Forestry Assistance Program FAP at Manistee and MasonLake Conservation Districts Kama Ross FAP at Leelanau Grand Traverse and Benzie Conservation Districts September 7 th 2017 ID: 629162
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Slide1
Forest Mushrooms!
Josh Shields, Forestry Assistance Program (FAP) at Manistee and Mason-Lake Conservation Districts; Kama Ross, FAP at Leelanau, Grand Traverse, and Benzie Conservation DistrictsSeptember 7th, 2017Slide2
Forestry Assistance Program (FAP)
We are grant-funded service foresters based at conservation districtsJosh Shields – FAP forester in Manistee, Mason, and western half of Lake CountiesKama Ross – FAP forester in Leelanau, Grand Traverse, and Benzie CountiesSlide3
Forestry Assistance Program (FAP)
FREE site visits, technical advice, and written summariesPresentations and trainings about natural resources to environmental groups, clubs, and other organized groupsSlide4
Forestry Assistance Program (FAP)
Connect landowners with natural resource professionals and programsProfessionals include consulting foresters, industry foresters, tree planters, wildlife specialists, and partnering organizationsWe DO NOT compete with these professionalsSlide5
The Forestry Assistance Program (FAP)
Connect landowners with valuable programs:American Tree Farm System (ATFS) – certification programMichigan Agriculture Environmental Assurance Program (MAEAP), Forest, Wetlands, and Habitat A*Syst (FWH*A*Syst) tool – verification programQualified Forest Program (QFP) – tax incentive programCommercial Forest (CF) – tax incentive
program
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Programs – cost share money available for conservation practices
forest management plan, forest stand improvement, tree/shrub establishment, brush management, the list goes on…Forest Stewardship Plan – cost share money for management plans
Eyes on the Forest (EOTF) – reporting tree health and invasive spp.Slide6
What are fungi?
Belong to the Kingdom FungiCould be as many as 5.1 million species! (Blackwell 2011)Lack the pigment chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesizeThey feed on organic matter to obtain nutrientsOriginate from spores and reproduce sexually and asexuallyInclude mold, yeasts, and mushrooms“Fungi are the fruit of an organism which grows either in the ground or on an organic substratum that is either living or dead” (Pacioni 1981)Slide7
What are mushrooms?
All mushrooms are fungi but not all fungi are mushroomsTypically we associate mushrooms with Ascomycetes (spores are produced in a sac called an ascus) or Basidiomycetes (spores are produced at the end of specialized cells called basidia)Ascomycetes are the most numerous fungi and include many Michigan spring mushrooms such as morels (Morchella spp.), fungi that cause plant diseases, and antibiotic fungi such as PenicilliumBasidiomycetes are typically conspicuous and include many Michigan fall mushroomsSlide8
The life cycle of a fungus...
Pacioni (1981)Slide9
Why care?
Mycorrhizal fungi play a critical role in helping plants gather nutrients, and help determine plant biodiversity and productivity (Van der Heijden et al 1998)As dominant decomposers, they are critical to nutrient cycling in ecosystems (Kendrick 2001)They are important organisms, along with bacteria, for breaking down pollutants (Chaudhry et al 2005; Lange 2014)They are used by humans for food, medicine, and even to create fire! (Sadler 2003)Slide10
Basic identification...
Pacioni (1981)Slide11
Honey Mushroom, Stumper, Bootstrap Fungus, Shoestring Root Rot (Armillaria
spp.)With stipe and cap; With gills beneathYellowish brown capsAll species, except Armillaria tabescens, have an annulus (a ring) around the stipeDo not confuse with poisonous Pholiota spp. (grey-brown spore print versus white spore print of Armillaria spp.), Galerina spp. (rusty brown spore print), and Jack-O-Lantern (Omphalotus illudens
; wavy cap margins and yellow spore print)
Grow in clumps at base of dying trees, logs, and stumps, mainly on deciduous tree speciesSummer and Fall
EDIBLE and approved for sale in Michigan, but only if sold by Michigan Certified Mushroom Identification Expert through Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD)Slide12
Giant Puffball (Calvatia
gigantea)Globose shapedLarge (at least 1 foot in diameter), whiteDecomposes leaf litter (particularly grass litter) and other litter and is often found in grasslands or deciduous forestsCan form a “fairy ring” patternSummer and Fall (pick before it becomes mature)EDIBLE and approved for sale in Michigan, but only if sold by Michigan Certified Mushroom Identification Expert through MDARDSlide13
Chaga, Clinker Fungus, Cinder Conk (
Inonotus obliquus)Crust likeBlack and charcoal like on the outside; yellowish brown on the insideParasitic, perennial conk found on Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis) or Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera)Year roundAnti-cancer properties (Lemieszek et al 2011)EDIBLE and approved for sale in Michigan, but only if
sold by Michigan Certified Mushroom Identification Expert through MDARDSlide14
Chicken of the Woods, Sulfur Shelf (Laetiporus
sulphureus, Laetiporus cincinnatus)Bracket shaped with poresOrange and yellow brackets (caps) found in clusters on wounds of dying trees, stumps, logs, and buried wood and rootsCommon on Oak (Quercus spp.), Maple (Acer spp.), and other deciduous treesSummer and Fall (only pick outer, fleshy portions of caps)EDIBLE and approved for sale in Michigan, but only if sold by Michigan Certified Mushroom Identification Expert through MDARDSlide15
Morels (Morchella
spp.)With stipe and hood-shaped capHead is sponge–like, egg-shaped, oval to conical, or pine cone-shaped with pits and ridgesMycorrhizal or feeds on decaying organic matter (saprotroph)Do not confuse with False Morel (Gyromitra esculenta), which has a wavy, convoluted head but no pitsMost species are found near deciduous species, particularly Ash (Fraxinus spp.), recently dead Elm (Ulmus spp.), Aspen, Apple (Malus spp.) in abandoned orchards, and sometimes Eastern White Pine (
Pinus
strobus)
SpringEDIBLE and approved for sale in Michigan, but only if sold by Michigan Certified Mushroom Identification Expert through MDARDSlide16
Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus
spp.)With stipe and cap; With gills beneathWhite to brown fan or oyster-shaped caps found in clustersWhite rot fungus (leaves the wood looking whitish or yellowish) growing on dying or dead wood, mainly on deciduous species such as Aspen (Populus spp.)Spring through FallEDIBLE and approved for sale in Michigan, but only if sold by Michigan Certified Mushroom Identification Expert through MDARDSlide17
Lion’s Mane, Bearded Tooth, Hedgehog Mushroom, Satyr’s Beard, Old Man’s Beard, Bear’s Head Tooth Fungus (
Hericium spp.)With stipe and cap; With teeth beneathWhitish with spine-like teethGrows on wounds, stumps, and logs of deciduous species, particularly Oak, Maple, American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), and Birch (Betula spp.)Summer and FallEDIBLE and approved for sale in Michigan, but only if sold by Michigan Certified Mushroom Identification Expert through MDARDSlide18
Other species approved for sale by MDARD
Chanterelle (Cantharellus spp.) Inky Cap (Coprinus comatus) Horn of Plenty (Craterellus spp.) Aborted Entoloma
(Entoloma
abortivum)
Artist Conk (Ganoderma spp.)
Hen of the Woods (Grifola frondosa
) Hedgehog Mushroom, Sweet Tooth (Hydnum spp.)
Lobster Mushroom (
Hypomyces
lactifluorum
)
Dryads Saddle, Pheasant’s Back
Mushroom (
Polyporus
squamosus
)
Umbrella Polypore (
Polyporus
umbellatus
)
Composter Mushroom, Burgundy Mushroom, Garden
Giant (
Stropharia
rugoso-annulata
)
Turkey Tail Fungus (
Trametes
versicolor
)
Michigan Truffles (
Tuber
canaliculatum
)Slide19
Poison!!!! See MSUE Bulletin E-2777 for more
Death Angel
Amanita
spp.
Jack-O-LanternOmphalotus
illudens
False MorelGyromitra esculenta
Poison Bolete
Boletus
subtomentosusSlide20
Some interesting tree diseases and decay fungi...
Oak Wilt
Ceratocystis
fagacearum
Birch Polypore
Piptoporus
betulinus
Tinder Conk
Fomes
fomentarius
Shoestring Root Rot
Armillaria
sp.
Artist Conk
Ganoderma
applanatum
Black Knot
Dibotryon
morbosumSlide21
Mushroom identification and ecology cannot be taught in one hour
Contact Linda Scribner, Michigan Certified Mushroom Identification Expert, for a more thorough workshopEmail - scribneroutfitters@gmail.comSlide22
Recommended resources
Books:Kuo, M. 2007. 100 edible mushrooms. The University of Michigan Press.Kuo, M. and Methven, A.S. 2014. Mushrooms of the Midwest. University of Illinois Press.Lincoff, G.H., 1989. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms, No. 635.8 L5.
Meuninck, J. 2015. A Falcon Guide: Basic Illustrated Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Falcon Guides, Guilford, CT, and Helena, MT
, USA, 97 p.
Michigan State University Extension. 2002. Don’t Pick Poison When Gathering Mushrooms for Food in Michigan. Extension Bulletin E-2777.Pacioni, G. 1981. Simon and Schuster’s Guide to Mushrooms. Edited by
Lincoff, G. Simon and Schuster, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 512 p.Smith, A.H., and Weber, N.S. 1996. The Mushroom Hunter’s Field Guide: All Color and Enlarged. The University of Michigan Press, USA, 316 p.
Websites:Midwest American Mycological Information - http://
www.midwestmycology.org/Index.html
Michigan
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) Wild Foraged
Mushroom Information -
http://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-50772_45851_45853-361582--,
00.html
Michigan
Mushroom Hunters Club -
https://www.michiganmushroomhunters.org
/
MushroomExpert.Com
-
http://mushroomexpert.com
/Slide23
Contact information for your speakers
Josh Shields, Forestry Assistance Program (FAP) at Manistee and Mason-Lake Conservation Districts; Phone 231-889-9666, Email joshua.shields@macd.org Kama Ross, FAP at Leelanau, Grand Traverse, and Benzie Conservation Districts; Phone 231-256-9783, Email kama.ross@macd.org Slide24
Image/Figure Citations (Chronological Order of Appearance in Presentation)
Slide background photo – Josh ShieldsLeafless oak photo – Josh ShieldsJosh Shields teaching photo – Dr. Michael Jenkins, Purdue UniversityWhite rot decay fungus photo – Josh ShieldsWhite morel photo - http://www.midwestmycology.org/Mushrooms/Species%20listed/Morel%20species.htmlChicken of the woods photo - http://www.midwestmycology.org/Mushrooms/Species%20listed/Laetiporous%20species.html
Life cycle of a fungus diagram – Pacioni
(1981)Chaga photo – Josh
ShieldsArmillaria photo - http://www.midwestmycology.org/Mushrooms/Species%20listed/Armillaria%20species.html
Giant puffball photo - http://www.midwestmycology.org/Mushrooms/Species%20listed/Calvatia%20species.html
Oyster mushrooms photo - http://www.midwestmycology.org/Mushrooms/Species%20listed/Pleurotus%20species.html
Slide25
Image/Figure Citations (Chronological Order of Appearance in Presentation) - Continued
Bear’s head tooth fungus photo - http://www.midwestmycology.org/Mushrooms/Species%20listed/Hericium%20species.htmlAmanita photo - http://www.midwestmycology.org/Mushrooms/Poisonous%20species.htmlJack-o-lantern photo – Michigan State University Extension (2002)Poison bolete photo – Michigan State University Extension (2002)False morel photo – Michigan State University Extension (2002)Oak
wilt photo – Josh ShieldsBirch polypore photo – Josh ShieldsTinder conk photo – Josh Shields
Shoestring root rot photo – Josh ShieldsArtist conk photo – Josh Shields
Black knot photo – Josh Shields
Slide26
References from slides
Blackwell, M., 2011. The Fungi: 1, 2, 3… 5.1 million species?. American journal of Botany 98: 426-438.Chaudhry, Q., Blom-Zandstra, M., Gupta, S.K. and Joner, E. 2005. Utilising the synergy between plants and rhizosphere microorganisms to enhance breakdown of organic pollutants in the environment (15 pp). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 12: 34-48.Kendrick, B. 2001. Fungi: ecological importance and impact on humans. eLS. Published online, DOI:
10.1002/9780470015902.a0000369.pub2Lange, L
. 2014. The importance of fungi and mycology for addressing major global challenges. IMA fungus, 5: 463-471
.Lemieszek, M.K., Langner, E., Kaczor, J.,
Kandefer-Szerszen, M., Sanecka, B., Mazurkiewicz, W. and Rzeski
, W. 2011. Anticancer effects of fraction isolated from fruiting bodies of Chaga medicinal mushroom, Inonotus
obliquus
(Pers.: Fr.)
Pilát
(
Aphyllophoromycetideae
): in vitro studies. International
Journal
of
Medicinal Mushrooms 13.
Michigan State University Extension. 2002. Don’t Pick Poison When Gathering Mushrooms for Food in Michigan. Extension Bulletin E-2777
.
Pacioni
, G. 1981. Simon and Schuster’s Guide to Mushrooms. Edited by
Lincoff
, G. Simon and Schuster, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 512 p.
Sadler,
M. 2003. Nutritional
properties of edible fungi
.
Nutrition Bulletin
28:
305-308
.
Van der
Heijden
, M.G.,
Klironomos
, J.N.,
Ursic
, M. and
Moutoglis
, P
.
1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity.
Nature 396: 69
.