Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure About this Chapter The blood vessels Blood pressure Resistance in the arterioles Distribution of blood to the tissues Exchange at the capillaries The lymphatic system ID: 382137
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Slide1
Chapter 15a
Blood Flow and the Control of Blood PressureSlide2
About this Chapter
The blood vessels
Blood pressure
Resistance in the arterioles
Distribution of blood to the tissues
Exchange at the capillaries
The lymphatic system
Regulation of blood pressure
Cardiovascular diseaseSlide3
Figure 15-1
Functional Model of the Cardiovascular System
Elastic arteries
Aorta
Aortic valve
Left heart
Right heart
Lungs
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Right atrium
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Capillaries
Mitral valve
Venae cavae
Venules
Arteriole with
variable radius
Exchange of
material with
cells
Expandable veinsSlide4
Blood Vessel Structure
Figure 15-2Slide5
Blood Vessel Structure & Function
PLAY
Interactive Physiology® Animation:
Cardiovascular System: Anatomy Review: Blood Vessel Structure & FunctionSlide6
Metarterioles Regulate Flow into Capillary Beds
Capillaries lack smooth muscle and elastic tissue reinforcement,
which facilitates exchange
Figure 15-3
Collateral
arteries
Arteriole wall is smooth muscle.
Metarterioles can act as
bypass channels.
Vein
Venule
Capillaries
Arteriovenous
bypass
Precapillary
sphincters
Small
venuleSlide7
Angiogenesis
New blood vessel development
Necessary for normal development
Wound healing and uterine lining growth
Controlled by cytokines
Stimulate (mitogens): VEGF and FGFInhibit: angiostatin and endostatinCoronary heart disease
Collateral circulationSlide8
Elastic Recoil in Arteries
Figure 15-4a
1
2
3
1
Ventricle contracts.
Aorta and arteries expand and
store pressure in elastic walls.
Semilunar valve opens.
(a) Ventricular contraction
Arterioles
2
3Slide9
Elastic Recoil in Arteries
Figure 15-4a, step 1
1
1
Ventricle contracts.
(a) Ventricular contraction
ArteriolesSlide10
Elastic Recoil in Arteries
Figure 15-4a, steps 1–2
1
2
1
Ventricle contracts.
Semilunar valve opens.
(a) Ventricular contraction
Arterioles
2Slide11
Elastic Recoil in Arteries
Figure 15-4a, steps 1–3
1
2
3
1
Ventricle contracts.
Aorta and arteries expand and
store pressure in elastic walls.
Semilunar valve opens.
(a) Ventricular contraction
Arterioles
2
3Slide12
Elastic Recoil in Arteries
Figure 15-4b
1
2
3
1
Isovolumic ventricular
relaxation
Elastic recoil of arteries sends
blood forward into rest of
circulatory system.
Semilunar valve shuts, preventing
flow back into ventricle.
(b) Ventricular relaxation occurs.
2
3Slide13
Elastic Recoil in Arteries
Figure 15-4b, step 1
1
1
Isovolumic ventricular
relaxation
(b) Ventricular relaxation occurs.Slide14
Elastic Recoil in Arteries
Figure 15-4a, steps 1–2
1
2
1
Isovolumic ventricular
relaxation
Semilunar valve shuts, preventing
flow back into ventricle.
(b) Ventricular relaxation occurs.
2Slide15
Elastic Recoil in Arteries
Figure 15-4a, steps 1–3
1
2
3
1
Isovolumic ventricular
relaxation
Elastic recoil of arteries sends
blood forward into rest of
circulatory system.
Semilunar valve shuts, preventing
flow back into ventricle.
(b) Ventricular relaxation occurs.
2
3Slide16
Review of Blood Flow
Table 15-1Slide17
Pressure Throughout the Systemic Circulation
Blood pressure is highest in the arteries and decreases continuously as it flows through the circulatory system
Figure 15-5Slide18
Blood Pressure
Pulse Pressure = systolic P – diastolic P
Valves ensure one-way flow in veins
MAP = diastolic P + 1/3(systolic P – diastolic P)
PLAY
Interactive Physiology® Animation:
Cardiovascular System: Measuring Blood PressureSlide19
Cuff pressure
> 120 mm Hg
Stethoscope
Cuff pressure
between 80 and
120 mm Hg
Cuff pressure
< 80 mm Hg
Inflatable
cuff
Pressure
gauge
(a)
(b)
(c)
Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 15-7Slide20
Blood Pressure
Mean arterial pressure is a function of cardiac output and resistance in the arterioles
Figure 15-8
Elastic arteries
Arterioles
Left ventricle
Mean arterial pressure
Cardiac output
Variable resistance
Mean arterial pressure
cardiac output
resistanceSlide21
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure control includes rapid responses from the cardiovascular system and slower responses by the kidneys Slide22
Blood
volume
Blood
pressure
leads to
triggers
Compensation
by
cardiovascular
system
Vasodilation
Cardiac output
Excretion of fluid in urine
blood volume
Blood
pressure
to normal
Compensation
by kidneys
Stimulus
Integrating center
Tissue response
Systemic response
Slow response
Fast response
KEY
Blood Pressure
Figure 15-9Slide23
Factors that Influence Mean Arterial Pressure
Figure 15-10Slide24
Factors that Influence Mean Arterial Pressure
PLAY
Interactive Physiology®
Animation: Cardiovascular System: Factors That Affect Blood Pressure