dealing with light and vision Optical means relating to the eye Light Light is radiant energy that travels radiates outward in all directions from the object giving off the light ID: 314639
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Optics is the science dealing with light and vision.Optical means ‘relating to the eye’Slide2
Light Light is radiant energy that travels (radiates) outward in all directions
from the object giving off the light.
Light energy is the form of radiant energy that can be detected by the unaided human eye.Slide3
Sources of LightAll objects that we see are sources of light, even if they do not produce light themselves.Objects that produce light are said to be luminous.
Sun, burning candle, light bulb, flash of lightning.Slide4Slide5
Non-Luminous ObjectsMost objects do not produce light on their own. Objects are able to be seen because light reflects (bounces off) them to our eyes.Coloured liquids and stained glass windows allow light to pass through them and this allows us to see the objects.
Objects that we see because light reflects from them or passes through them are called
non-luminous sources of light.Slide6Slide7
Non-luminous objects are sometimes referred to as illuminated objects.Slide8
Luminous Sources of LightLuminous Sources of Light can be both natural and artificial.Natural sources of light are those that produce light without human intervention.
Sun, Northern Lights, glow of red-hot lavaSlide9Slide10
Artificial sources of light are those that are produced and controlled by humans.Car headlights, neon signs, flashlights, televisions
Some sources of light, such as burning wood, may be classified as both natural and artificial.Slide11
How Light is ProducedLight is produced when other forms of energy (heat or chemical) are converted into light energy.The four most common ways in which luminous objects produce light are:Incandescence
Passing an electric current through a gas
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
Light Emitting Diode (LED)Slide12
IncandescenceWhen steel is heated to temperatures over 2000 degrees Celsius, it gives off white light. A substance that gives off light because it has been heated to a high temperature is called incandescent.Slide13
Some substances are heated to incandescence when they are rubbed (friction). Slide14
Substances can be heated to incandescence by electricity.The light from an old household light bulb is produced by heating a fine coil of tungsten wire (filament) until the temperature rises and gives off a bright light. These old bulbs are called incandescent bulbs. Toasters and ovens also become incandescent when heated
.Slide15
Did you know that…The space inside an incandescent light bulb is filled with nitrogen or argon.If the space was filled with oxygen, the gas would react with the hot filament.Slide16
Substances may also be heated to incandescence using chemical energy.When wood, wax, kerosene, or oil is burned, energy is given off in the form of light and heat because of a chemical reaction.Slide17
Passing an Electric Current through a GasWhen an electric current is passed through a gas, light is sometimes produced.
A natural occurrence of this is
lightning produced during a thunderstorm.
Another natural example of this is the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights). Slide18Slide19
An artificial way of producing light by passing an electric current through a gas is Neon Lights. Other gases are used to produce different colours.Slide20Slide21
Sodium vapour lamps produce an intense light and is often used to illuminate streets and highways.
Mercury vapour lamps are very bright and are used to light hockey rinks and sports stadiums.Slide22
FluorescenceSome objects give off light when invisible ultraviolet light is shone on them.
Substances that produce visible light when exposed to ultraviolet light are called f
luorescent
.Slide23
Stamp collectors shine UV light onto stamps to check for special fluorescent markings.Slide24
A Fluorescent Light BulbA fluorescent light tube consists of a long, cylindrical tube that filled with mercury vapour
.
The inside of the tube is coated with a fluorescent powder. Electrodes are placed at either end of the tube.
When an electric current is passed through the
vapour
, UV light is produced. The UV light hits the powder which then produces visible light.Slide25Slide26
A fluorescent tube is much more efficient than a regular incandescent light bulb.About 20% of the electrical energy used in a fluorescent light is converted to visible light, but only 5% of the electrical energy used in an incandescent bulb is converted to visible light.If you place you hand near a fluorescent tube, it feels cool. If you place you hand near an incandescent bulb, it feels warm.Slide27
When a fluorescent tube is switched off, no more UV light is produced and the coating stops giving off light.Some fluorescent substances though, continue to give off light for hours after the energy source has been removed. These substances are called phosphorescent.Luminous dials on watches, glow in the dark objects and similar items are made of phosphorescent materials.Slide28
CFL bulbsGovernments around the world recommend that homes and businesses switch to compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs).CFL bulbs
last longer
than an incandescent bulb and
use less energy.CFLs cost more than an incandescent bulb and the mercury in the CFLs can cause environmental pollution. All used fluorescent bulbs should be taken to a hazardous waste collection site.Slide29
CFLs were devised to reduce the length of regular fluorescent light fixtures.Slide30
Light Emitting Diode (LED)The Light Emitting Diode is a very efficient light producing technology. An electric current passes through an LED, it emits light.LEDs save energy, last longer and stay cooler than Incandescent bulbs of CFL bulbs.Slide31
Other ways that light is producedChemiluminescenceBioluminescenceSlide32
ChemiluminescenceLight can be the result from the energy released in chemical reactions. The products of the chemical reaction give off visible light. This process is called chemiluminescence.Slide33Slide34
BioluminescenceSome living things can make themselves luminous using a chemical reaction similar to chemiluminescence. This is called bioluminescence.Many organisms that live deep in the ocean use bioluminescence because so little sunlight reaches far below the surface of the water.
Fireflies, glow worms, some fish, some bacteriaSlide35