POLYTECHNIC NOVA GORICAPOLYTECHNIC NOVA GORICAPOLYTECHNIC NOVA GORICAS - PDF document

1 POLYTECHNIC NOVA GORICAPOLYTECHNIC NOVA GORICAPOLYTECHNIC NOVA GORICASCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEINDUSTRIAL ECOLOGYINDUSTRIAL ECOLOGYINDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY ALENKA KANTE, AZAMELA MADZGALJ, The main function of a flashlight is to provide The main function of a flashlight is to provide light when there is nolight when there is nolight source in the observing area, or there is light source in the observing area, or there is 2 Types of flash light can be defined by their bulb Types of flash light can be defined by their bulb types, which are indeed sources of light:types, which are indeed sources of light:Flashlights with incandescent bulbsFlashlights with incandescent bulbsFlashlights with fluorescent bulbsFlashlights with fluorescent bulbs FLASH LIGHT TYPESFLASH LIGHT TYPESfire/emergencyfire/emergencyhouseholdhouseholdlaw enforcementlaw enforcementmilitarymilitarysports and outdoors sports and outdoors (camping and survival)(camping and survival)underwaterunderwaterprofessionalprofessionalwork flashlightswork flashlights 3 our flashlight serves as our flashlight serves as small, portable, battery small, portable, battery old typeold typemanufactured by the manufactured by the Yugoslav company Yugoslav company There are around 2.000.000 people in Slovenia.There are around 2.000.000 people in Slovenia.Approximately every third person has a flashlight.Approximately every third person has a flashlight.People buy a new flashlight approximately every five People buy a new flashlight approximately every five The consumption is three batteries per year.The consumption is three batteries per year. 4 assembled from 11 different partsassembled from 11 different partseasily disassembledeasily disassembled 4 9 6 7 2 1 8 5 2 3 11 PACKAGINGENGRAVEDHOUSING OF THE POLYCARBONATEUPPER COVERING (lampcovering)0,20,2GLASS, METAL, GASELECTRIC BULB 3,5V272METAL, PLASTICS, DIFERENT CHEMICALS(4 pieces)LOWER COVERING OF HOUSING FOR GALVANIZED STEELpart (g)part (g)MATERIALMATERIAL 5 Polyoleofins, simple polymer structuresPolyoleofins, simple polymer structuresHave the highest potential for mechanical recyclingHave the highest potential for mechanical recyclingVersatile and cheap, can replace almost all PVC applicationsVersatile and cheap, can replace almost all PVC applicationsGood electrical and chemical resistanceGood electrical and chemical resistancePE is not biodegradable, contributes to greenhouse effect when PE is not biodegradable, contributes to greenhouse effect when incineratedincineratedUsually made with the high toxic phosgene derived from chlorine Usually made with the high toxic phosgene derived from chlorine Need solvents for its productionNeed solvents for its productionSuitable for wide range of productsSuitable for wide range of products Has high environmental and human health costs.Has high environmental and human health costs.During manufacture and disposal emits toxic compounds.During manufacture and disposal emits toxic compounds.Different persistent pollutants could be emitted into air, waterDifferent persistent pollutants could be emitted into air, waterand and land.land.PVC products can leach toxic additives during its use or when thPVC products can leach toxic additives during its use or when thPaper is a substance composed of fibers interlaced into a compacPaper is a substance composed of fibers interlaced into a compacweb, which can then be macerated into pulp, dried and pressed.web, which can then be macerated into pulp, dried and pressed.PAPER CYCLE: Involved process, from the forest, to the PAPER CYCLE: Involved process, from the forest, to the production of paper, to the use and final recovery of the producproduction of paper, to the use and final recovery of the producPaper production requires high amount of water, a lot of chemicaPaper production requires high amount of water, a lot of chemicaand trees as a raw material.and trees as a raw material.Based upon wood, paper is biodegradable and recyclable and a Based upon wood, paper is biodegradable and recyclable and a source of energy after use.source of energy after use. 6 metal alloy with major component iron and carbon metal alloy with major component iron and carbon (usually less than 1%)(usually less than 1%)mechanical characteristics demechanical characteristics dewidely used in automotive widely used in automotive Types of bulbs: incandescent bulbs, fluorescent bulbs, LEDTypes of bulbs: incandescent bulbs, fluorescent bulbs, LEDBulbs can use krypton, halogen, xenon or be HID or vacuum bulbs.Bulbs can use krypton, halogen, xenon or be HID or vacuum bulbs.The amount of energy consumed to warm up a cold filament is lessThe amount of energy consumed to warm up a cold filament is lessit would consume in one second of normal operation.it would consume in one second of normal operation.Incandescent lights are less efficient than other types of lightIncandescent lights are less efficient than other types of lights (lower s (lower wattage and lower current).wattage and lower current).Many lowMany lowpower incandescent bulbs are substantially less efficient than power incandescent bulbs are substantially less efficient than modern high efficiency modern high efficiency Energy consumption is based on a prediction:Energy consumption is based on a prediction:7.734 ergy needed for production of electric bulb 7.734 ergy needed for production of electric bulb Between energy needed for production of H + P material and energBetween energy needed for production of H + P material and energy needed y needed for production of battery (less chemicals and less material needfor production of battery (less chemicals and less material needed than for ed than for battery)battery) 7 Batteries used for flashlights are not different for any other aBatteries used for flashlights are not different for any other appliance.ppliance.The most common batteries for flashlights are NiThe most common batteries for flashlights are NiCad, Alkaline and Cad, Alkaline and Lithium batteries.Lithium batteries.Batteries for flashlights can also be rechargeable.Batteries for flashlights can also be rechargeable.Energy consumption:Energy consumption:during life timeduring life time of three batteries each 3V, operating approximateof three batteries each 3V, operating approximate48 h for 48 h for electric bulb 3Welectric bulb 3Win production phase: in production phase: 66,34 x 1066,34 x 10 approximate calculation from data about energy approximate calculation from data about energy needed for production of one 25 kWh automobile batteryneeded for production of one 25 kWh automobile batterywith prediction that our battery needs 100 with prediction that our battery needs 100 times less energy)times less energy)much higher energy consumption in production phase than during lmuch higher energy consumption in production phase than during lEnergy efficiencyEnergy efficiencyonly 10% of the released energy is used for lightening, 90% is tonly 10% of the released energy is used for lightening, 90% is tinto heat into heat Environmental impactEnvironmental impact elevated risk of accidents elevated risk of accidentsseveral harmful chemicals usedseveral harmful chemicals useddisposal problems (hazardous waste)disposal problems (hazardous waste) ING POTENTIALING POTENTIALELECTRIC BULBELECTRIC BULBBATTERIESBATTERIESmediummediumPOLYCARBONATEPOLYCARBONATESTEELSTEEL 8 7.734 131 463.968 ALL (H +P) (without battery and bulb) 200.000 0,2 Assumed 7.734 (EB) 663.400 ELECTRIC BULB (EB) 663.400 272 Calculated BATTERY 65.40028.268158.000POLYCARBONATE2.48040.000STEEL98.000POLYETHYLENE 3.56674.300POLYPROPYLENEENERGY ENERGY (in kJ) for a productTOTAL TOTAL (g)ENERGY REQUIRED ENERGY REQUIRED (in kJ) per 1 kgMATERIALMATERIAL ENERGY REQUIRED FOR PRODUCTION ENERGY REQUIRED FOR PRODUCTION of 1 of 1 productproductfromprimarysource of 1 product from recycled sourceof 1 product from recycled source3.851 131 209.504 (without battery and bulb) 200.000 0,2 Assumed 7.734 (EB) 663.400 ELECTRIC BULB 663.400 272 Calculated BATTERIES 29.30015.70448.100POLYCARBONATE18.100STEEL56.000POLYETHYLENE 42.300POLYPROPYLENEENERGY ENERGY (in KJ)for a productTOTAL TOTAL (g)ENERGY REQUIRED ENERGY REQUIRED (in KJ) per 1 kiloMATERIALMATERIAL 9 Statistical dataStatistical dataAn average Slovenian family consists of An average Slovenian family consists of 2,8 members2,8 members(Statistical data from (Statistical data from Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia for 2002)Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia for 2002)Population in RS in 2002: Population in RS in 2002: 1.998.5191.998.519Number of households in 2002:Number of households in 2002:Average household:Average household:2,8 persons2,8 personsAn average household has at least An average household has at least 1 flashlight (because of uncertainty we 1 flashlight (because of uncertainty we will take 1,5 flashlight per household in Slovenia)will take 1,5 flashlight per household in Slovenia)Estimate longevity: Estimate longevity: 5 years per flash light5 years per flash light4 months per batteries4 months per batteries2 years per electric bulb2 years per electric bulb Total energy saved if housing and package materials from recycleTotal energy saved if housing and package materials from recycled source: d source: 51,3% or 3883 kJ per 1 product51,3% or 3883 kJ per 1 productEnergy needed for production per 1 product (flashlight)Energy needed for production per 1 product (flashlight)For battery : 663.400 kJFor battery : 663.400 kJFor electric bulb: 200.000 kJFor electric bulb: 200.000 kJFor housing and package materials: For housing and package materials: 7.734 kJ (primary s.) / 3.851 kJ (recycled s.)7.734 kJ (primary s.) / 3.851 kJ (recycled s.)WHAT DOES IT MEAN?WHAT DOES IT MEAN?For production of housing and package (H+P) materials we needFor production of housing and package (H+P) materials we need3,8 % or 1,9 %3,8 % or 1,9 % of of energy needed for production of electric bulb!energy needed for production of electric bulb!For production of housing and package (H+P) materials we needFor production of housing and package (H+P) materials we need1,16% or 0,58%1,16% or 0,58% energy needed for production of battery!energy needed for production of battery!WE SHOULD THREFORE CONCENTRATE ON REDESIGNING :WE SHOULD THREFORE CONCENTRATE ON REDESIGNING :First, the production of the battery (energy source)First, the production of the battery (energy source)Second, the electric bulbSecond, the electric bulbFOR PRODUCTIONFOR PRODUCTION 10 FOR PRODUCTIONFOR PRODUCTIONIf material (H+P) is from primary source: If material (H+P) is from primary source: 7734 x 1.027.270,5 = 7.944.910.047 kJ 7734 x 1.027.270,5 = 7.944.910.047 kJ = energy from combustion of = energy from combustion of 184 t of crude oil184 t of crude oil If material (H+P) is if from recycled source:If material (H+P) is if from recycled source:3851 x 1027270,5 = 3.956.018.695 kJ = 3851 x 1027270,5 = 3.956.018.695 kJ = energy from combustion of energy from combustion of 92 t of crude oil92 t of crude oil Energy for production of electric bulb:Energy for production of electric bulb:200.000 x 1.027.270,5 = 205.454.100.000 kJ 200.000 x 1.027.270,5 = 205.454.100.000 kJ = energy from combustion of = energy from combustion of 4.778 t of crude oil4.778 t of crude oil Energy for production of all batteries:Energy for production of all batteries:663.400 x 1.027.270,5 = 681.491.249.700 kJ 663.400 x 1.027.270,5 = 681.491.249.700 kJ = energy from combustion of = energy from combustion of 15.848 t of crude oil15.848 t of crude oil HOUSING + PACKAGING ELECTRIC BULB BATTERIES AGAIN:AGAIN: CONCENTRATE ON CONCENTRATE ON SAVING ENERGY NEEDED SAVING ENERGY NEEDED FOR PRODUCTION AND FOR PRODUCTION AND NOT ON ENERGY NEEDED NOT ON ENERGY NEEDED 0200000300000400000500000600000800000900000 ENERGY FORRUN ENERGY FORPRODUCTION518,4 kJ = 0,06% of energy needed for 518,4 kJ = 0,06% of energy needed for production of flash light (871.134 kJ)production of flash light (871.134 kJ)Only 10% of 518,4 kJ is used for lightning, Only 10% of 518,4 kJ is used for lightning, 11 Major problem is disposal of batteries (hazardous waste)Major problem is disposal of batteries (hazardous waste)Batteries are mostly collecteBatteries are mostly collecteenvironmentally friendly way.environmentally friendly way.separately. They usually end up with municipal waste.separately. They usually end up with municipal waste. SIMPLIFIED PROCESS TREE FOR A SIMPLIFIED PROCESS TREE FOR A assembly plastics + transport disposal inmunicipal filter pro- sheet steel stampingforming formingsolid waste packaging Electric mouldingbatteryinjection reuserecycle 12 REDESIGN OF BATTERY REDESIGN OF BATTERY USE OF MATERIALS THAT ARE SELFUSE OF MATERIALS THAT ARE SELFLIGHTNING LIGHTNING (avoidance)USE OF SUBSTITUTE, ex. pUSE OF SUBSTITUTE, ex. petroleum (avoidance)USE OF SMALLER MORE EFFICIENT BATTERIES, USE OF SMALLER MORE EFFICIENT BATTERIES, less energy consumptive (reduction)USE OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES USE OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES (reuse)COLLECTING BATTERIES FOR RECYCLING COLLECTING BATTERIES FOR RECYCLING practice that already exists (recycling)COLLECTING AND TREATING BATTERIES FOR COLLECTING AND TREATING BATTERIES FOR INCINERATING INCINERATING (energy recovery and treatment with removal of hazardous material)SAFE DISPOSAL SAFE DISPOSAL (already existingpracticewith special collecting places) DEEPDEEPREDESIGNSHALLOWREDESIGN REDESIGN OF HOUSING REDESIGN OF HOUSING USE OF SUBSTITUTE ex. USE OF SUBSTITUTE ex. aluminum or recyclable plastic (avoidance)USE LESS MATERIAL with smaller flashlight or different construction-wherematerial is not needed for structural or protection reasons (reduction)SINGLE USE FLASHLIGHT reuse of old housing for making a new flashlight (reuse)USING CLICK AND SNAP SYSTEM, USING CLICK AND SNAP SYSTEM, marking materials with engraving label, not using chemically bonded sticker for easier recycling and collefor recycling (recycling)COLLECTING AND INCINERATING because polypropylene has lot of embedded energy (energy SAFE DISPOSAL SAFE DISPOSAL already existingpracticewith special collecting places (disposal) DEEP DEEP REDESIGNSHALLOW REDESIGN 13 REDESIGN OF ELECTRIC BULB REDESIGN OF ELECTRIC BULB USE OF MATERIALS THAT ARE SELFUSE OF MATERIALS THAT ARE SELF(avoidance)(avoidance)USE OF LASER (substitute)USE OF LASER (substitute)USE OF NEON BULB (avoidance)USE OF NEON BULB (avoidance)USE OF ENERGY SAVING ELECTRIC BULB,USE OF ENERGY SAVING ELECTRIC BULB,more more efficient electric bulb, less energy consumptive efficient electric bulb, less energy consumptive (reduction)(reduction)NOT USING CHEMICALLY BONDED STICKERNOT USING CHEMICALLY BONDED STICKERfor for easier glass recycling (recycling)easier glass recycling (recycling)INCINERATINGINCINERATINGmight not be recommended because of might not be recommended because of efficiency efficiency high temperature is needed and there may be high temperature is needed and there may be some hazardous waste (energy recovery and treatment some hazardous waste (energy recovery and treatment with removing hazardous material)with removing hazardous material)DISPOSALDISPOSAL DEEP REDESIGNSHALLOW REDESIGN REDESIGN OF PROCESS REDESIGN OF PROCESS PRODUCTION OF SELFPRODUCTION OF SELFLIGHTING MATERIALSLIGHTING MATERIALSIMPROVED OPERATING PRACTICESIMPROVED OPERATING PRACTICESPRODUCING ONLY SAFE MATERIALSPRODUCING ONLY SAFE MATERIALSREDUCING GENERATION OF NONREDUCING GENERATION OF NONMARKETABLE MARKETABLE PRODUCTSPRODUCTSINPUT MATERIAL CHANGE: INPUT MATERIAL CHANGE: USE OF RECYCLABLE HOUSING RESOURCE USE OF RECYCLABLE HOUSING RESOURCE ALLUMINIUM instead of nonrenewable ALLUMINIUM instead of nonrenewable oil (avoidance)oil (avoidance)AVOIDING TOXIC MATERIAL IN ELECTRIC BULB AVOIDING TOXIC MATERIAL IN ELECTRIC BULB AND BATTERIESAND BATTERIES DEEP DEEP REDESIGNSHALLOWREDESIGN 14 REDESIGN OF THE PRODUCTREDESIGN OF THE PRODUCTOFFERING A SERVICE for borrowing OFFERING A SERVICE for borrowing flashlight whenever is needed instead of USE OF MOBILE USE OF MOBILE PHONE WITH ADDED PHONE WITH ADDED FUNCTION: LIGHTNINGFUNCTION: LIGHTNINGUSE OF WATCH WITH ADDED USE OF WATCH WITH ADDED FUNCTION: LIGHTNINGFUNCTION: LIGHTNINGUSE OF LASER LIGHT AS ADDED USE OF LASER LIGHT AS ADDED of key holder, for exampleof key holder, for example DEEP REDESIGN REDESIGN OF REDESIGN OF TNINGTNINGUSE OF MATERIALS THAT ARE USE OF MATERIALS THAT ARE USE OF MOBILE USE OF MOBILE PHONE WITH PHONE WITH ADDED FUNCTION: LIGHTNINGADDED FUNCTION: LIGHTNINGUSE OF WATCH WITH ADDED USE OF WATCH WITH ADDED FUNCTION: LIGHTNINGFUNCTION: LIGHTNINGUSE OF LASER LIGHT AS ADDED USE OF LASER LIGHT AS ADDED of key holder, for exampleof key holder, for example DEEP REDESIGN 15 RETHINKING THE NEED FOR LIGHTNINGRETHINKING THE NEED FOR LIGHTNINGe should not pollute nature with lightning soe should not pollute nature with lightning soFOR NIGHT LIGHTNINGFOR NIGHT LIGHTNINGbecause we can do our activities that demandsbecause we can do our activities that demandsDURING DAY LIGHT or inDURING DAY LIGHT or inwe CANwe CAN DEEP REDESIGN Majority of flashlightMajority of flashlights energy demands go tos energy demands go toproduction of batteries!production of batteries!SO!SO!Our efforts for redesign flashlight in order to achieve sustainaOur efforts for redesign flashlight in order to achieve sustainability bility should go to should go to REDESIGN PRODUCTION OF BATTERY REDESIGN PRODUCTION OF BATTERY ECONOMICALY JUSTIFIABLE, ECONOMICALY JUSTIFIABLE, SOURCE OF ENERGY!SOURCE OF ENERGY!Redesign of electric bulb production and dematerialization shoulRedesign of electric bulb production and dematerialization shoulbe the second priority.be the second priority.