Naima Scego What is FGMC Four types Type I Clitoradectomy Type II Excision Type III Infibulation Type IV addresses any harmful procedures done to female genitalia that are for nonmedical purposes ID: 597899
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Female Genital Mutilation-Circumcision
Naima ScegoSlide2
What is FGMC?
Four types
Type I: Clitoradectomy
Type II: Excision
Type III: Infibulation
Type IV: addresses any harmful procedures done to female genitalia that are for non-medical purposes
(WHO, 2012, p.1). Slide3
Procedure
Performed by traditional female excisers
A variety of tools are used to perform FGM, including razor blades and knives
Use of anesthetic and sterilization are uncommon
‘Medicalization’:An Estimated 18% of all FGM is done by health-care providers, who use surgical scissors and anaesthetic Slide4
Prevalence
100–140 million girls and women worldwide are living with the consequences of FGM/C
Approximately 3.3 million girls in Africa alone are at risk of FGM each year
FGM is practiced on females most often from
birth
to the age of 15
however it has been known to occur with adult women before marriage
FGM/C is most prevalent in 29 countries in Africa and The Middle East and Asia
(Kaplan, Hechavarria, Martin & Bonhoure, 2011, p.1) Slide5
Health Consequences
Short Term
Severe pain
Shock
Haemorrhage (i.e. excessive bleeding)
Difficulty in passing urine
(Kaplan et al., 2011, p.3).
Infections
Unintended labia fusion
DeathSlide6
Health Consequences
Long Term
Need for surgery/deinfibulation
Higher rates of caesarean section, postpartum haemorrhage and prolonged maternal hospitalization
Urinary and menstrual problems
Painful sexual intercourse and poor quality of sexual lifeInfertility (Kaplan et al., 2011, p.3).
Keloids (i.e. excessive scar tissue)
Infections (e.g. cysts, abscesses and genital ulcers, chronic pelvic infections, UTI’s)
Psychological consequences, such as fear of sexual intercourse,PTSD, anxiety, depressionSlide7
Socio-cultural Factors
Family Honor
Marriageability
The social pressure to conform with peers
The assumption that FGM/C reduces women’s sexual desire, preserves virginity and prevents promiscuity
The association of FGM with ideas of cleanliness (hygiene, morality)(Okeke et al., 2012, p.6).
The belief that left uncut, the clitoris would grow excessively
FGM/C is associated with cultural ideals of femininity and modesty, which include the notion that girls are “clean” and "beautiful" after removal of body parts that are considered "male" or "unclean"Slide8
Socio-cultural consequences
Social Acceptance
Social Mobility
Bride Price
Ex. In Somali culture the prospective husband's family may examine the bride to be to ensure that she is worthy of the bride price that the husband's family is paying
(Althaus,1997, p.131). Slide9
FGM/C Pre-dates Religion
FGM/C is practiced among some adherents of the Muslim, Christian, and Jewish faiths
No religious scripts prescribe the practice but practitioners often believe the practice has religious support.
Religious FactorsSlide10
FGM/C: A Human Rights Issue
FGM violates the fundamental human rights of girls and women:
rights to health
to be free from violence
to life and physical integrity
to non-discrimination to be free from cruel and degrading treatment
(Human Rights Watch, 2010)
International Treaties:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
The Convention on the Rights of the Child Slide11Slide12
References
Althaus, F.A. (1997). Female Circumcision: rite of passage or violation of rights?. International Family Planning Perspectives. 23(3), 130-133.
Kaplan,A.Hechavarria,S.Martin,M & Bonhoure,I.(2011). Health consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting in the Gambia, evidence into action. Reproductive Health Journal.8(26).1-6. doi:10.1186/1742-4755-8-26
Okeke, T., Anyaehie, U., & Ezenyeaku, C. (2012). An Overview of Female Genital Mutilation in Nigeria.
Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research
,
2
(1), 70–73. http//:doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.96942
World Health Organization (2012). Understanding and addressing violence against women: Female genital mutilation. 1-8.