and structure of organic compounds Organic and inorganic compounds Structure of organic compounds and the nature of chemical bond Nomenclature of organic compounds Outlook Organic and inorganic compounds ID: 1007115
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1. Lecture 1Chemical bond and structure of organic compounds
2. Organic and inorganic compoundsStructure of organic compounds and the nature of chemical bondNomenclature of organic compoundsOutlook
3. Organic and inorganic compoundsAntoine Laurent Lavoisier1743-1794 combustion analysis:watercarbon dioxidegases and mineralstwo types of matter:organicinorganic
4. Organic and inorganic compoundsJöns Jacob Berzelius 1779-1848 Organic chemistry (1807) – study of compounds from natural sourcesVitalism – organic compounds can only be produced by the vital forceFriedrich Wöhler1800-1882 NH4OCN → (NH2)2COammoniumcyanateINORGANICurea(carbamide)ORGANICCH4N2Oisomers – different materials – same composition
5. Structure of chemical compoundsAugust Kekulé 1829-1896 1858: Carbon atom normally forms four bondsIsomers – different materials – same composition – different structure 1858: chemical structure – the way in which atoms are connected determines the nature of compoundsAlexander Butlerov1828-1886
6. The nature of chemical bondchemical bond – a shared pair of electronsGilbert Lewis1875-1946
7. The nature of chemical bondatomic number 66 protons in the nucleus6 electrons in the shell1s22s22p2
8. Hybridizationfour bonds in methane are formed using different electrons, but the bonds are completely equivalentthe orbitals mix - undergo hybridization
9. HybridizationLinus Pauling1901-19941954, 1962
10. sp3 hybridization
11. ethylenesp2 hybridization
12. acetylenesp hybridization
13. HybridizationNow let’s look at the hybridization of nitrogen and oxygen atoms…
14. Classes of organic compoundsFunctional group - a characteristic group of atoms/bonds that possess a predictable chemical behavior
15. Classes of organic compounds
16. Classes of organic compoundsDetermine the class of organic compounds
17. Nomenclature of organic compounds – trivial names“What's in a name? that which we call a roseBy any other word would smell as sweet.” William ShakespearecubaneOlympiceneSquaric acidFormic acidButyric acidRaspberry ketoneAcetonespirit of Saturn
18. Systematic nomenclature of organic compoundsName of an organic compound:parent chainsubstituents – radicals and functional groupsmultiple bondsgeometric and space configurationNumber of Carbons Name Radical1 methane methyl 2 ethane ethyl 3 propane propyl4 butane butyl 5 pentane pentyl 6 hexane hexyl 7 heptane heptyl8 octane octyl 9 nonane nonyl10 decane decyl 11 undecane undecyl 12 dodecanedodecylNames of hydrocarbons
19. Systematic nomenclature of organic compoundsSimple steps:Identify the longest carbon chain - the parent chainIdentify all of the parent functional group (highest in precedence)Identify all of the side chains and other functional groupsIdentify double/triple bondsNumber the carbons of the parent chain from the end that gives the parent functional group/multiple bonds/side chains the lowest numbersCompose the name:functional groups and side chains (alphabetically), indicate locations and the number of substituents (di, tri, tetra, etc.)parent chaindouble/triple bonds with numbersprimary functional group
20. Order of precedence of functional groupsPriorityFunctional groupPrefixSuffix1--oic acid2cyano--nitrile3formyl--al4oxo--one5hydroxy--ol6amino--amine7nitro--