78 ID: 287792
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1Setting the scene, dispelling the myths12Reasons to harmonise I: to boost the single market93Reasons to harmonise II: to prevent revenue erosion184Reasons to harmonise III: to prevent tax evasion245Reasons to harmonise IV: to protect the environment336Prospects for 2000 and beyond407Summary of conclusions and recommendations47 ) 7+8 ) " ;. " 4 # 4 ! ) # # 9 4 # #" / "#) 6 4 # 6 * : 4 " 712# 6 8A # " #BC 123 # 4 / " " , 4 . : " " ) " "" / " # " . # , 7 . $ 4" 8! 0 # 4 #" " " # 4 # . " ) * $%%? 1 #= ( # 9 " + ( 4 . + " 4 7 8/ " # " 4 " 4 /9 . 4 4 4 4/ 3 " 475/.8# " . 4 4. " A A 4 # "4 " . " "4 4 " " " " " # " 4 ." " " ) 4 " A " " " ! / 4 # 4 " ) F # # " 4 . "" " 0 &#x;&#x #;&#x-118;&#x.700; 4 $, $%%&) 4 ) 4 G* " ) 4 65 + ) 4 . # 2 # 0 . # " 4 " D 6 6 " D 4 6. A A D 64 ! 1 # ) 2 # 4 . " 6 # # ! "9 # "4 " 4 4 " . " 6 . 3 . = " # $%%%# 9 "4 " 4 " " # " # 9 4 ' ) #" " 9 &#x ;&#x-;'.8; 4 ) - ."#$%%& 1 K 1 " " 4 . 4 4 " #� " E 4 " E "4 E / # # " 9 # " # " " 4 / " # " 4 " 7 " "" " 8#"" &#x;&#x ;&#x-12; .70; # 4 " "# 4 " 4 # " 4 " ' # " ! . I " " . " " # " # 9 " ) # # # 4 very mobilequite mobileimmobilelarge companiessmall companies ABLEOBILITYOFDIFFERENTFACTORSOFPRODUCTION . 4 A: # # # , # # # "" A " . 9 9 ! # 4 : # 9 . 4 " . " "4 4 .4 &#x;&#x ;&#x-59.;ä " 4 4 3 $H#CCC 9 $%%B# " 4 " " * E " " 4 3 4 : # 4 # 4 # 4 7 # 8 " " ! 9 # " 9 / H#CCC + # 2 9 / $%%%# 4 4 9 " I& 4 9# " "HB- 7 . H 8. " 4 ! $%%%# 4 " "# " : 4 # . ) D 4 " " 6# D 4 6! HeadlineEffective DifferenceAustria36.0217.6718.35Belgium40.2820.9919.29Denmark35.7829.406.38Finland34.0229.824.20France34.7032.821.88Germany50.0538.5311.52Greece32.5320.8511.68Ireland21.9413.868.08Italy50.4835.3215.16Luxembourg39.4034.095.31Netherlands35.0031.803.20Portugal39.2917.1922.10Spain35.3024.1111.19Sweden28.5427.471.07UK33.3529.004.35EU average36.4526.869.59 ABLEHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENHEADLINEANDEFFECTIVECORPORATETAXRATES 340345662175845'1"9*!5 !.J=08#/ ! 6 " 4 6 )2 $%%& 1 # ) 2 # " 4 D 6. " 1 4 D 6 4 . " + 1 # 4 1 " " " The EU code of conduct on business taxation states that, whenshould be taken of, activity or substantial economic presence within the member-whether the basis of profit determination in respect ofwhether the tax measures lack transparency, including wheretransparent way. HENISTAXATIONHARMFUL SOURCECOFINCOUNCILCONCLUSIONSECEMBER1997 3 Reasons to harmonise II: = " "4 " "9 4 # " " # " " " 4 # ! " #4 Tax competition and unemployment. " � # 4 " 4 / 4 # . "" " . + 4 4 E # #D" 6 4 . &#x ;&#x ;&#x-27.;ç 4 " 4 E 4 4 A 4 4A 4 "+ + 6 D2 " # " " " $%?C. # " Tax competition and public services/ 4 # " " "" . # " " #4 # 94 # " . 4 / " # " 94 " 4 4 " . #= ( # $%%?! 4 F # 9 #' &#x ;&#x ;&#x-121;&#x.100;0 A " G)D 6 " " 6 A " #4 # " A " 6 / 4 " " " # " " " . 4 " H FlassbeckÔEmployment,European economicpolicyÕ in ÒWillEMU lead to aEuropean economicCentre for EuropeanReform, 1999 4 Reasons to harmonise III: 3 " "4 # 4 " 3 4 " " " " # 4 . 4 " " " . "" " 4 " . 6 " " " " " : " # " "/ " " # # # " "A # "4A " " ) &#x-27.;è " 4 0 ) " " 9 "" . &#x-27.;è. $?+$%%%# ) " 4 5/. "" " O$& $%%?A 4/ " 0 7 " " 9 8 " =9 . "" " / Still wineUnleaded petrolBeerCigarettesper 1,000 litresstandard, ex VATex VAT5% abv, 1 Jan 99ex VATAustria0406.896.7066.58Belgium47.0492.498.2374.74Germany0530.733.9576.54Denmark141.56497.6618.66124.13Greece0334.545.8651.00Spain0402.593.3635.43Finland234.71558.7857.36107.30France3.35584.755.2086.24UK214.32751.3032.67171.64Ireland287.57477.7639.92120.05Italy0541.567.0255.38Luxembourg0346.553.8052.72Netherlands48.70471.688.5469.12Portugal0477.155.6456.72Sweden292.97484.6931.0397.54EU minimum0287 18.7over 95.6 octane; SOURCEUROPEANOMMISSIONASSPLC ABLEIFFERINGRATESOFEXCISEDUTYULY1999 UNLESSSTATED # # # : 6 " 9 . " 4 5/.. #. B 2 # 4 # 5/. " # " 2 9 9 5/. " 4 = # " " indirectincomecorporatesocialTotaltaxtaxtaxcontributionsinc Belgium12.814.63.115.246.3Denmark19.024.43.81.753.1Germany12.78.21.718.742.0Greece14.84.72.09.731.6Spain10.88.42.012.935.5France15.67.91.819.745.9Ireland14.310.63.54.733.3Italy12.59.54.214.842.9Luxembourg17.59.94.411.944.7Netherlands13.28.44.118.044.8Austria15.69.31.815.444.2Portugal15.26.92.611.737.1Finland14.516.52.914.048.2Sweden16.519.23.115.254.1UK14.710.63.66.335.6EU-1513.69.62.615.342.3 ABLEHEMANYWAYSTORAISEMONEYTAXREVENUESASAGDP (1996) SOURCETRUCTURESOFTAXATIONSYSTEMSINTHEUROPEANNION1970-1996UROSTAT/DG21 A ! " ! ) # ( " 4 " "4 " " " " # * J Q 4 : # 9 ! +$%%? " "4 IC # 4 " 9 . "4 ) (4 " 4 ) (4 " " � 4# 4 4 ) (4 "# # " 9 " " . # # " ! " # R S) "40 # " . A A ( 6 # ) "4 " ( 6 9 : 4 "! # 4 4 = # # "4! # # # 0 6 ) # " " " # " 4 " # Q * J ! 4 9 # / " =2 4 # 4 # ) "=2" E " . " " " " # =2 ' # 6$%%? " 4 9 . $%%H2 # 4 # 4 4 # " " !9 " " " 4 ) " " " 4 # "# D 6 " : 94 $C LC / 4 "# " " # 9 . " 4# J 6 4 . # + + # 4 " 4 # 4 # " / " " " "" 4! 4 # 4 ) # " 6 . $%?B 4 E 6" " E 2 1 : / E ! " " ! 9 " ! D 6" E " "4 ) ! + # A! $%%%# D " " 6# + ) 0 # '#+"" + / $$ . " 1 " &#x ;&#x-12;.40; "4 " # " 4 " " 4 / =2 $%%& #2 0 IC 4# ) " * 1 #! #! (4 "" . " 4 7 4 8 69 " 9 # 4" . # 4 # . 9 " 4 = 2 N1 &#x ;&#x"-;ħ.;ç " " " # " " 0 4 " 7!18 4 A * !1 4 9 " " :9 " 4 @+5 4 " " / A A 4 @+5# " ! $' % . 9 # 9 " ) ! A 4 ! # " . " " " . # 9 1 # " 7 " $B3 " " 6 # . # # &#x$&8;.;è " " # " . " " # ! # * #) "# # 4 #0 . 4 " # 4 # 49 4 " # " " " # ) . #2 . " 4 ! ! + # &#x ;&#x-;‚.6; . ) " " # + #) 9 1 " 4 " " ( " " * + + " ' " " 4 9 1 ' " . " #0 ) # + + "4 # " "4 . =2 ICCC 9 R4 S 4 " 4 + 4 9 # " # ) ! "" + ) ' # " " R " , S " 6 . !1 :9 " 4 # 4 # # " " / # 4 4 4 # ( " 1 " " 4 4 9 ! " " " . 4 9# " . = 4 " 4 / :# " 4 " . " " A A : "4 " 9 7. &#x ;&#x -;A.5;4 " / # " 4 . 6 D 6 4 * " ! # 4 # " 3 " " 4 71 #!#0 8 " " # / # H# " 4 " ". 4 # " " : ) : " / " # 4 " "4 " ( " 7Summary of conclusions and. " " 4 # 4 4. " "" "" "7 I L8. 4 . " " 4 # # " 7 I8 4 "# " " / 7 I8. " 4 # " 7 8 :9 "7 I8 " 4 4 4 . # " # " " 4 4 7 I8. " " ! 4 4 : 4 " The spectre harmonisationKitty Ussher