Satellite - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Satellite

Measurements of Volcanic SO2 Emissions into the UTLS

Simon A. Carn1, Kai Yang2,3, Nickolay A. Krotkov3, and Fred J. Prata4 Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USAUniversity of Maryland, College Park, MD, USALaboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USANorwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, NorwaySlide2

Tropospheric aerosols

(Lifetime

≈

1-3 weeks)

Passive

SO

2

®

H

2

SO

4

Indirect Effects on Clouds

Explosive

NET COOLING

Stratospheric aerosols

(Lifetime

≈

1-3 years)

Ashfall

Dissolved volatiles

Exsolution

Effects

on cirrus

clouds

absorption (IR)

IR

Heating

emission

emission

IR Cooling

More

Downward

IR Flux

Less

Upward

IR Flux

forward scatter

Enhanced

Diffuse

Flux

Reduced

Direct

Flux

Less Total

Solar Flux

Heterogeneous

®

Less

O

3

depletion

Solar Heating

H

2

S

SO

2

NET HEATING

®

H

2

SO

4

CO

2

H

2

O

backscatter

absorption

(near IR)

Solar Heating

More Reflected

Solar Flux

HCl,

BrO, ClO

Effusive

Gas scavenging?

Effects of volcanic emissions on the climate system

Tropopause

(8-17 km)

TROPOSPHERE

STRATOSPHERE

Original slide courtesy of A.

RobockSlide3

UV satellite remote sensing of volcanic SO

2

1978-2005Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)2004-Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)2012-

Suomi

NPP/OMPS

SW Pacific

April 23, 2006Slide4

UV satellite volcanic SO

2 emissions inventory (1978 – 2013)

Increase in total explosive volcanic SO2 emissions from 1997-2011El ChichònPinatubo[Bluth et al., 1993; Carn et al., 2003]

NabroSlide5

Increase in tropical stratospheric AOD since 2000

Vernier et al., GRL, 2011Solomon et al., Science, 2011

Increase linked to influence of tropical volcanic eruptionsHofmann et al., GRL, 2009Pinatubo

RuizSlide6

UV satellite volcanic SO

2 emissions inventory (1978 – 2013)El Chichon

Pinatubo[Bluth et al., 1993; Carn et al., 2003]NabroTROPICSSlide7

OMI

- SO

2, NO2, BrOTES - SO2MLS - strat. SO2, HCl

MODIS

- SO

2

, ash, sulfate

AIRS

- UTLS SO

2

,

ash

CALIOP (

lidar

)

- cloud altitude, aerosol

phase

The A-Train

Aura (2004-)

Aqua (2002-)

CALIPSO (2006-)

CPR (radar)

– precipitation, hydrometeors

CloudSat

(2006-)Slide8

Soufriere Hills

Rabaul

MLSHClMLSSO2OMISO22006

NyamulagiraSlide9

Okmok

Kasatochi

MLSHClMLSSO2OMISO2

2008Slide10

Sarychev

Peak

RedoubtMLSHClMLSSO2OMISO2

2009Slide11

Grimsvötn

Nabro

NyamulagiraMLSHClMLSSO2

OMI

SO

2

2011

Cordon

CaulleSlide12

MLS

SO22012

2013PaluwehPopocatepetl?Slide13

Grimsvötn mammatus (May 2011)

Photos by

Jón Ólafur Fate of volcanic gases in eruption columns Gas scavenging on ash and hydrometeorsSlide14

Sulfur budget of the Grimsvötn 2011 eruption

OMI - May 22

May 23May 24MetOp/IASI – H2

S

May 22

L. Clarisse – LATMOS/ULB

Sigmarsson

et al., GRL, in review

~0.3

Tg

SO

2

~29

kt

H

2

S

H

2

S/SO

2 = ~0.1, similar to in-situ Icelandic gas samples ~15

kt S2? ~120

kt S sequestered on ash 0.6 Tg SO

2 emitted; only 0.3 Tg reached UTLS 38% S scavenged cf. 20%

[Textor et al., 2003]Slide15

Suomi-NPP/OMPS UV Sensors

NP

Nadir Mapper (NM): swath similar to OMI

Limb instrument:

Aerosol and Ozone

profiles above

tropopause

Slide16

Suomi NPP/OMPS NM SO2 data for Paluweh

(Indonesia)

Feb 4, 2013Feb 5, 2013HYSPLIT forward trajectory @ 17 kmHYSPLIT forward trajectory @ 15 km

Reported (ash) plume altitude = ~14 km

PaluwehSlide17

Suomi NPP/OMPS NM data for Paluweh

CALIPSO Vertical Feature MaskStratospheric aerosol detectionSlide18

Aura/OMI data for

PaluwehCALIPSO Vertical Feature MaskStratospheric aerosol detection

~0.03 Tg SO2 -> 0.04 Tg

H

2

SO

4

Only 0.01-0.02

Tg

/S year required to explain post-2002

strat

. AOD increase

[

Hoffman et al.

, 2009] Slide19

Direct retrieval of SO2 altitude from UV radiances

SO2 altitude retrievals for 2008 Kasatochi eruption

[Yang et al., JGR, 2010] SO2 altitude directly retrieved from UV radiances Validate with CALIPSO, MLS Reprocessing of entire UV OMI-OMPS data archive planned (NASA MEaSUREs project)Slide20

Summary

Long-term record of volcanic SO2 emissions based on UV satellite measurements continues (TOMS, OMI, OMPS)

Increased SO2 flux from explosive volcanism 1997-2011Consistent with observed stratospheric AOD trendsLess explosive volcanism in 2012-13A-Train data (MLS, CALIPSO) provides profile information New insights into sulfur gas scavenging in eruption columns2011 Grimsvötn (Iceland) eruption: 50% of S scavengedMany small tropical eruptions inject SO2 to tropopause

level

SO

2

sufficient to sustain long-term increase in stratospheric AOD

Plume altitudes based on ash clouds may underestimate SO

2

altitude

Direct UV SO

2

altitude retrievals now available

Reprocessing of all major eruptions planned to develop new altitude-resolved volcanic SO

2

climatology (NASA

MEaSUREs

)

Acknowledgments: NASA funding (Aura Science Team, Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis program, NPP Science Team,

MEaSUREs

)Slide21
Slide22

Time-series of maximum MLS SO2 and HCl

1040

152568 hPa46 hPaHClSO

2

Direct injection

MonsoonSlide23

OMI SO2 zonal means

Noise

NoiseNoiseNoiseNoiseNoise2011

2008

2009

Nabro

Grimsvötn

Okmok

Kasatochi

Sarychev

Nabro

was the largest tropical volcanic SO

2

emission since the 1991 Pinatubo eruption