Fruit Functions F ruit mature ripened ovary P revent the seeds from drying D isperse the seeds M ay be either fleshy or dry Fleshy Fruits Examples tomatoes and apples ID: 540736
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Slide1
FRUITSlide2
Fruit Functions
F
ruit
= mature
, ripened
ovary
P
revent
the seeds from drying
D
isperse
the
seeds
M
ay
be either fleshy or dry.Slide3
Fleshy Fruits
Examples: tomatoes
and
apples
Hold juices that prevent the seeds from drying until they are matureEasy to disperse seeds via dissemination from feces of animals who ate the fruit/seeds THREE fleshy fruit types: simple, aggregate, multiple Slide4
Simple fruits
develop from a single ovary of a single pistil. Slide5Slide6
5 SIMPLE FLESHY Fruit Categories
Berry
=
entirely fleshy ovary, examples: tomatoes, dates, blueberries, bananas, peppers, cranberries
Hesperidium
= leathery rind, examples: oranges
, grapefruits, lemons,
limes
P
epo
= hard rind and a fleshy inner matrix, examples: watermelons, cantaloupe, squash, pumpkins Drupe = fleshy exterior and single hard, stony pit surrounding the seed, examples: cherries, peaches, olives, plumsPomes = fleshy exterior and a center with papery carpels, examples: apples and pearsSlide7
Aggregate/Multiple FLESHY Fruits
Aggregate
fruits
develop from a single flower that has many pistils. Multiple,
fleshy fruitlets are attached to one receptacle. -Raspberries are an aggregate of drupes.
-
Strawberries
are an aggregate of
achenes
.
Multiple fruits consist of a number of flowers that fused to form a mass -PineapplesSlide8
Simple fruits
develop from a single ovary of a single pistil. Slide9Slide10
DRY FRUITS
Dry but still prevent seed
from drying further
Other means
of dissemination than consumption/defecation - Example: dandelion has
evolved a dry,
feathery
fruit to take advantage of the
wind
for
dissemination
TWO types = indehiscent or dehiscentSlide11
Indehiscent
DRY Simple Fruits
Indehiscent
fruits
= do not split open at maturity, usually one- or two-seeded Achene
single-seeded fruit attached at only one place to the pericarp, ex: sunflowers, buckwheat
Caryopsis
achene like but pericarp sticks to
the
seed, ex:
c
orn, rice, barley, rye, sorghum, oat, wheat Samara usually single-seeded with a membranous wing, ex: maple, elm, and ashNut hard, one-seeded fruit, ex: oak, walnut, filbertUricle
like an achene, but the ovary wall fits loosely around the seed, ex: finger millet and pigweed
Nutlet is a small version of a nut, ex: birchSlide12
D
ehiscent DRY Simple Fruits
Dehiscent
fruits
= fruits that split open upon maturation Legume = pod ex: soybeans, green beans, peas
Follicle =
single
carpel
that splits, ex: milkweed
Capsule
= more
than one carpel, united and form many-seeded fruits, ex: okra, cotton, mustard Pyxis capsule with a lid that falls from the fruit, ex: purslaneSlide13
DRY FruitsSlide14
3 Parts of the Fruit
Exocarp
= outer wall
of the fruit, forms tough outer skin Can be
thick/toug
h (oranges)
or
thin/soft (grapes)
2.
Mesocarp = middle layer, makes up the bulk of the fruit and is usually fleshy3. Endocarp = inner part, surrounds seed(s)Can be hard (peach) or soft (grapes)Slide15Slide16
How are seedless fruits produced?
P
arthenocarpy
, fruit may develop without fertilization. Seedless pineapples and cucumbers result when pollination fails to occur. 1. Pineapples are self-infertile. In other words, pineapples require cross-pollination for seeds to set.
2. Cross
-pollination does not occur when a field is planted with just one variety. Many citrus fruits are seedless for the same
reason.
3.
Cucumbers
may produce seedless fruits if not pollinated. If pollination takes place, they produce seeds.Slide17
B.
S
tenospermocarpy
Technically
, seedless grapes are not seedless. Normal pollination and fertilization occurs, but the embryos abort when they are young. Often, remnants of the seeds can be seen in the fruit.
S
eedless fruits (cont.)Slide18
C.
Triploid
Bananas
and seedless watermelons
Have three sets of chromosomes so meiosis fails to take place.The triploid banana varieties are propagated asexually by removing and planting offshoots
.
Watermelons are produced from seeds obtained by crossing diploid plants with
tetraploid
plants. The seeds from the cross are triploid. The triploid plants grow and produce fruit after being pollinated, but because they are sterile, they fail to produce seeds. Triploid plants must be grown near pollen-producing diploid plants.
S
eedless fruits (cont.)