Effects on Frontal and Gastrocnemius EMG Service dabus de substances Département de Psychiatrie Daniele Fabio Zullino 1 Enrico Cancela 1 Emmanuelle Frésard 2 Yasser Khazaal 2 ID: 165366
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The Modified Stroop Task as a Smoking-Related Cue Effects on Frontal and Gastrocnemius EMG
Service d’abus de substances - Département de Psychiatrie
Daniele Fabio Zullino
1
, Enrico Cancela
1
, Emmanuelle Frésard2, Yasser Khazaal2, Anne Chatton1, Manuela Bertolini1, Rodolphe Soulignac1, Thomas Rathelot1, Djamel Benguettat1, Riaz Khan1 1Division of substance abuse, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland2Clinical Research Unit, University Department for Adult Psychiatry, Lausanne, Switzerland
IntroductionAddictive drug-use is largely controlled by automatic processes, presenting all the typical characteristics of automatisms : speed, autonomy, and lack of control. Besides being measurable through behavior and self-report in humans, stimulus-response associations can also be seen by means of physiological changes. Addicted individuals exhibit an attentional bias to stimuli related to their addiction. One of the most frequently used paradigms to test attentional biases is the Stroop task, and especially its modified version. Outside of addiction research, the Stroop Color-Word Task has also often been used as standardized laboratory stressor in psychophysiology research. Three broad categories of stimuli can experimentally be used to reinstate drug-seeking/taking behavior: drug priming, drug cues and stressorsYet, the Stroop taks may represent a particularly useful model for drug-related cues as it combines a drug cue itself (the words) and additionally an unspecific stressor (the task). The objective of the present study was to test the psychophysiological effects of a specifically modified Stroop task on smokers.
Methods12 nonsmokers and 11 smokers were submitted to a 30-minutes laboratory session, during which they were submitted to two 120-second periods of modified Stroop tasks.
The smoking-related words list (15 words) was generated in a preceding pilot study with 39 smokers evaluating their valence as craving cues. Smoking related words included 3 semantic categories: (a) Activity of smoking, (b) Tobacco products and smoking paraphernalia, (c) Smoking context.
5 min
Relaxation
CHAISE
CRAYON
MARCHER
PARAPLUI
ARBRE
2 min
Stroop
neutral words
3 min
Relaxation
3 min
Relaxation
BOUFÉE
REPAS
ALLUMER
PAUSE
APÉRITIF
2 min
Stroop
smoking related
words
The physiological data was collected via a ProComp+/Biograph psychophysiological data acquisition system produced by Thought Technology, Montreal, Canada via a PRO-SB interface. Subjects’ recordings were analyzed via the Biograph version 2.1 data-collection program. For Surface electromyography MyoScan-Pro Triode electrodes (silver/silver chloride) were used at a sampling rate of 32/sec. Frontalis and gastrocnemius EMG activity (in microvolts) were be obtained following preparation of the skin and placement of the electrodes over the respective muscle groups. The two muscle groups were chosen, as the frontalis may reflects primarily affective states and the gastrocnemius reflects general level of tension.
Outcome: Difference of the maximal EMG amplitudes, where the maximal amplitude = maximum potential of the stimulus period - mean potential of the preceding relaxation period
Lightening
Allumer
Ashtray
Cendrier
Abstinence
Abstinence
Smoke
Fumée
Nicotine
Nicotine
Bar
Bar
Coffee
Café
Aperitif
Apéritif
Pack
Paquet
Cigarette
Cigarette
Meal
Repas
Puff
Bouffée
Neutral words
Tobacco
Tabac
Party
Soirée
Pause
Pause
Smoking related words
Rug
Tapis
Reading
Lire
Knee
Genou
Ship
Bateau
Apple
Pomme
Walk
Marche
Salad
Salade
Stone
Pierre
Seated
Assis
Shoe
Soulier
Pencil
Crayon
Hat
Chapeau
Flower
Fleur
Table
Table
Chair
Chaise
Results
In a multivariate GLM using the two EMG traces as dependent variables and the smoking status as a fixed factor, the multivariate test revealed a significant effect of the smoking status (F=3.927; p=0.050) and the smokers showed a significantly higher maximal amplitude difference between the two task periods than non-smokers for both, frontalis EMG (F=5.48; p=0.031) and gastrocnemius EMG (F=5.49; p=0.031).
Conclusions
The modified Stroop task is a useful stressor to induce skin temperature reductions
Besides the general stress reaction induced by the task using neutral words, smoking related words induce a more marked temperature fall in smokers compared to nonsmokers (= supplementary effect of the semantic content as drug specific cue).
The modified Stroop task represent a particularly useful model for drug-related cues as it combines a drug cue itself (the words) and additionally an unspecific stressor (the task) which can easily be controlled for.
Smoker
Nonsmoker
V
300
200
100
0
Neutral
Smoking related
Neutral
Smoking related
Smoker
Nonsmoker
mV
60
40
20
0
-20
Neutral
Smoking related
Neutral
Smoking related
M. frontalis
(Affective tension)
M. gastrocnemius
(General tension)
Presented at