CHAPTER 21 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - PowerPoint Presentation

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CHAPTER 21 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - PPT Presentation

Structure and Function Function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring or perpetuate life A person is able to reproduce after the onset of puberty Youngest pregnancy 5 ½ years old Oldest 70 years old ID: 779592

uterus reproductive amp pregnancy reproductive uterus pregnancy amp female male system sperm youtu https problems years effective birth disorders

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Slide1

CHAPTER 21REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Slide2

Structure and Function

Function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring or perpetuate life

A person is able to reproduce after the onset of puberty; Youngest pregnancy: 5 ½ years old, Oldest: 70 years old

https://youtu.be/3f8I19vRqWM

Early Puberty

Slide3

http://www.innerbody.com/image_repmov/repo09-new4.html#full-description

Slide4

Organs of The Male Reproductive Organs

Testicle

: Sperm Production

Epididymis:

Portion of the vas deferens where the more mature sperm are stored.Vas Deferens: Long tube that carry the semen from the testicle to the seminal vesicles.

Seminal Vesicles: Where the seminal fluid (nutrient) is formed Prostate Gland:

Contracts for ejaculation and secretes nutrients to protect the DNA

Cowpers

Gland:

Sectretes

lubricant and alkalizes the male urethra as well as the vagina

Slide5

Chemical Make-Up of Ejaculate

Sperm

(2–5%) ideal temp 93.2 200- to 500-million spermatozoa, per ejaculation, contain the genetic material.

Semen from the seminal vesicles: (65–75%) produce the main food/energy source for the sperm, contains sugars and amino acids.

Prostate: (25–30% ) citric acid,

proteolytic

enzymes, and zinc which serves to

help to stabilize the DNA and thins the seminal fluid

Cowpers

Gland

pre-ejaculate (1%), responsible for adding lubricant to the urethra and neutralizes the acids present it as well.

Slide6

Assessment Techniques of the Male

Reproductive System

Palpation: To examine or explore by touching

Most disorders of the reproductive system can be assessed by palpation

Visualization

https://youtu.be/OUOb5tA-bbM

BPH

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Slide7

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Infection:

Men are at risk for bacterial, viral and other infections of the prostate and other reproductive glands

BPH or Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Hyper growth of the prostate tissue, leading to infection and urinary problems.

Cancer: Can develop in the testicles and prostateInfertility:

Multiple causesPenile Problems: Inability to obtain an erection, etc.

Slide8

Female Reproductive System

Slide9

Female Organs of Reproduction

Ovaries:

Produce eggs and hormones estrogen and progesterone

Fallopian tubes:Transport the eggs from the ovary to the uterus

Uterus: A muscular structure where the egg is implanted after conception

Cervix:

Neck of the uterus; for delivery of a fetus

Vagina:

A muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body

Slide10

The Uterus

Pear shaped

Fundus

-upper portionCervix- lower portionThree layers:Perimetrium – outer layer

Myometrium - middle muscular layerEndometrium – inner layer

Slide11

Menstrual Cycle

Lasts approximately 28 days

A complex process of hormone secretion and tissue changes in the uterus

A mature ovum is released from an ovary on about the fourteenth day of each cycle

If the released ovum is not fertilized, the endometrium is released from the body along with the ovum causing menses

The sloughing of this bloody tissue, or menses, lasts from 3 to 7 daysThe menstrual cycle continues until 45 to 50 years of age

Slide12

Table 21-1 Menstrual Cycle

https://youtu.be/lCYqLtmo670

Menstral

Cycle

https://youtu.be/UJm6xlvd3sM

Slide13

Assessment Techniques of the

Female Reproductive Tract

Palpation

Most disorders of the reproductive system can be assessed by palpation

Slide14

Visualization: PAP Smear

Cells of the cervix are removed and studied

Assessment Techniques of the

Female Reproductive Tract

Slide15

Assessment Techniques

Mammography

X-ray technique used to visualize breast tissue

Visualization Example:

Cystoscopy

Used to view the bladder & urethra

Assessment for frequent UTI’s, cancer, bladder stones, or for prostate issues in men

Slide16

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

Infertility:

Variety of causes

Infection:

Bacterial, yeast etc…

STD: Caused by bacteria yeast and viruses

Left untreated can lead to PID, Infertility and Ectopic Pregnancies

Cancer:

Cervical, uterine, ovarian and breast

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Ovarian cysts:

Fluid or semisolid filled sacs that surround the ovaries

Endometriosis:

Endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus

Slide17

Slide18

Disorders of the Reproductive System

Endometriosis

Presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus; occurs during child bearing years when estrogen levels are high

Symptoms: pain – sometimes severe- especially during your period. Fertility problems, heavy periods, painful intercourse, pain with bowel movements or urination (especially during period).

Slide19

STD’s

Human

Papillomavirus

- HPV

Most prevalent cause of the development of cervical cancerCaused by a virus

Two vaccines are available to(Cervarix and

Gardasil

) protect against cervical cancers in women.

Gardasil

also protects against genital warts and cancers of the anus, vagina and vulva. Vaccines available for males & females.

Recommended for preteen girls and boys at age 11 or 12 years.

Slide20

A defect in the

EVER1 or EVER2

genes is responsible for this

condition

, one that has been nicknamed “

treeman

syndrome” after its unusual symptoms. Epidermodysplasia

verruciformis

makes victims incredibly susceptible to human papillomavirus, also known as HPV. They can get multiple strands of the virus at once, some of which are exclusive to people suffering from this specific disorder.

Over time, warts will begin to form on every inch of the afflicted person's body, particularly the hands

and feet.

These hardened warts bare an

eery

resemblance to tree bark and can be severely cumbersome. Many people with this genetic disorder develop skin cancer as a result, which can be fatal. Surgery is often required to remove the warts, and there have been

cases

where even the most severely afflicted regain some control of their limbs.

Slide21

STD’s

Herpes simplex virus

Caused by a virus; causes blister & open sores

One-in-five in the U.S. has some form of herpes

No cure, have Type I (oral) or II (genital) for life

One of the most common sexually transmitted diseases

Slide22

STD’s

Syphilis

Caused by a spirochete bacteria

Three stages:

Primary syphilis: Painless sores that appear 7-21 days after exposure

Secondary: Skin rash and mucous membrane lesions

Tertiary or latent: Goes dormant and attacks the organs, causes dementia, heart failure

etc

…

https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats16/Syphilis.htm

Slide23

STD’s Continued

Gonorrhea

Highly contagious disease

Caused by bacteriaCan be transmitted to child during birth

Slide24

Infertility & Pregnancy Options

One

out of every six couples are infertile

1/3 of all cases are due to male abnormalities

1/3 due to female only abnormalities

1/3 from male and female and unknown causes

Slide25

Common Female Reproduction Issues

Ovulation disorders

hinder or prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs.

Uterine or cervical abnormalities

, including problems with the opening of the cervix, abnormalities in the shape or cavity of the uterus.

Fallopian tube damage or blockage

which usually results from inflammation of the fallopian tube (

salpingitis

). Caused by pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis or adhesions.

https://youtu.be/zCL_2COlclg

Slide26

Common Causes of Male Infertility

Abnormal sperm production or function

due to various problems, such as undescended testicles, genetic defects, health problems including diabetes, prior infections such as mumps, and trauma.

Problems with the delivery of sperm

such as premature ejaculation, semen entering the bladder during orgasm, certain genetic diseases, blockages or damage to the reproductive organs.

Overexposure to certain chemicals and toxins

such as pesticides, radiation, tobacco smoke, alcohol, marijuana, and steroids (including testosterone). In addition, frequent exposure to heat, such as in saunas or hot tubs, can elevate the testicular temperature, impairing sperm production.

Slide27

Birth Control

Abstinence: 100% effective

Barrier methods: Male & female

Male condoms are 82–98% Female condoms are 79–95%

diaphragm is 84–94% effective

Slide28

The Pill

Oral contraceptives

Contain estrogen & progestin

Prescribed by a doctor

Taken at the same time each dayRisks: DVT if 35 years and smoke, have a history of blood clots or breast cancer

91–99% effective at preventing pregnancy if taken daily.Injection

Progestin injections in the buttocks / arm every three months

94–99% effective

Patch

orn on the lower abdomen, buttocks, or upper body (not on the breasts)

Releases hormones progestin and estrogen into the bloodstream

Put on a new patch once a week for three weeks. No patch week 4 for a normal period

91–99% effective

Slide29

Contraceptives

IUD

Small device shaped in a “T” inserted inside the uterus It can stay in your uterus for up to 10 years. More than 99% effective.

NuvaRing

A small, flexible vaginal ring used to prevent pregnancy. You put it in for 3 weeks, take it out, then put a new one in a week later. It's just as effective as the pill when used as directed, and you don't have to think about taking it every day.

Slide30

Pregnancy and ConceptionOvum (egg) becomes a

zygote after fertilization

After fertilized egg implants into the endometrium it’s called an

embryo for 8 weeksFrom the 8th week to the 38-40

th week it is called a fetus

Slide31

Pregnancy Terms

Gestation (Synonym for Pregnancy) means to bear…

Gravida /Para are terms used to describe a woman's birth history

Gravida – denotes number of times a woman has been pregnantPara – denotes how many live births occurred after 20 weeks of

pregnanceyAbortus – denotes the number of pregnancies that were lost before 20 weeks whether miscarried or induced.