1InthemythologiesofHinduismandBuddhismNAGAisahugesnakeHereitstandsforthesizeanddiversityoftheWeb extractedbyLEILA5Asampleofthisknowledgebaseisshownbelow 3QUERYANDANSWERMODELInthespiritofthee ID: 203021
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HowNAGAUncoils:SearchingwithEntitiesandRelationsGjergjiKasneciMax-Planck-InstitutSaarbruecken/Germanykasneci@mpii.mpg.deFabianM.SuchanekMax-Planck-InstitutSaarbruecken/Germanysuchanek@mpii.mpg.deMayaRamanathMax-Planck-InstitutSaarbruecken/Germanyramanath@mpii.mpg.deGerhardWeikumMax-Planck-InstitutSaarbruecken/Germanyweikum@mpii.mpg.de 1InthemythologiesofHinduismandBuddhism,NAGAisahugesnake.Here,itstandsforthesizeanddiversityoftheWeb. extractedbyLEILA[5].Asampleofthisknowledge-baseisshownbelow: 3.QUERYANDANSWERMODELInthespiritoftheexamplequeryintheintroductionwepresentataxonomyofqueriessupportedbyNAGA.Basi-cally,aNAGAqueryisadirectedgraphG(V;E)whereVisasetofpossiblylabelednodesandEasetofpossiblylabelededges.EVIDENCEQUERIES(EQ)Anevidencequeryisaconnecteddirectedgraphthenodesandlabelsofwhicharelabeled. Inthiscase,theuserwantstoknowwhetherthereisanyevidenceforacertainhypothesis.DISCOVERYQUERIES(DQ)Adiscoveryqueryisaconnecteddirectedgraphthenodesandedgesofwhichmaybeunlabeled. Here,theuserwantstodiscoverpiecesofmissinginforma-tionsuchasentitiesorrelations,representedbyunlabelednodesoredgesrespectively.Theabovequeryisthequeryexamplefromtheintroduction.RELATEDNESSQUERIES(RQ)Arelatednessqueryisaconnecteddirectedgraphthenodesandedgesofwhichmaybeunlabeledandatleastoneoftheedgesislabeledwitharegularexpressionoverrelationshiplabels. Inthissetting,theuserisinterestedinthebroadrelationbetweenpiecesofinformation.Obviously,itholdsEQDQEQ.TheanswertoaqueryisasubgraphAoftheknowledgegraphthatmatchesthequery.Forexample,NAGAcouldanswertheabovediscoveryqueryasfollows: Thenumbersontheedgesofananswergraphrepresentthecertaintiesofthefacts.Inordertocomputetheover-allcertaintyofananswer,thecertaintiesoftheedgeshavetobeaccumulated.Wethinkofthecertaintyvalueastheprobabilitythatafactiscorrect.Sincethefactshavebeenextractedindependently,theprobabilitythatthecompleteanswerAiscorrectisjusttheproductofthecertaintiesof theedges:c(A)=YeedgeinAc(e)Incasetherearemultipleanswerstoaquery,wereturnthetop-kanswersrankedbytheircertainty.4.PRELIMINARYRESULTSNAGAisimplementedinJavaontopofanOracledatabase.ThequeryenginetranslatestheuserqueriesintoSQLandperformsgraphsearchestosolverelatednessqueries.WeconductedseveralpreliminaryexperimentstoassessthequalityofNAGA'sanswers.Below,wepresentsomesam-plequeriestoillustratethedi erencebetweenNAGAandGoogle: Query Google NAGA WhenwasBBCNewsestablished? Answerfoundonfollowinglink. 1922. WhichotherphysicistswereborninthesameyearasAlbertEinstein? Fails.GiveslotsoflinkstoEinstein'sbiography. vonLaue,Pfund,Burton,andseveralothers. WhatistheconnectionbetweenEinsteinandBohr? LinkstothedebatebetweenBohrandEinsteinonquantumtheory. Botharescientists.ThereareMooncratersandas-teroidbeltsnamedafterthem.TomCruisecon-nectsthembybeingaveg-etarian(asEinstein)andbybeingbornin1962(whenBohrdied). WhatistheconnectionbetweenIndiraGandhiandMargaretThatcher? Linksofeventsinvolvingthetwowomen Botharefemaleheadsofgovernment,bothat-tendedOxford,bothwerepoliticiansinEnglish-speakingcountries(IndiaandUK,respectively) 5.CONCLUSIONANDOUTLOOKWepresentedNAGA,anewsemanticsearchenginewithaquerylanguagethatcanexpresscomplexqueriesbymeansofgraphstructuresandregularexpressionsoverrelations.Forfuturework,weplantoexploitlogicalinferencesintheknowledgegraphandtopredictnotonlythecorrectness,butalsotheinterestingnessofanswers.NAGAcanbetriedoutonlineat:http://www.mpii.mpg.de/~suchanek/naga. 6.BLAH 7.REFERENCES [1] M.Cafarella,C.Re,D.Suciu,andO.Etzioni.Structuredqueryingofwebtextdata:Atechnicalchallenge.InCIDR,2007. [2] SaraCohen,JonathanMamou,YaronKanza,andYehoshuaSagiv.Xsearch:Asemanticsearchengineforxml.InVLDB,pages45{56,2003. [3] J.Graupmann,R.Schenkel,andG.Weikum.ThespheresearchengineforuniedrankedretrievalofheterogeneousXMLandwebdocuments.InVLDB,2005. [4] V.Kacholia,S.Pandit,S.Chakrabarti,S.Sudarshan,R.Desai,andH.Karambelkar.Bidirectionalexpansionforkeywordsearchongraphdatabases.InVLDB,2005. [5] FabianM.Suchanek,GeorgianaIfrim,andGerhardWeikum.Combininglinguisticandstatisticalanalysistoextractrelationsfromwebdocuments.InKDD,2006. [6] FabianM.Suchanek,GjergjiKasneci,andGerhardWeikum.Yago:ACoreofSemanticKnowledge.In16thinternationalWorldWideWebconference(WWW2007),NewYork,NY,USA,2007.ACMPress. [7] MaxVolkel,MarkusKrotzsch,DennyVrandecic,HeikoHaller,andRudiStuder.Semanticwikipedia.InWWW,2006.