GEM Systems Inc. Richmond Hill, Ontario OVERHAUSER EFFECT MAGNETOMETER - PDF document

GEM Systems Inc. Richmond Hill, Ontario OVERHAUSER EFFECT MAGNETOMETERS Proton magnetometers are an excellent example of nuclear physics phenomena brought into and exploited in our normal, macroscmanipulation of nuclear precession phenomena is possible and very often done even Overhauser effect is based on the same nuclear physics phenomena, although marginally more complex and again macroscopically engineered to improve on “simple” proton precession effects in order to achieve much better precession signals from smaller sensors static magnetic fields but magnetic fields transparent to protons, measurements can be done concurrently with it. Furthermore, in the ultimate triumph of the method one can produce a stationary, non-decaying proton precession signal, in vague similarity to alkali vapour magnetometers using simple feedback techniques. Overhauser magnetometers are unique in: Keeping highest absolute accuracy of proton precession (this is primary standard for measurement of magneImproving greatly on sensitivities of proton magnetometers and enabling the highest accuracy to be practically achieved in weak magnetic fields such as the Allowing for continuous, uninterrupted measurement of the magnetic field of the rborne work of study of fast phenomena occurring in the Earth’s magnetic field. Let us now examine underlying physics of the two methods. J2 H = ---------- H 4kT N is a number of particles in the observed sample,  c.g.s. units, for protons, a very small quantity. If M gets deflected from the direction of the magnetic field, it will start precessing around magnetic field direction with the angular precession frequency Rspiraling in the same time towards the direction of the magnetic field. There are two time constants to and can be considered the same and of the order of one second in most liquid samples. Classical proton magnetometer an electrical coil containing a liquid sample rich right angles to the ambient magnetic field. Strong il creating a strong magnetic field . This is the “polarization” field. Since magnetization of the sample is towards its equilibrium value is exponential with the time constant Upon sudden removal of the polarizing field, magnetizationprecession. Precessing induces a voltage in the coil and all that is now needed is to amplify the voltage and precisely measure its frequency. The described method allows for precisions of up to 1 part per million depending on a number of factors, such as liquid, sensor volume, etc. 2. OVERHAUSER EFFECT OR The essence of classical proton magnetometers is: To increase the magnetization of the liquid sample, i.e., to increase the To deflect the proton magnetization vectthe ambient magnetic field to be measured. ecessing proton magnetization, to measure into magnetic field units. In the Overhauser effect magnetometers, the goals are exactly the same, but the means If we add to the sensor liquid some free elmagnetic moments, the electrons will in general couple magneticallystem shown in figure 2.1 If we now saturate electron spectral line, i.e., transitions 1-2 and 3-4, then Q  ((ZVZ,N7@ N- kT While in the absence of + 1- - exceeds proton frequency 660 times, we could theoretically end up with so much increased proton polarization, i.e., magnetization Similar considerations for hich can be represented macroscopically considering two magnetic dipoles in thermal motion) reveal level gets more populated. This setup could then result in emission of energy or so-called MASER effect. We mention Further improvement in Overhauser effradicals). The effect of this interaction is that the electron dwells in a local magnetic frequency is not 1.4 MHz (in the Earth’s magnetic field of 0.5G) but more than 60 MHz. is therefore increased and a housand times instead of 660, about 5000 times being practically achievable. e whole Earth’s maNitroxide free radicals of interest are perfecsuch as methanol and similar. Two continuous methods are worth mentioning: component of the proton spectral line. The VCO generates a weak magnetic field of the same frequency as the precession proton magnetization into the plane of precession. Precession signal is detected measured. The method is called Dispersion Method (2). 5. CONCLUSION The Overhauser Effect is a superior metAdvantages are: true average measurement of the magnetic field instead of a sampling, alternated by polarization intervals; Greatly reduced power. For example, only 5W of RF power to generate the signal superior to the nearest competing classical proton precession magnetomeDC power is needed. Or, pulsed Overhauser magnetometer of 0.1 nT resolution may need only about 1 Vof energy per reading compared with 8-80 WVfor commercially available classical proton precession magnetometers; and several watts for optically pumped magnetometers. since no time needs to be wasted for polarization; Smaller and lighter sensors for the same or superior performance.