

to protect their power, ruling class establishes ideologies to explain deviance as a problem among lower class

law enforcement are directed toward the types of crimes committed by lower classes (results in higher arrest rates)

people without power do not necessarily commit more crimes than others, but are the types of crimes that are most likely to be detected and punishedSlide20

Deviance

Interactionists

as either natural in people with weak ties to the community (

control theory

)

as a learned behavior (cultural transmission theory

)

or as a label (

labeling theory

)Slide21

Deviance

control theory

– natural occurrence, interest in why people conform rather than the causes of deviance

social ties determine conformity, high integration causes conformity

communities with strong social bonds have lower rates of deviance because strong social control over those who deviateSlide22
Slide23

Deviance

Travis

Hirschi

Interactionist Perspective:

control theory:

people form bonds in 4 ways

form attachments with others who accept the norms of society

strong belief in the moral codes of society

show commitment to traditional societal values and goals

fully involved in non-deviant behavior and activitiesSlide24

Deviance

Cultural Transmission theory

[Interactionist]– based on socialization and sees

deviance is a learned behavior

Learned through interaction with others who are engaging in deviant acts

the norms and values being transmitted are deviant, the individual becomes socialized into deviant behavior rather than socially acceptable behaviorSlide25

Deviance

cultural transmission views all individuals as conformists

difference between deviants and rest of society is the norms the individual chooses to conform to

Deviant chooses to conform to norms that are not accepted by the larger community Slide26

Deviance

differential association

– refers to the proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals

If the majority of a person’s interactions are with deviant individuals, the person will be socialized into patterns of deviant behavior

Based on Edwin Sutherland, learning of deviant behavior occurs in primary groups and have personal relationships with people who commit crimes Slide27
Slide28

Deviance

labeling theory

– focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant, rather than why people perform deviant acts

all people commit deviant acts yet not everyone is labeled as deviantSlide29
Slide30

Deviance

Lemert and Becker:

deviance has 2 types: primary and secondary

primary deviance

– nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority, occasional acts and well concealed acts, do not consider themselves deviant and neither does society

secondary deviance

– results in the individual being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true

degradation ceremony

– public setting, individual is denounced, found guilty, or given new identity of a deviant, people are judged in light of their new label, becomes master status, restricts options in society, self-fulfilling prophecySlide31
Slide32

crime

crime

– any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the governmentSlide33

crime

Uniform Crime Reports

(UCR) published annually by the FBI

chart page 187

limits on statistics:

not all complaints make it to official stats of formal reports

not all crime reported (family or friends)

only file formal reports on serious crime

officer is influenced to file a formal report based on attitude of individual making the complaintSlide34

crime

Violent Crime

– includes murder, robbery; most victims are African Americans; small percent of all crimes committed

Robbery-

larceny from the person or presence of another by violence or threat.

2. Crime Against Property

– stealing or damaging other’s property; includes burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), vehicle theft, arson; more common than violent crimes (1 every 3 seconds)

Burglary-

the act of breaking and entering a dwelling at night to commit a felony

Larceny-

the unlawful taking and removal of another person's property.

3. Victimless Crime

– includes prostitution, gambling, illegal drug use; offender is the only victimSlide35

crime

White Collar Crime

–

committed by high-status individuals in the course of their professions (politicians, corporate employees); includes fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement; estimate costs of $300 billion Slide36
Slide37

crime

Organized Crime

– the pursuit of crime as a big business, use legitimate business as a front for criminal activities

crime syndicate

– large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violenceSlide38
Slide39

39

SECTION 2

Crime

AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM

Police

have the most control over who is arrested for crimes; use police discretion, which has raised the controversial issue of racial profiling

Courts

determines the accused’s guilt or innocence in a court trial and then assigns a punishment; actually settles 90 percent of cases through plea bargaining

Corrections

includes probation, imprisonment, parole; serves four functions—retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection

Juvenile-Justice System

applies to offenders younger than 18; guarantees juvenile defendants the same legal rights and privileges as adults; often provides more servicesSlide40

crime

Police

– have most immediate control over who is arrested for a criminal act

police discretion

– police have the power to decide who is actually arrested

size of population, number of criminal offenses, and number of police officers make discretion necessary

factors that influence police discretion: seriousness of offense, wishes of the victim, attitude of suspect, presence of bystanders, race

racial profiling

- practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crime than white AmericansSlide41
Slide42

crime

Courts

– determine the guilt or innocence of an accused person by means of a trial and assigns some form of punishment if there is a guilty finding

90% of all case are settled through plea bargaining

plea bargaining

– process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentences

allows courts to reduce volume of caseloads with avoiding expensive and time-consuming trialsSlide43

crime

Corrections

– sanctions (prison, parole, probation) used to punish those found guilty of crimes

sanctions serve 4 functions

retribution:

act of revenge for victim and society

deterrence:

discourage offenders from committing future crimes

rehabilitation:

reform criminals so they can return to society as law-abiding citizens

social protection

: prevent additional crimesSlide44

crime

recidivism

– term for repeated criminal behaviors, 62% of released prisoners will be charged with new crimes, 41% will return to prison within 3 yearsSlide45

crime

Juvenile-Justice System

– used to punish offenders younger than age 18, developed in the 1960s

courts must now guarantee juveniles same legal rights and privileges as adult defendants

try to provide more services

can be tried as adults for serious offenses