1 Brucella Canis Our Practice and Experience - PowerPoint Presentation

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Brucella Canis

Our Practice and Experience

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Agenda

I.

Introduction

II. Clinical Signs

III. Therapy

IV. Conclusion

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Introduction

I

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Fetus

Placenta, fetal fluids ,vaginal discharge after an abortion and stillbirths

Normal vaginal secretions(estrus)

Semen

Urine, saliva, nasal and ocular secretions

Feces

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Transmission

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The shedding of this organism can last from 60 weeks to 2 yearsUrinary excretion begins between 4-8weeks after infection and continues at least 3months

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Brucella Canis enters the body by

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Ingestion and through genital,

oronasal

and

conjunctival

mucosa

Injured skin

In utero

Blood transfusion

Contaminated syringes

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Dogs and other members of wild

candis

Including foxes, coyotes and raccoon (

Procyonlotor

)…

…while Sheep, Swine and Cattle are reported to be highly

resistant

!!!

Affected Species

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Take Into Consideration

When we have

Canine Brucellosis

, the dog

must

have a

contact

with other infected dog!

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The prevalence of the infection

Age

Housing condition

Geographic location

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The prevalence of the infection

The infection is maintained in the breeding kennels

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Data for various countries

Methods of testing

Interpreting test results

Whether it is done

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Low temperature

The survival of this organism is longer when the temperature is low

Artificial insemination

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Geographic Distribution

United States (particularly the southern states)

Canada

Central and South

America (including Mexico)

European

countries

Tunisia

Nigeria

South Africa

Madagascar

Philippines

Malaysia

India

Korea

Japan

Taiwan

China

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Geographic Distribution

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Clinical Signs

II

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Lymphadenitis

Lymphadenitis-common for infected dogs

Routine clinical examination

Exam of lymph nodes

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For example

The dog with complaint of difficult urine retention

Elevated leucocytes

Enlargement of prostate

Enlarged lymph nodes!

Canine brucellosis in your differential diagnoses

IF THE DOG HAD NO SEXUAL INTERCOURES!!!!

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Oral transmission

Absolutely possible!!!

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Dog Diana

3 years old

Ovarihysterectomy

Doxycyclin

and

dehydrostreptomycin

(before 3 years)

Generalized polyarthritis

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Dog

Murfy

4 years old

Already neutered

Snap test-positive

Laboratory test-positive

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Oral Transmission

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Other common clinical signs

Splenomegaly

Lethargy

Fatigue

Weight loss

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Fever is uncommon!!!!!

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Clinical

signs - female dogs

Abortion

7-9 weeks of gestation

Early embryonic deaths

2-3 weeks after infection

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Dog

Birma

4 weeks after she has had a sexual contact with stray dog,

Birma

has thrown

2 puppies with unpleasant smelling vaginal

discharge

Without Vet service

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Dog

Birma

After 27days the dog had a lameness and decreased appetite.

After detailed examination in our clinic, we found pain in all joints ,generalized lymphadenitis and normal

temperature - 38,5

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Other common clinical signs

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Dog Gloria

3 years old Labrador

retriever

has thrown at

62nd

day of the gestation. The puppies were normal. But after 24hours they all died with gray-green

diarrhea

Snap

test-positive

The bitch had no clinical signs

Laboratory

testing-positive (

outside

Bulgaria

)

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Male Dogs

Epididymitis

Scrotal edema and

orchitis

are common in the acute stage.

Scrotal dermatitis can occur due to self-trauma(licking

).

Unilateral and bilateral testicular atrophy

can be seen in

chronical

infections

Prostatitis

frequently reported

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Dog

Aron

Scrotal

edema

Snap

test-positive

The owner rejected the laboratory testing

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Dog

Ratz

The snap test was positive

Without laboratory testing(only castration and treatment with

doxycycline

for 1 months)before 3

years

NOW -

Pyogranulomatous

dermatitis at

scrotal area every month

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Other Clinical Signs

What is it?

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Other Clinical Signs

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Discospondylitis

Discospondylitis

of the thoracic and/or lumbar vertebrae can cause stiffness , lameness or back

pain

Polyarthritis

Radiographic changes of

discospondylitis

may be difficult to visualize in the first weeks of infection because

brucellar

spondylitis is a slow process

A

s

computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging

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Other Clinical Signs

What is it?

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Uveitis

Most

often occurs in Infection disease(Canine Distemper, Infectious Canine Hepatitis, Leptospirosis , Canine

Leishmaniasis

, Canine Brucellosis

)

Posterior

Uveitis

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Endophthalmitis

Endophthalmitis

- the uvea, retina, vitreous, and sometimes

the lens

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Endophtalmitis

R

eport

from USA

Lebetter

E.C Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

3 registered dogs with

endophthalmitis

caused by Brucella

Canis

in 2009.

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Other Clinical Signs

What is it?

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Other Clinical Signs

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Endocarditis

Is usually caused by bacteria

Circulate in the blood and settle on the heart valves

The bacteria colonize the heart valve(s) and cause infection and inflammation.

Resulting

in

valvular

insufficiency typically

auscultated

as a heart murmur.

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All sources advise us to send blood for culture testingBrucella

canis-may be we have to leave it out, due to difficulties in culture testing

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Endocarditis

Frequently

reported in dogs with Canine

Brucellosis

At necropsy of dogs diagnosed with Brucellosis, in 80% of them are found endocarditis

Report

from

USA:

49 years

old man with

endocarditis

caused by

Brucella

C

anis

(Center for

Disease

Control and

Prevention Atlanta).

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Osteomyelitis

We

have not any surgery on this bone before, it would be good to include Canine Brucellosis in our

diagnoses

Many

vets (

especially by my observation in

Bulgaria) are

interested in Surgery

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Pyogranulomatous

dermatitits

Granuloma

lesions has also been reported in

infected dogs ,but a direct causal relationship was not established.

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Many of the dogs positive for

Brucella Canis do not show any

clinical signs!

Canine Brucellosis have a great variety of clinical signs and it make certainly difficult to diagnose this disease and skip it in our practice!

Attention

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Diagnosis

Clinical

signs

Epidemiology

Hematologic and biochemical values

either

unaltered or nonspecific in canine

brucellosis

Urine

Urinalysis is usually within reference limits despite the variable

presence of

bacteriuria

.

Semen abnormalities

5-8 weeks after infection(

oligospermia

and

aspermia

)

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Rapid tests (snap tests)They can only deny the disease and can not confirm the diagnosis

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Diagnosis

RSAT-rapid slide agglutination

test

Tube agglutination test (

МЕ-ТАТ

)

AGID

ELISA

PCR

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Important!

In contrast to other Brucella species (B.

abortus

, B.

melitensis

, B.

suis

) which grow in smooth colonies, B.

Canis

naturally forms rough phase (

mucoid

) colonies in culture. Serologic tests that use suspensions of smooth phase

Brucellae

are useless in diagnosing

B.canis

infections.

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Therapy

Our Practice

III

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All dogs presently or previously in direct contact with the implicated animal should be evaluated for infection

None of treatment is 100% successfulDogs should not be treat with a single antibacterial regimen, combination therapy should be used.

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Kennels

Kennels must be quarantined when a diagnosis is suspected.

The treatment of kennel dogs is to be avoided.

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Recommended

Drugs

* in combination with therapy for Canine

Brucellosis

Drugs

Dose(mg/kg)

Route

Interval

(hours)

Duration

(weeks)

Mynocyclin

or

Doxycycline

25

PO

24

4

12.5

PO

12

4

-ocular infection

15

PO

12

4

Tetracycline

30

PO

12

4

Streptomycin

20

IM

24

2(1-4)

-ocular infection

20

IM

24

4(3-7)

Gentamycin

5

IM,SC

24

2(1-4)

enrofloxacin

5

PO

12-24

4

-ocular infection

10

PO

24

8

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Additional Drugs

* used only with ocular infection

Drugs

Dose(mg/kg)

Route

Interval(hours)

Duration(weeks)

Rifampine

7.5

PO

24

Prednisolon

e

acetate(1%)

1drop

In eye

6-8

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The treatment

There is the report of Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina- ‘Use

enrofloxacin

in the treatment of Canine Brucellosis in a dog kennel”

Dr. Magdalena

Wanke

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Dr.Magdalena

Wanke

Quote from her

letter

:

“…..

use it with streptomycin, I´m

convinced

that it´s better. (if streptomycin is still available in the Balkan Peninsula, we have each time more difficulties in getting it). Here we have more and more brucellosis. Moreover, we also have human cases. It seems that we have a new strain more

patogenic

for humans. Breeders are not ethical, and frequently they refuse to castrate/spay seropositive dogs, and frequently they "make gifts" to novel breeders... "I´m not interested in breeding this bitch any more, would you like to have her?", and this way brucellosis is spreading from kennel to kennel. Other treat dogs and breed them and frequently puppies if they survive are infected. It´s getting a real problem here

!”

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The treatment

Baytril

5mg/kg per day -30days

Streptomycine

20mg/kg first 7 days and last 7 days

After 1 month again!!!

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Prevention

Risk level

Situation

Recommended test

1

Mating or insemination, no suspicion of

B. canis

and no reproductive disturbances

Blood sample for antibody analysis

2

Mating or insemination with dog with previous reproductive disturbances, import of dogs without reproductive disturbances.

Serology: 2 samples 4-6 weeks apart

3

Import of or mating/insemination with dogs with previous reproductive disturbances, infection with

B. canis

suspected.

Serology, 2 samples 4-6 weeks apart, blood culture and culture or PCR from semen or vagina

4

Import of or mating/insemination with dog from kennel with endemic infection of

B. canis

Dissuaded from mating or import

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Research

I

am currently working on developing statistical

data by

sending

a questionnaire to most of the veterinary clinics in Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia ,Romania and

Croatia.

Currently, the observed response rate is very low, but nevertheless, any of the information that has been received was of great significance to the project.

on Canine Brucellosis on Balkan

Peninsula

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Brucella

Canis and public health

All commercially available human serologic assays in the United States utilize smooth phase Brucella species as their antigen substrates, and therefore do not detect antibodies against the rough phase

B.canis

The CDC does not currently perform serologic testing for

B.canis

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Important!

In contrast to other Brucella species (B.

abortus

, B.

melitensis

, B.

suis

) which grow in smooth colonies, B.

Canis

naturally forms rough phase (

mucoid

) colonies in culture. Serologic tests that use suspensions of smooth phase

Brucellae

are useless in diagnosing

B.canis

infections.

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Conclusion

Based on

Our Practice

It should be clear from the above discussion that the true public health significance of human B.

Canis

infections is still unknown, and will remain so unless deliberate attempts are made to address the issue.

IV

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Thank You,

For your attention!