PPT-GY111 Physical Geology

Evolution of the Continents Important Terms Craton interior of continents made of stable Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks Shield portion of Craton composed of older Precambrian rocks Platform portion of Craton made of younger Paleozoic . The secrets of the earth. He hastens not. To work his fellows' hurt by unjust deeds. But with rapt admiration contemplate. Immortal Nature's ageless harmony,. and how and when her order came to be. Such spirits have no place for thoughts of shame.. Physical Geology. Lecture 5: Weathering and Soil Formation. Weathering. Chemical Weathering. Hydration: chemical reaction that consumes H. 2. O [ 2KAlSi. 3. O. 8. + 2H. 2. CO. 3. + H. 2. O = Al. 2. Solar System. Nebular Hypothesis. Nebular Hypothesis: Solar System was produced by the gravitational collapse of a gas cloud – the remnant of a supernova . explosion.. Concentration of heavy elements in inner . Geological “Clocks”. Geologic time determination is subdivided into 2 categories:. Relative Dating: simply determines whether or not an event occurs before or after another event (e.g. a granite dike is younger than the surrounding sandstone since it intrudes across the sandstone in an outcrop).. “Civilization exists by geologic consent” -Will Durant. Where are the world’s great cities located and why?. Why are Earliest Humans Here?. East African Rift. Water. Animals. Preservation of fossils. Types of Rocks. Rock: an aggregate of one or more minerals. Igneous Rocks: crystallize from a magma. Sedimentary Rocks. Clastic: formed by the erosion of pre-existing rocks. Chemical/Biochemical: precipitated from chemical reactions. Atoms & Atomic Particles. An atom is the smallest component of an element that can retain the properties of that element. Atoms are composed of fundamental particles:. Protons. Neutrons. Electrons. Instructor: Dr. Scott T. Marshall. All . Science . is . Based . on . The Scientific Method. Today’s . Theme:. What is Geology?. The study of the Earth. Composition. Behavior. History. Geology is often called geoscience or Earth science. Earthquake Mechanisms. Brittle Mechanical Model: “stick-slip”. Focal point: 3D point inside the lithosphere where the seismic event occurs. Epicenter: projection of focal point to the map surface . GY111L Physical Geology Lab Faulted Strata Lab N To Fault Classification:____________________________ Problem 1: Faulted strata – add contacts, strike and dip, age and fault symbols to top and sides of block diagram. Classify the fault. Metamorphism. Causes of Metamorphism. Elevated T & P. Fluids (H2O, CO2, CH4, etc.). Directed Stress. Types of Metamorphism. Regional: occur along convergent plate boundaries.. Contact: occurs along margin of a magma intrusion.. The geology of Iraq as a study is closely depended on basic geologic branches, such as tectonics, . stratigraphy. , . sedimentology. , petrology, paleontology and structural geology. On the other hand, there are some applied branches in geology directly related to studying geology of Iraq, such as petroleum geology, hydrogeology and economic geology. To understanding the geology of Iraq, we must return to tectonic and . Stress & Strain. Stress: a force applied to an area.. Example: tire pressure in psi.. Strain: a change in original shape or volume (produced by stress).. Elastic strain: analogous to a steel spring or rubber band.. Important Terms. Craton: interior of continents made of stable Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks.. Shield: portion of Craton composed of older Precambrian rocks.. Platform: portion of Craton made of younger relatively undeformed Paleozoic sediments..