Ritesh - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Ritesh

L.KohaleDepartment of Physics, R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur-440033, India Email: riteshkohale@gmail.com

Workshop on Isomathematics and its applicationsSeptember 25, 2013, ICNAAM 2013, Rhodes Palace Hotel, Rhodes, Greece

1

Santilli’s

IsoRedShift

and

IsoBlueShift

:

A

Brief ReviewSlide2

The author has no words to express his deepest gratitude to Prof. R. M. Santilli

for encouragements and providing an opportunity to get initiated in this field of research. The financial support from the R. M. Santilli Foundation is gratefully acknowledged for getting exposure to work in this interesting field of research at this initial stage .

Additionally, the author would like to gratefully acknowledge Prof. A. A. Bhalekar and Prof.V.M.Tangde

for their

guidance during the one day motivational workshop on Santilli’s new mathematics held on 6

th April 2013 at Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur-09 (INDIA) and for reading this manuscript and providing suggestions. The present workshop was also sponsored by R. M. Santilli Foundation .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSSlide3

The

theoretical, mathematical and physical foundation of hypothesis presented by R. M.

Santilli

regarding

IsoRedShift

(IRS) and IsoBlueShift (IBS), we have concentrated on the compatibility of Santilli’s IRS and IBS with the axioms of special relativity under their appropriate mathematical formulations.

Reports

the innovative experimental confirmations of IRS by

Santilli

in 2010 for a blue laser light in a tube containing air pressure up to 2,000 psi ≈ 1137

bars at his IsoShift Testing Station. The mathematical concepts and physics of IsoRedShift and IsoBlueShift proposed by Prof.Santilli

3

This Presentation Reports Slide4

4

IntroductionHistory of light at glance Basic physical assumptions regarding Interior and exterior dynamical problemsInapplicability of special relativity for interior dynamical problems

Evidences on inapplicability of special relativity within our atmosphereSantilli 1965 no reduction theorem: Dismissal of the absorption and scattering hypotheses by prof santilliOrigin of the redness of the sun at sunset and sunrise

First experimental confirmation of santilli

isoredshiftSantilli isomathematicsConclusions

OverviewsSlide5

IN

THE BEGINNING - (c 4.5 Billion BC)Let There Be Light!

In the beginning it was dark and cold. There wasNo sun, No light, No earth, No solar system. There was nothing, just the empty void of space

.

Then slowly

, about 4.5 billion years ago, a swirling nebula, - a huge cloud of gas and dust was formed. Eventually this cloud contracted and grew into a central molten mass that became our Sun.

At

first the sun was a molten glow

.

As

the core pressure increased, and the temperature rose to millions of degrees – a star was born.Through the process of thermonuclear hydrogen fusion, the sun began to shine (Light).This was the nebular hypothesis, first proposed in 1755 by the great German philosopher, Immanuel Kant.

5

IntroductionSlide6

THE SUN - (c 4 Billion BC)The sun is approximately 93,000,000

(9 crore,30 lacks) miles from the earth, 864,000 miles in diameter, and is only an 'average' star in size, brilliance and age. There are more than 100 billion other stars in our sun's own galaxy, the Milky Way. Energy, with a color temperature of approximately 6500 degrees Kelvin, is received on earth, from the

sun.It takes light from the sun approximately 8 minutes to reach the earth. The illumination on the earth's surface by the sun may exceed 100,000 lux, (10,000 fc) in mid summer.THE EARTH - (c 4 Billion BC)About 4 billion years ago, soon after the Sun was formed, the Earth and

our other planets were formed from violent explosions and byproducts from the process

that created the Sun.

The nine planets created are now known as Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, (arranged in order, from the sun).

6Slide7

7

For centuries the nature of light was disputed

.

In the 17th century, Isaac Newton proposed the “corpuscular theory” stating that light is composed of particles.

Other

scientists, like Robert Hooke and Christian Huygens, believed light to be a wave.

Today

we know that

light behaves as both a wave and as a particle

.

Isaac Newton

Robert Hooke

Christian Huygens

Light Slide8

HISTORY OF LIGHT AT GLANCE

1021 - Alhazen initiated the conception of light as,made up of particles, supported by numerous scientists,

1873 - Maxwell's equations supported the alternative interpretation of light as,made up of (transversal) electromagnetic waves, propagated by a universal substratum (ether),

Nevertheless, with the discovery of the black body radiation, the wave interpretation of light resulted in being insufficient to represent all data. Particularly, the discrete character of the absorption and emission of light by atoms.

1905

- Einstein resolved the latter standoff with his conception of light as,being made up of basic quantum particles called photons with energy E = hν

8Slide9

What is light really?Electromagne

tic radiation waves Generally, electromagnetic waves and particles propagate inside the anisotropic and inhomogeneous physical media

.

E

l

ectromagnetic

waves can be described as a stream of

photons.

Each photon traveling in a wave-like pattern, moving at the

speed of light

and carrying some amount of energy.

The only difference amongst radio waves, visible light, and gamma-rays is the amount of energy of the photons.

Radio

waves have photons with low energies.

M

i

crowaves

have a little more energy than radio waves. G

amma-rays

and

cosmic rays

have highest energy waves.

wavelength

9Slide10

10Slide11

11

The Doppler Effect

You will know the

Doppler effect

as the falling note of a car or train horn as it approaches, passes, and then goes away from you.Slide12

12

Equation

For any object that is moving with a speed much less than that of light, it can be shown that the change in frequency is given by:

∆f - change in frequency (Hz)

f - original frequency (Hz)

v - speed of object (m/s)

c - speed of light (m/s)Slide13

13

∆

λ

- change in wavelength (m)

λ

- original wavelength (m)

v - speed of object (m/s)

c - speed of light (m/s)

The equation in terms of wavelength is:Slide14

The conventional Doppler law does indeed contribute to the redness of the Sun

at the horizon for the evident reason that, Even though the distance between Earth and Sun can be assumed as remaining constant during the few hours of the measurements,

Earth rotates and, therefore, an observer on the surface of Earth moves away from the Sun at Sunset and toward the Sun at Sunrise, thus

causing a conventional Doppler shift.

However, simple calculations from

well-known data (radius of Earth and rotation time) show that the Doppler contribution is quite small. In fact, the approximate tangential speed of Earth at the equator has the valuevtang

≈

430 km/s

.

Conventional Doppler contributionsSlide15

As a consequence, the following approximate value (similarly at the equator) of the Doppler shift term

But actuality it is unsatisfactory to provide a numerical representation of the redness of the Sun at Sunset and Sunrise.It is

interesting to note that, despite its small value, the conventional Doppler shift is certainly visible to the naked eye. By remembering that such a contribution is a redshift at Sunset and a blueshift at Sunrise,the comparison of the redness of the Sun at Sunset and Sunrise shows certain a difference visible to

the naked eye which is exactly due to the opposite Doppler contributions.Slide16

Quantitative and time invariant representation of IsoRedShift (IRS)

The representation of the IRS of the Sun verifying the conditions1) Being capable of representing the increase of the IRS with the increase of the distance d

traveled by light in our atmosphere; 2) Being capable of representing as a limit the IRS of the light wavelength from the blue, λblue ≈ 450 nm, to the red, λred ≈ 650 nm;

3) All representations being invariant over time in the indicated logic.

Basically

the selected value of 200 nm for the IRS is an upper limit selected to illustrate the representative abilities of IsoRelativity.Slide17

By reminding that the Doppler effect contributes to the redness of the Sun at the horizon, we can use the Doppler-

Santilli isolaw

for the

wavelengths one can write the above equation as

where:

λ

irs

is the increase of

λ

blue due to the IRS for a given distance d; ns is the space characteristic quantity

of the atmosphere in the selected direction s;

n

4

is the local index of refraction of light in air;

The local

speed of electromagnetic (e.g., radio) waves is the familiar

expression

C

=

c/n

4

;

v

is the

tangential speed of the observer due to the rotation of Earth; c is the speed of light in vacuum; and

the minus sign is selected because of the dominance of the IRS,Slide18

Until the early part of 20th century, there was a clear distinction between

Interior and Exterior Dynamical Problems.Interior Dynamical Problems:Referred to extended particles and electromagnetic waves

propagating within physical media.Exterior Dynamical Problems:Referred to systems of point-particles and electromagnetic waves propagating in empty space

Difference Between Interior and Exterior Dynamical Problems.

A primary difference between interior and exterior systems is appearance in the form of contact, non-linear, non-local and non-potential interactions that cannot be consistently represented via a Hamiltonian or a

Lagrangian formulation.18Basic Physical Assumptions Regarding

Interior and Exterior Dynamical ProblemsSlide19

Research conducted by large number of researchers, has identified mathematical, experimental, physical, chemical and industrial confirmation that,

The Minkowskian geometry and special relativity are not precisely applicable [1] for interior dynamical problems (e.g., electromagnetic waves propagating within physical media and extended-deformable particles) [2].The

Minkowskian geometry and special relativity is valid only for exterior dynamical problems (e.g., electromagnetic waves propagating in vacuum and point particles)The Lorentz symmetry is not exactly applicable within a physical media and it needs consistent simplification for exterior dynamical problemsSpecial

theory of relativity was not precisely applicable [1]

for interior dynamical problems

.19During the past fifty years,Slide20

Inapplicability

of special relativity

for Interior dynamical problems20Slide21

Contrary to the case of galaxies, In case of the

Sun we have visual evidence of the absence of an appreciable relative motion between Sun and Earth during the short duration of the Sunset. Consequently, the redness of the Sun at Sunset constitutes visual evidence of the violation of the Doppler shift law in our atmosphere, with consequential inapplicability of special relativity, as it is the case at large within all

physical media21Diversified evidences on inapplicability of special relativity within our atmosphereSlide22

Independently from previous visual evidence, There

are numerous additional reasons according to whichspecial relativity cannot possibly be exactly valid in our atmosphere, Some of them are :Our atmosphere is

Inhomogeneous (because of the variation of the density with the elevation from the sea level) and Anisotropic (because of the rotation of Earth).Implies the inapplicability of the geometric foundations of special relativity, the Minkowskian

spacetime,

since

they requires homogeneity and isotropy;As it is well known, special relativity can only be defined with respect to inertial reference systems, that is, reference frame moving in empty space along a straight line without acceleration.

Evidently, such

inertial frames cannot exist in our atmosphere,

with consequential impossibility of

properly formulating

the basic axioms of special relativity.The strict application of special relativity within our atmosphere implies the violation of interconnection. In fact, particles such as cosmic rays can travel in our atmosphere at speeds bigger than the local speed of electromagnetic (e.g., radio) waves, thus implying a violation of interconnection.

Contd

…………….

22Slide23

Dynamics in our atmosphere, such as a satellite during re-entry, requires contact, zero range, nonpotential interactions (e.g., of resistive type) that are beyond any hope of representation via a Lagrangian

or a Hamiltonian, thus being beyond the analytic foundations of special relativity, Additionally, the reduction of macroscopic objects moving in our atmosphere to their elementary particle constituents (for the evident purpose of regaining special relativity at the particle level), has been disqualified as being inconsistent by the No reduction Theorems

When the speed of light in vacuum is assumed as the maximal causal speed within our atmosphere ,we have the violation of the relativistic laws of addition

of speeds because the sum of the speeds of

two electromagnetic

(again, e.g., radio) waves in our atmosphere does not yield the local speed of electromagnetic waves; 23Slide24

“Non conservative and irreversible classical systems cannot be consistently reduced to systems characterized by a finite number of point particles all in conservative conditions and, vice versa, the latter systems cannot consistently reproduce the former under the correspondence or other principles

.”This theorem establishes that, Einstein's theories and Quantum mechanics are only valid under the physical conditions for which they were considered and experimentally verified (i.e. Reversible, Conservative, Hamiltonian, Exterior dynamical problems of point-particles and Electromagnetic waves propagating in vacuum).

No Reduction Theorem was proved on the basis of violation of thermodynamical laws due to the evident loss of entropy when passing from a real physical system to an ideal collection of point-particles moving in empty space all in conservative conditions, Because it was necessary to verify special relativity, quantum mechanics and the conventional scattering theory. continued…..

Santilli

1965

No Reduction Theorem: Slide25

No Reduction Theorem proved that the nonlinear, nonlocal and nonpotential

forces experienced, for instance, by a spaceship during reentry in our atmosphere originate at the most primitive possible level, that of elementary particles,

When

exposed to interior dynamical problems

(extended objects moving within a physical medium), such as a satellite during reentry or a proton in the core of a star, a general position is that their irreversibility,

nonconservative and non-Hamiltonian characters are seems true or possible but in fact it is not possible ("illusory" ) because,

when

the satellite is reduced to elementary particles and the proton is reduced to its (claimed) point-like constituents - so the position says - Einstein's theories and quantum mechanics are recovered exactly.

continued…..Slide26
Slide27

27Despite the above diversified evidence on the inapplicability of special relativity in our

atmosphere, the absorption and scattering hypotheses have been formulated as the primary origin of the redness of the Sun at Sunset and Sunrise

. But they were successfully dismissed by Prof. Santilli with his experimental confirmations.

View of the experimental set up used for the measurement of the IRS of the entire visible spectrum of Sunlight

showing the

telescope and the Yokogawa analyzer AQ6373 set for the detection at the horizon.

Dismissal of the

absorption

and

scattering hypotheses

by Prof. SantilliSlide28

28

Dismissal of the Absorption HypothesisThe hypothesis that absorption is the origin of the redshift of the Sun at Sunset and Sunrise has no scientific foundations

Visual evidence establishes beyond reliable doubt that the sky is blue because redlight is absorbed by our atmosphere following a maximal effective vertical travel of about 49 miles ≈ 80km.

The trajectory of Sunlight at Sunset or Sunrise, that is, the trajectory along a tangent to Earth at the horizon

, is

of the order of 4 356 miles ≈ 7 000 km (given by Earth’s radius of 3, 968 miles ≈ 6, 384 km plus the atmosphere along said tangent). Therefore, the trajectory of Sunlight at the horizon is about

875 times

bigger than that for the Sun at the

Zenith.

since

red light cannot reach us when the Sun is at the Zenith, the same red light cannot possibly reach us when Sunlight covers a trajectory 875 times longer than that at the ZenithSlide29

29

Had the Sun been dark blue at Sunset or Sunrise !!!!!! ….........., then the absorption conjecture would be scientifically valid.But the Sun is red at Sunset and Sunrise,

Thus providing visual evidence that the absorption hypothesis here considered is essentially a non-scientific attempt to adapt physical reality to the preferred Einsteinian theories.And in the Dismissal of the absorption hypothesis

It is addressed that, the absorption of individual spectral lines by

our atmosphere positively cannot cause any frequency shift because said absorption is set by

the atomic structure of our atmosphere. Therefore, the sole possibility for a frequency shift due to absorption is that of changing the chemical composition of our entire atmosphere.

Eventually Prof.

Santilli

Proposed that,Slide30

30

An electronically created composition to illustrate the definition of the IRS for the

spectrum of Sunlight, rather than that for monochromatic wavelengths as in Fig. showing: The spectrum of actual Sunlight at the Zenith (top); The same spectrum electronically shifted by 47 nm (bottom); and 3) Both spectra being cut from 480 to 580 nm.

The main

feature illustrated

in this picture is that a visual comparison of the two spectrograph shows no apparent frequency shift, while in reality we have a shift of about 47 nm. This illustrates the impossibility to identify the IRS of individual wavelengths when dealingwith a spectrum,

and

the consequential need to measure the IRS of the

entire spectrum

o

f Sunlight in the transition from the Zenith to the horizon.Slide31

Dismissal of the Scattering H

ypothesis31It should be recalled that Prof. Santilli rejected

scattering as the origin of the redness of the Sun at Sunset and Sunrise on grounds very similar to those used for the rejection of scattering as the origin of the cosmological redshift of galaxies, that is, scattering cannot possibly occur along a straight line for all

frequencies,

scattering

cannot possibly generate a redshift of the entire Solar spectrum,Slide32

32The

color of our atmosphere is precisely due to scattering because, in its absence, our sky would be black day and night;Scattering of some of direct Sunlight in our atmosphere is the origin of the loss of intensity of Sunlight;The color of our atmosphere surrounding the Sun at Sunset or Sunrise is due precisely to

scattering of red light;A component of the redness of the atmosphere surrounding the Sun at Sunset does indeed contribute to the detected redness of the Sun at Sunset and Sunrise in our instruments, such as a telescope (Fig. below). Our

atmosphere is blue during the day and red at the horizon at Sunset and Sunrise, thus establishing that scattering occurs for all frequencies and cannot possibly be the origin of the

shift from

, blue to red.The Physical Evidences That Supports to Dismissal of the Scattering HypothesisSlide33

33The view of the spectrograms of direct Sunlight at the Zenith (top) and at the horizon (bottom) obtained on July 19, 2011, with the

Avantes analyzer model 3648-FCPC and cut from 470 to 550 nm. As one can see, the comparison of the two spectrograms

shows no apparent IRS, except for an irrelevant change in intensity.This occurrence is fully in line with the definition of large IRS for a spectrum (rather than for a monochromatic wavelength) because a shifted segment of a spectrum must essentially coincide with the original spectrum segment.Hence, the use of the Avantes analyzer model 3648-FCPC, while being excellent for the detection of the IRS of monochromatic wavelengths, was inconclusive for the measurement of the IRS of the Sun at Sunset because its range from 470 to 550 nm was insufficient to cover the entire spectrum of direct visible SunlightSlide34

Origin of the redness of the sun at sunset and sunrise

Declaration of the problem

As it is well known, Sunlight at the Zenith is predominantly yellow but at Sunset is predominantly red, with a redness that increases with the increase of the distance traveled by light in our atmosphere

,That is, with the decrease of the elevation of the Sun over the horizon without any appreciable relative motion between the Earth and the Sun,

34Slide35

Acceptable Representations

The redness of the Sun at Sunset and Sunrise has been observed by mankind since the dawn of civilization, and its scientific study has been conducted since Galileo’s time. During this long period of time, numerous hypotheses have been formulated on the origin of the indicated redness, the most important ones deserving consideration being nowadays reduced to three:

Absorption, Scattering and IsoRedShift.

35Slide36

First Experimental

Confirmation of

Santilli IsoRedShiftSantilli et al [R] conducted spectroscopic analyses of the entire spectrum of visible Sunlight in the transition from the Zenith to the horizon (top

view) because it is equivalent to the cosmological redshift of distant galaxies (bottom view). Therefore,

experimental measurements

of the Sun redshift have direct relevance for the cosmological redshift.[R] R. M. Santilli, G. Amato and G. West, ”Experimental Confirmation of the IsoRedShift

at Sun at Sunset and Sunrise with Consequential Absence of

Universe Expansion

and Related Conjectures,” Journal of Computational

Methods in Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 12, pages 165-188 (2012). http://www.santillifoundation.org/docs/Confirmation-sun-IRS.pdf36Slide37

The transition from yellow to red implies an anomalous

shift of about 55 nm.However

, by recalling that only blue light can reach us at the horizon, the anomalous redshift for both Sunset and Sunrise is expected as being of the order of 100 nm. Bigger values of the anomalous redshift are then expected (up to 200 nm) by inspecting the event for infrared frequencies.37

The

term “quantitative” is referred to a

numerical representation of the increase of the redness with the increase of the travel of Sunlight in our atmosphere;Consequently it became necessary to achieve an experimental verification of the representation of the redshift of the Sun in the transition from the Zenith to Sunset which is

quantitative,

invariant

over time and increases with the increase of the travel of Sunlight in our atmosphere

.Slide38
Slide39
Slide40

RETURN TO THE MIDDLE AGES WITH EARTH AT THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE

In fact, for galaxies G2 and G1 we have the cosmological redshifts z2

= 2 z1 with consequential speeds v2 = 2 v1 because d2 = 2 d1 radially from Earth E. However, when the same two galaxies G2

and G1 are examined from the galaxy G, they have the same cosmological redshift z2

= z

1, and consequently the same speeds v2 = v1 because d2 = d1 from G, thus establishing evident physical inconsistencies of conjecture (2), while Hubble's experimental law (1) remains valid for all observers. In this way, Santilli illustrates the historical rejection of the expansion of the universe by E. Hubble, F.

Zwicky

, L. de Broglie and other famous scientists, due to the inherent return to the Middle Ages with Earth necessarily at the center of the universe.

Contrary

to popular beliefs, the far reaching conjecture of the expansion of space itself also implies Earth at the center of the universe because the expansion accelerates with the radial distance in all directions, specifically and solely, from Earth.Slide41
Slide42
Slide43

2. Santilli isomathematicsSlide44

Prof. Santilli soon realized that

Lorentz failed to achieve said invariance, and had to restrict his studies to the case with constant speed c,

Because of structural insufficiencies of the mathematics of the time (numerical fields, functional analysis, metric spaces, Lie theory, etc.) since it was developed to treat linear, local and Hamiltonian systems, while the historical Lorentz problem is structurally nonlinear, nonlocal and non-Hamiltonian (i.e., not representable with a Hamiltonian).Slide45
Slide46

In the late 1970s, After joining the Department of Mathematics of Harvard University Prof. Santilli started systematic studies to achieve a geometric representation of reversible interior problems within physical media (such as our atmosphere) which are generally,

1)Inhomogeneous (because of the variation of the density with the elevation) and 2)Anisotropic (because of Earth's rotation). Very soon Prof.Santilli

discovered that Minkowskian, Riemannian, Fynslerian, and other geometries available at departments of mathematics in the U.S.A. could not provide a quantitative representation of the media considered under the conditions of: 1)The conventional

Minkowskian geometry for the vacuum for null density;

2)Being invariant over time (predicting the same numbers under the same conditions at different times);

3)Being axiom-preserving for necessary scientific permanency earlier to extensive theories for irreversible conditions; and4)the interior conditions referred above cannot be consistently reduced to 20th century theories because of Santilli 1965 No Reduction Theorem (Figure 1).

Considering all this insufficiencies,

Prof.Santilli

constructed an entirely new mathematics, today known as

Santilli

isomathematics, specifically conceived for quantitative representations of reversible interior dynamical problems.And as a particular case the Santilli genomathematics

for irreversible interior problems

Santilli

Isomathematics

and

GenomathematicsSlide47

Following prolonged studies in the inadequacies of existing mathematics,Prof.

Santilli started the construction of a new mathematics specifically proposed for the representation of Interior Dynamical Problems,(Namely, nonlinear, nonlocal and non-Hamiltonian systems of extended particles and electromagnetic waves propagating within generally inhomogeneous and anisotropic media (for example, our atmosphere).And for this particular mathematics the conditions were,

1.The representation must prove the same invariance over time as that of conventional linear, local and Hamiltonian systems,(namely, calculating the same numerical values under the same conditions at different times).2. Prof. Santilli should have to maintain preservations of the axioms of 20th century mathematics and only search for broader realizations.

For these reasons,

he called his methods axiom-preserving

isotopies (or isotopic liftings)The resulting new mathematics was Isomathematics,

where the prefix "

iso

" is used in the Greek meaning of preserving the original abstract axioms

.

Santilli’s IsomathematicsSlide48

Among Prof.Santilli’s various publications on isomathematics

, Some of them in which he summarized his initial results in his two monographs are,[3] R. M. Santilli, Foundation of Theoretical Mechanics, Volume I (1978) [3a], and Volume II (1982) [3b], Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany,http://www.santilli-foundation.org/docs/Santilli-209.pdf

http://www.santilli-foundation.org/docs/santilli-69.pdfVolume [3a] – Includes,The main mathematical tool,The conditions of variational self-adjointness, A vast historical search and

Numerous applications.Volume [3b] – Includes,

Santilli

step-by-step isotopic lifting of the various branches of Lie's theory which includes,Associative algebras, Lie algebras, Lie groups, etc.Slide49

1) The lifting of the conventional associative product AB of the enveloping algebra between generic quantities A, B, into the form AB => A⊗B = AT

*B, T* > 0,characterized by the most general possible quantity T* called the

isotopic element, Only restricted by the condition of being positive definite (greater than zero)As one can see, the new product A⊗B is still associative, thus called isoassociative

product or isoproduct

;The significant lifting of the Lie product [A, B] = AB - BA => [A, B]* = A⊗B - B⊗A = AT*B - BT

*

A,

that still verifies Lie's axioms, and it is called

Lie-

Santilli isoproduct; Santilli step-by-step Isotopic Lifting of the various branches of Lie's theory Slide50

Afterward, Prof. Santilli achieved the much needed invariance by inserting

all nonlinear, nonlocal and non-Hamiltonian effects and interactions in the most general possible isotopic lifting I* of the trivial unit of 20th century mathematics, today known as Santilli

isounit, which must be the inverse of the isotopic element and can be written in its simple diagonal form for (3+1)-dimensional theoriesI* = Diag. (n12, n

22,, n

3

2,, n42,) = 1 / T* > 0where n4 is the index of refraction

It is evident that, under the systematic use of the

isoproduct

C = c / n(t, r, v, d, ω, ..., I* is indeed the left and right unit of the new theory, I*⊗A = A⊗I* = A for all elements A of the set considered.

The unit was selected for the representation of nonlinear, nonlocal and non-Hamiltonian effects

because the unit is the only quantity assuring the crucial invariance over time of the resulting theory.

By contrast, all other representations of nonlinear, nonlocal and non-Hamiltonian systems resulted to

verify

Santilli

Theorem of Catastrophic Mathematical And Physical Inconsistencies of

Noncanonical

and

Nonunitary

Santilli

step-by-step Isotopic Lifting of the various branches of Lie's theory Slide51

The isotopic image of Lie's theory based on following laws

AB => A⊗B = AT*B, T* > 0,(2) [A, B] = AB - BA => [A, B]* = A⊗B - B⊗A = AT*B - BT*A,

(3) U = exp(H t i) => U* = exp(H T* t i)

(4) I* = Diag. (n12, n22,, n32,, n42,) = 1 / T* > 0

(

5) d*r* = T* d [r I*(t, r, v, ω, ... ....)], (6)

∂*/∂*r* = I* ∂/∂ [r I*(t, r, v,

ω,

...)]

[4]And today it is known as Lie-Santilli isotheory [8-14].

Santilli

step-by-step Isotopic Lifting of the various branches of Lie's theory Slide52

A nice presentation of the above scientific journey, with particular reference to his stays at MIT and Harvard, is provided by Santilli in Lectures IIA and IIB

available from Level II of the series ,www.world-lecture-series.org.

As it is well known, but it has not been openly spoken

[5]

in graduate schools in physics around the world, that special relativity cannot be uniformly defined within a physical medium such as water for various reasons, such as:

1) Special relativity axioms cannot be defined due to the impossibility of having inertial reference systems within water; 2) Electrons can travel in water faster than the local speed of light (Cherenkov light); 3) The relativistic superposition law is violated because the sum of two local light speeds does not yield the local light speed; etc. Slide53

When encountered with this previous situation, a common situation is that of reducing electromagnetic waves to photons scattering among the water molecules for the generally assumed commitments of recovering

Einsteinian theories and quantum mechanics at the level of photons in vacuum. From his No Reduction Theorem , Prof. Santilli has proved that such a situation is basically unpredictable on serious scientific grounds because the reduction to photons of all electromagnetic waves:

For the reasons that, A) The above mentioned situations cannot be accurately attentive for radio waves with large wavelength (or even for infrared waves) which have the same phenomenology as light (refraction, etc.); B) One cannot represent refraction (because at the impact with the water surface , photons will

obviously scatter in all directions); C) Such situation would indicate the contradictory consequence that a very large number of photons must pass through a very large number of nuclei in a straight line without any significant scattering as a condition to represent the light propagationSlide54

Therefore Prof.

Santilli has established that the "only" way to achieve a "scientific" (that is difficult and quantitative) representation of the propagation of light within physical media is the return to the pre-Einsteinian conception according to Maxwell, Lorentz and others, according to which electromagnetic "waves" are transverse "waves" that, since we cannot have a "wave" within nothing, must be propagated by the ether as universal substratum. Slide55

Prof. Santilli

has established that the most essential statement throughout the 20th century, which is still widely adopted in 21-st century physics around the world, is "the universal constancy of the speed of light c." By contrast, Einstein himself stated "the universal constancy of the speed of light in vacuum”, which is indeed a serious scientific statement

[5] because mathematically rigorous (due to the Lorentz symmetry) and experimentally established (Michelson-Morley and other experiments). The crucial words "in vacuum" are removed from the statement for extending the validity of Einstein theories, from the vacuum, to all conditions that could conceivably exist in the universe.

The Universal Lorentz-Poincare'-

Santilli

Isosymmetry

.Slide56

In fact, by recalling the No reduction Theorem

and the impossibility for a reliable reduction to photons of electromagnetic waves propagating within physical media (Figure 3), Santilli has established that the speed of light is a local variable C = c/n, as necessary for a scientific representation of evidence.The Santilli’s isomathematics

based on the locally varying speed of light, C = c / n (x, υ, ω, δ, T…,), today known as the Lorentz-Poincare-Santilli (LPS) isosymmetry and the

isotopeis of this special relativity known as

Santilli

isorelativity [6].

The Universal Lorentz-Poincare'-

Santilli

Isosymmetry

.Slide57

The well-known relativistic equation which is applicable only for point particles moving in vacuum, (

1)– this condition was clearly express by Einstein himself. Therefore, the above relativistic

equation (1) is not applicable for non-spherical, deformable andextended particles.

According to Santilli’s new isorelativity theory

, under these conditions the above relation should be replaced

by [7], (2)where C represents the image of the speed c within the interior of the medium and where

n

is less than one.Slide58

In the above equation (4), the terms

bμ

= 1/

nμ

are the characteristic quantities of the medium, which are explicitly positive functions

of all probable local variables,

for

example distance traveled by light d, temperature τ, frequency of light ν, density ρ, etc.,

bμ

=

bμ

(d, ρ, τ, ν,...) = 1/

nμ

= 1/

nμ

(d, ρ, τ, ν,. . . ),

they are normalized for the vacuum as

bμ

= 1/

nμ

= 1, μ = 1, 2, 3, 4;

the quantity 1/b4 = n4 which is time characteristic is familiar to the confined index of refraction with corresponding confined speed of electromagnetic waves C = cb4 = c/n4,

the space characteristic quantities

bk

= 1/

nk

, k = 1, 2, 3, stands for the anisotropy and inhomogeneity of the medium considered and their value is set by physical verificationSlide59

in above case the relative motion is null and known as

Santilli

IsoShift [9,10,11]. From equation (6) IsoRedShift (IRS), occurring for the minus sign when the medium is at a sufficiently low temperature and atoms being generally in their ground state as a result light loses energy E = hν to the medium by means of significant anomalous redshift

[11-13]Slide60

Santilli iso-Minkowskian

geometry and its universal Lorentz-Poincare'-Santilli isosymmetry predict a frequency shift for the propagation of electromagnetic waves within a (transparent) physical medium without any relative motion between the source, the medium and the observer

.Consequently, Prof. Santilli introduced the following hypotheses

I)The IsoRedShift

(IRS),

occurring with the sign - in isolaw (6) when light loses energy E = h v to a generally cold medium,II)

The

IsoBlueShift

(IBS),

occurring for N = 0 ion

isolaw (6) with the sign + in isolaw (6) when light acquires energy E = h v from a generally hot medium; and

III) The NoIsoShift

(NIS),

occurring when the energy lost by light to the medium is equal to the energy releases Slide61

One of the systematic experimental confirmations obtained by G. West and G. Amato [5] on the existence of Santilli's IRS via the

IsoShift

Testing Station used in ( adapted from Fig. 6 of Ref.14)

A View of

Santilli

main hypothesis of 1991 [15b] according to which, in the transition from the zenoith (left) to the horizon (right), the entire spectrum of sunlight is shifted toward the red due to loss of energy by light to the atmosphere without any appreciable contribution from absorption or scattering

.Slide62

62

One of the systematic experimental confirmations obtained by G. West and G. Amato on the existence of

Santilli's IBS via the same IsoShift Testing Station

The

first of systematic experimental confirmations obtained by G. West and G. Amato

on the existence of Santilli's IBS via the same IsoShift Testing Station.The central peak indicates the blue laser light under vacuum; the peak to the right indicates IRS obtained at night; and the peak to the left presents the first measured IBSSlide63

In the late 1980s, Following the prediction of the IRS, IBS and NIS

Prof. Santilli proposed their experimental verification to virtually all qualified physics laboratories and institutions around the world.In 2009 Prof.Santilli

assembled the research facilities of the Institute for Basic Research in Florida .Now it is internationally known IsoShift Testing Station, consisting of: An air conditioned cabin containing a laser;

A second air conditioned cabin containing the wavelength analyzer; and

The interconnection of the laser and analyzer via a 60 feet long steel pressure tube

.

A View of the

IsoShift

Testing Station built by

Prof.

Santilli in 2009.

Experimental Verification of Santilli

IsoRedShift

,

IsoBlueShift

and

NoIsoShiftSlide64

Prof. Santilli

then conducted systematic measurements for about one year of the wavelength of the (blue) laser light with a vacuum pulled out of the pressure tube and the wavelength of the laser light with the tube containing air at 2,000 psi. And eventually he established the existence of his IRS as well as its increase with pressure,And presented these experimental results as well as the underling mathematical and physical formulations at the workshop Cosmology, the Quantum Vacuum, and Zeta Functions, held at the

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain, March 8-10, 2010 [16].

The historical first measurements of

Santilli

IsoRedShift

in June 2009 (top view) and of its increase with pressure (bottom view)

[17]

Experimental Verification of

Santilli

IsoRedShift

,

IsoBlueShift

and

NoIsoShiftSlide65

Afterward , G. West and G. Amato [18] conducted systematic measurements for about one year that provided final experimental confirmation for the existence of

Santilli IRS ,with air at pressure but at temperature below 70 F, measured for the first time Santilli IBS for air at pressure over 140 F and confirmed

Santilli NIS for air at pressure at temperature between 70 F and 140 F.

A view of the equally historical measurements establishing the

IsoRedShiuft

origin of the redness of the sun at sunset, the main scan being that of the sun at the zenith and the second scan representing sunlight in decreasing elevation on the horizon [49].

Experimental Verification of

Santilli

IsoRedShift

,

IsoBlueShift

and

NoIsoShiftSlide66

All the above measurements were conducted for one monochromatic laser light. The measurements of the IRS for the sun in the transition from the zenith to the horizon required a telescope (to condense sunlight particularly at sunset and sunrise) and special analyzers capable of scanning the entire spectrum of

sunlight.Prof. Santilli and his technicians secured three different wavelength analyzers meeting said requirement, conducted comprehensive measurements from June 2011 to May 2012, and achieved a systematic confirmation of the IRS origin of the redness of the sun at sunset and sunrise.

The results were then published in June 2012 by the Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering [20].

Experimental Verification of

Santilli

IsoRedShift, IsoBlueShift and NoIsoShiftSlide67

Distribution

of energy in the solar spectrum and absorbing components of the Earth's atmosphere (adapted from Fig. 1.3 of

monograph [4])

Experimental Verification of

Santilli

IsoRedShift, IsoBlueShift and NoIsoShiftSlide68

An elaboration of the chromatographs of the preceding figure with the entire sunlight spectrum in yellow and sunlight spectrum at the

Horizon in red, with a clear identification of about 200 nm IsoRedShift [20].

Experimental Verification of Santilli IsoRedShift

, IsoBlueShift and

NoIsoShiftSlide69

when the Sun is at the Zenith, our atmosphere is predominantly BLUE

not only toward the Zenith, but also toward the horizon, While the atmosphere at Sunset and Sunrise is predominantly

RED

Views taken by the author in Palm Harbor, Florida, of the horizon when the Sun is at the Zenith (left), at Sunset (top right) and Sunrise (bottom right), illustrating the predominant blue color when the Sun is at the Zenith and the predominant red color at both Sunset and

Sunrise

[21].

Experimental Verification of

Santilli

IsoRedShift

, IsoBlueShift and NoIsoShiftSlide70

As a result of Prof.

Santilli’s decades of mathematical, theoretical and experimental research on the propagation of electromagnetic waves within physical media,Prof. Santilli

has established that the redness of the Sun at Sunset as is direct visual evidence, confirmed by comprehensive measurements, dismissing the general assumptions on the expansion of the universe [22]. The same results consequently dismiss the acceleration of the expansion [23], the big bang

[24] and the expansion of space itself [25]

.

Experimental dismissal of the Universe Expansion, Acceleration of the Expansion, Expansion of space, big Bang

,

Dark Matter and Dark EnergySlide71

Independently from these clear experimental dismissals, 20th century cosmological conjectures have reached a self-destructive stage due to: Excessively far fetched implications

(E.g., entire galaxies at the edge of the known universe are proffered to traveling faster than the speed of light in vacuum); 2) Gross internal inconsistencies (E.g., per very definition of explosions, the big bang would require the universe to be empty for about 13.7 billion light years from Earth, with galaxies then decreasing in speed, in dramatic disagreement with astrophysical evidence, while the background radiation can be easily proved to have been absorbed by galaxies and intergalactic media billions of years ago); and 3) Large failure in representing the intended conditions

(E.g., dark matter and dark energy cannot possibly provide any measurable effect when equally distributed, and they demand the contraction of galaxies and of the universe, respectively, according to Einstein gravitation). Experimental dismissal of the Universe Expansion, Acceleration of the Expansion,

Expansion of space, big

Bang

, Dark Matter and Dark EnergySlide72

Following decades of mathematical, theoretical and experimental research,

Santilli has established beyond credible doubt that

The redness of the sun at sunset is visual evidence of the lack of expansion of the universe (because the redness is due to loss of energy by light to the medium without relative motion according to the IsoRedShift law. The same redness is also visual evidence of the absence of the acceleration of the expansion (because the redness increases with the decrease of the elevation, that is, with the increase of the travel by light within the atmosphere which is also according to the

IsoRedShift law).

Consequently, the same redness is visual evidence on the absence of the expansion of space itself. Finally, the same redness is visual evidence on the absence of the big bang, dark energy and dark matter

. Slide73

Prof. R. M. Santilli conducted his mathematical, theoretical and experimental studies for interior dynamical problems and confirmed that light propagating within the physical media admits a

IsoRedShift (IRS) and IsoBlueShift (IBS), without any relative motion between the source, the medium and the observer.

His discoveries regarding (IRS) and (IBS) deal with excitation and de-excitation of atomic electrons, and independent from known molecular processes, such as scattering or absorption. According to Santilli the most significant cosmological inference is that it gives an opportunity to reconsider the status of the current proposal of the expansion of universe. Further investigations on its cosmological implications are in progress.The physical law leftovers the relativity of the absorption of wavelength for propagation of light in a medium, consequently the explanation in terms of scattering causes redshift is released theoretically and experimentally

.

In closing, we

recall Santilli’s assertions on IsoRedShift, namely Scattering cannot occur along straight lines for all frequencies since, by definition, light “scatters” in all directions while we view galaxies straight directly;

The

cosmological redshift occurs for all frequencies, thus preventing a quantitative representation via scattering since the latter is generally believed to occur for only one frequency of a given gas.

CONCLUSIONSSlide74

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75

THANK YOU

FOR YOUR INTERESTSlide76