The genetic material is consisted of Chromosomes Genes called as NUCLEOPROTEIN reside along the chromosome Eukaryotic Chromosomes Located in the nucleus Each chromosome consists of a single molecule of DNA ID: 1032520
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1. BAHAN GENETIK
2. GENETIC MATERIALSThe genetic material is consisted of :ChromosomesGenescalled as NUCLEOPROTEINreside along the chromosome
3. Eukaryotic Chromosomes Located in the nucleus Each chromosome consists of a single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins The DNA and protein complex found in eukaryotic chromosomes is called chromatin 1/3 DNA and 2/3 protein Complex interactions between proteins and nucleic acids in the chromosomes regulate gene and chromosomal function
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6. Double helix DNA
7. Fungsi DNAAutokatalitis (replikasi sendiri)Heterokatalitis (transkripsi menjadi RNA)
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11. Asam Ribonukleat (RNA)RNA merupakan benang tunggalRNA mengandung gula ribosaRNA mengandung pirimidin Urasil (U) sebagai pengganti TiminMolekul lebih pendek drpd molekul DNAFungsi dalam sintesis protein
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17. JUMLAH KROMOSOMJumlah kromosomJumlah kromosom dasar dari suatu spesies disebut GENOM, merupakan satu set kromosom (x). Contoh : jagung (diploid, 2n=2x=20; genom = x=10) kentang (tetraploid, 2n=4x=48, genom = x = 12)Setiap sel somatik (2n) mengandung setengah jumlah kromosom yang diwariskan dari tetua betina (n) dan setengah jumlah kromosom dari tetua jantan (n)Contoh : jagung (diploid, 2n=2x=20; gamet : n = x = 10) kentang (tetraploid, 2n=4x=48; gamet : n = 2x = 24)
18. KROMOSOM Trillium erectumTERMASUK TANAMAN DIPLOID, TRIPLOID ATAU TETRAPLOID?BERAPA GENOM TANAMAN TERSEBUT?BERAPA JUMLAH KROMOSOM PADA GAMET TANAMAN TERSEBUT?
19. Karyotype Tanaman Bawang MerahTERMASUK TANAMAN DIPLOID, TRIPLOID ATAU TETRAPLOID?BERAPA GENOM TANAMAN TERSEBUT?BERAPA JUMLAH KROMOSOM PADA GAMET TANAMAN TERSEBUT?
20. STRUKTUR KROMOSOMThe essential part of a chromosome is a single very long strand of DNA. This DNA contains all the genetic information for creating and running the organism. The DNA is supported and neatly packaged by proteins bound to it. At different times, these proteins cause the DNA to be spread out like spaghetti in a bowl, or tightly condensed into the X-shaped chromosomes we can see in the microscope.Each chromosome has a central constricted region called a centromere that serves as an attachment point for the machinery of mitosis.
21. Chromatin structureFrom Miller & Therman (2001) Human Chromosomes, SpringerCompacts DNA ~ 10,000 X
22. MORPHOLOGY OF CHROMOSOME
23. MORPHOLOGY OF CHROMOSOME Individual chromsomes are recognized by arm lengthsp, short armq, long arm Individual chromsomes are recognized by centromere positionmetacentricsub-metacentricacrocentrictelocentric
24. Individual chromsomes are recognized by arm lengthsp, short armq, long arm
25. A model of centromere structure
26. Individual chromsomes are recognized by centromere position
27. Karyotype The representation of entire metaphase chromosomes in a cell, arranged in order of size and other characteristics
28. From Miller & Therman (2001) Human Chromosomes, SpringerIDEOGRAM Diagramatic representation of a karyotype
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30. Chromosome in general (size, shape and number)Diploid organisms = 2nTwo copies of autosomes with sex chromosomesdiploid organisms have two cell-types somatic cells = body’s cells germ cells = gameteshuman bodies ~= 1014 cells many cell divisions => mitosissexual reproduction require haploid (n) cells => meiosisHuman chromosomes = 22 pairs of autosomes + sex chromosome (XX or XY)
31. DNADNA ReplicationRNAPROTEINTranscriptionTranslationCENTRAL DOGMAFrancis Crick, 1958
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35. FUNGSI DNA dan RNADNA sebagai bahan keturunan, merupakan “blue print” atau cetak biru RNA :mRNA menerima kode-kode informasi dari DNA dan membawanya ke tempat sintesis proteintRNA mengenal dan menggerakkan nukleotida basa dari sekitar sel ke ribosom untuk sintesis protein pada mRNArRNA membentuk bagian dari ribosom dan bertindak sebagai pengikat pada ribosom
36. TRANSKRIPSI, TRANSLASI dan SINTESIS PROTEINTRANSKRIPSI adalah sintesis RNA dengan cetakan DNA, hanya satu pita DNA yang disalinTRANSLASI adalah proses pembacaan susunan nukleotida pada mRNA dan sintesis rantai asam amino untuk membentuk molekul proteinSINTESIS PROTEIN
37. SINTESIS PROTEINmRNA adalah pita ribonukleotida tunggal, terdiri dari triplet-triplet (codon=kodon) yang memberi kode untuk asam amino tertentu. Ribosom melekat pada mRNA. tRNA membawa asam amino tertentu ke ribosom.Ribosom bergerak sepanjang mRNA untuk memastikan bahwa antikodon tRNA berpasangan dengan kodon dari mRNA. Ketika antikodon melekat pada kodon, asam amino melekat pada rantai protein yang sedang dibentuk.Susunan asam amino dalam molekul protein ditentukan oleh susunan triplet (kodon) tadi pada mRNA. Pada saat ribosom bergerak sepanjang tRNA, asam amino terangkai dengan pola tertentu untuk membentuk molekul protein tertentu.
38. TYPES OF RNAmRNA contains codons which code for amino acids.
39. DNA
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41. TRANSCRIPTION
42. REMOVAL OF INTRONS
43. TRANSLATION
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48. GENE EXPRESSIONDNARNAPROTEINCELL EFFECTTISSUEORGANISMPOPULATIONBIOSPHERIC PHENOTYPE