Pronouns and UNUS NAUTA Adjectives - PowerPoint Presentation

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Pronouns and UNUS NAUTA Adjectives

Week 5 Review

Pronouns

In Latin, just as in English, Pronouns stand in the place of nouns.

Pronouns in Latin have 3 characteristics:

gender

,

number

, and

case

.

Latin pronouns

decline

similar to nouns to exhibit their

gender

,

number

, and

case

.

Most Latin pronouns roughly follow the

2-1-2 declension

pattern, but they also use unique

genitive (-

ius

)

and

dative singular (-

i

)

endings.

I like to think of this as a separate “

Pronoun Declension

” that

uses

2-1-2 declension

endings

with the addition of the

gen. (-

ius

)

and

dative sing. (-

i

).

The

gender

and

number

of pronouns agree the with the nouns that they

replace.

The

case

of pronouns will change based upon their syntactical use in a sentence.

Most pronouns in Latin can also be used as adjectives, if they modify a noun that is present instead of simply replacing it.

Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.)

The Demonstrative pronouns (can also be adjectives) are used to ‘point’ to things – “this”, “that”, “these”, “those”.They follow the standard pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i)

(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.illeillīusillīillumillōillīillōrumillīsillōsillīsFem.illaillīusillīillamillāillaeillārumillīsillāsillīsNeut.illudillīusillīilludillōillaillōrumillīsillaillīs

ille

,

illa, illud – “that”, “those”

Summary of Endings:

-e / -a / -

ud-īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/-ud-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs

Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.)

The demonstrative pronoun (and adjective) iste, ista, istud is used to ‘point’ to things with a distinctly negative connotation. It follows the pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i) like ille exactly.

(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.isteistīusistīistumistōistīistōrumistīsistōsistīsFem.istaistīusistīistamistāistaeistārumistīsistāsistīsNeut.istudistīusistīistudistōistaistōrumistīsistaistīs

iste

,

ista, istlud – “that”, “those”, “that (grr!)…”

Summary of Endings:

-e / -a / -

ud-īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/-ud-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs

Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.)

The Demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc (“this”, “these”) combines the stem “h-” + ending + “-c” (a deictic marker used for pointing) in some cases.When this “-c” marker runs up against certain endings like “-a” or “-m” various linguistic changes will happen. [“-a” + “-c” -> “-aec” ; “-m” + “-c” -> “-nc”] Otherwise, it follows the standard pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i)

(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.hichuīushuīchunchōchīhōrumhīshōshīsFem.haechuīushuīchanchāchaehārumhīshāshīsNeut.hochuīushuīchochōchaechōrumhīshaechīs

hic,

haec

, hoc – “this”, “these”

Summary of Endings:

Ø / -a / Ø

-īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/ Ø-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs

Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.)

The Demonstrative pronoun and adjective is, ea, id (“this”, “these”, etc.) serves as both demonstrative and the 3rd person personal pronoun (“he”, “she”, “it”, “they”)The stem is really an “i-”, but it will weaken to an “e-” up against most vowels, hence the stem here looks like it’s an “e-” because of all the vowels in the endings.

(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.iseīuseīeumeōeī, iīeōrumeīseōseīsFem.eaeīuseīeameāeaeeārumeīseāseīsNeut.ideīuseīideōeaeōrumeīseaeīs

is, ea, id – “this”, “that”, “these”, “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”, etc.

Summary of Endings:

Ø / -a / Ø

-

īus

/ -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/ Ø-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs

Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.)

The Demonstrative pronoun and adjective īdem, eadem, idem (“the same”) is a combination of is, ea, id + “-dem” (another deictic marker)When the “-dem” comes up against an “-m”, it will produce “-ndem”; similarly, the “s” in “is” will drop and the short “i” will lengthen to compensate -> īdem

(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.īdemeīusdemeīdemeundemeōdemeīdemeōrundemeīsdemeōsdemeīsdemFem.eademeīusdemeīdemeandemeādemeaedemeārundemeīsdemeāsdemeīsdemNeut.idemeīusdemeīdemidemeōdemeademeōrundemeīsdemeademeīsdem

īdem

,

eadem, idem – “the same”

Summary of Endings:

Ø / -a / Ø

-īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/ Ø-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs

Intensive Pronoun

The Intensive pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum (“___self”) strengthens whatever it modifies. Thus, when it modifies some 3rd person item, it will translate as “himself”, “herself”, “itself”, “themselves”; if it modifies a 1st person item it will be: “myself”, “ourselves”; if it modifies a second person item it will be: “yourself”, “yourselves”. It follows the standard pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i) like ille, illa, illud

(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.ipseipsīusipsīipsumipsōipsīipsōrumipsīsipsōsipsīsFem.ipsaipsīusipsīipsamipsāipsaeipsārumipsīsipsāsipsīsNeut.ipsumipsīusipsīipsumipsōipsaipsōrumipsīsipsaipsīs

ipse,

ipsa

, ipsum – “____self”

Summary of Endings:

-e / -a / -um

-īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/-um-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs

Personal Pronouns

The personal pronouns stand in place of people (“I”, “me”, “you”, “we”, “us”, “y’all”, etc.)As noted above, the demonstrative is, ea, id is used for the third person personal pronoun; here we’ll cover only the 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns.

(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.1st Personegomeīmihimēmēnōsnostrum/nostrīnobisnōsnobis2nd Persontūtuītibitētēvōsvestrum/vestrīvobisvōsvobis

ego,

meī

– “I”, “me”

tū

,

tuī

– “you”

nos

, nostrum – “we”, “us”

vōs

,

vestrum

– “you (pl.)”, “y’all”

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns stand in place of nouns, but ALWAYS refer back to the SUBJECT of the sentence. As such, they only exist in the oblique cases (i.e., all cases other than the nom.)For the 1st and 2nd pers. reflexive pron., the same forms as the personal pronouns are used. For the 3rd person reflexive pronouns, a new pronoun (“suī, sibi, sē, sē”) is used.

(sing.)

NOM.

GEN.

DAT.

ACC.

ABL.

(

plur

.)

NOM.

GEN.

DAT.

ACC.

ABL.

1

st

Person

---

meī

mihi

mē

mē

---

nostrī

nōbīs

nōs

nōbīs

2

nd

Person

---

tuī

tibi

tē

tē

---

vestrī

vōbīs

vōs

vōbīs

3

rd

Person

----

suī

sibi

sē

sē

---

suī

sibi

sē

sē

Relative Pronoun

The Relative pronoun quī, quae, quod (“who”, “which”, “that”) begins a new clause that relates back to an item in another clause in the sentence. The relative pron. will take the gender and number of the noun it relates back to, while the relative pron. will have its own case, based on its syntactical use in the relative clause.The relative pronoun is also used as the interrogative adjective (“who”, “what”)

(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.quīcuiuscuiquemquōquīquōrumquibusquōsquibusFem.quaecuiuscuiquamquāquaequārumquibusquāsquibusNeut.quodcuiuscuiquodquōquaequōrumquibusquaequibus

quī

, quae, quod – “who”, “which”, “that”

Summary of Endings:

-ī / -

ae

/ -od-ius / -ius / -ius-i / -i / -i-em /-am/ -od-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -ae-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-ibus / -ibus / -ibus-ōs / -ās / -ae-ibus / -ibus / -ibus

Interrogative Pronoun

The Interrogative pronoun quis, quid (“who”, “whose”, “whom”, “what”, “which”) asks for the identity of a person or thing. The masculine and feminine singular forms are the same in the singular. The plural forms of the interrogative pronoun are identical to the relative pronoun

(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.quiscuiuscuiquemquōquīquōrumquibusquōsquibusFem.quiscuiuscuiquemquōquaequārumquibusquāsquibusNeut.quidcuiuscuiquidquōquaequōrumquibusquaequibus

quis

, quid – “who”, “whose”, “whom”, “what”, “which”

Summary of Endings:

-is / -is / -id

-

ius / -ius / -ius-i / -i / -i-em /-em/ -id-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -ae-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-ibus / -ibus / -ibus-ōs / -ās / -ae-ibus / -ibus / -ibus

UNUS NAUTA Adjectives

A special set of adjectives (often called UNUS NAUTA) follow the pronoun declension pattern: mostly like 2-1-2 adjectives, but they use an “-ius” gen. sing. and an “-i” dat. sing. endings like the pronouns.Other than having irregular forms, they function as normal adjectives. UNUS NAUTA is an acronymic mnemonic device to help you remember these 9 adjectives:ūnus, -a, -umnūllus, -a, -umūllus, -a, -umsōlus, -a, -umneuter, neutra, neutrumalius, -a, -uduter, utra, utrumtōtus, -a, -umalter, altera, alterum

UNUSNAUTA

You will definitely want to learn to recognize these adjectives when you see them to help you remember the irregular forms.

The next slide will allow you to practice declining one of these adjectives, but note that you should be able to decline them all following the same pattern.

UNUS NAUTA Adjectives

A special set of adjectives (often called UNUS NAUTA) follow the pronoun declension pattern: mostly 2-1-2, but use an “-ius” gen. sing. and an “-i” dat. sing. Other than the irregular forms, they function as normal adjectives.

(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.sōlussōlīussōlīsōlumsōlōsōlīsōlōrumsōlīssōlōssōlīsFem.sōlasōlīussōlīsōlamsōlāsōlaesōlārumsōlīssōlāssōlīsNeut.sōlumsōlīussōlīsōlumsōlōsōlasōlōrumsōlīssōlasōlīs

sōlus

, -a, -um – “alone”, “only”

Summary of Endings:

-us / -a / -um

-

īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/-um-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs