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2012, nr 2 (9) Fatih Rukanci, Hakan AnameriçDepartment of Information and Records Management,Faculty of Letters, University of Ankara, Turkeye-mail: frukanci@gmail.com, hakananameric@gmail.comThe Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire(Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) 10 TŠe art of boob‹nd‹ng passed fro CentraŽ As‹a to ran, tŠe Arpen‹nsuŽa, and tŠen AnatoŽ‹a. TŠe ornaentat‹on var‹ed reg‹onaŽŽ› us‹ng ŽocaŽ ot‹fs: tŠ‹s created var‹ous boob‹nd‹ng t›pes sucŠ as ar erat, ata›‹, Ru‹, SeŽŒu, MaŽu, Ottoan, and MagŠreb‹. Man› arabesque des‹gns occurred ‹n tŠe SeŽŒu and AnatoŽ‹an Be›Ž‹ pbut tŠe Ottoan Turs used boob‹nd‹ng oŽds and produced an› boob‹nd‹ng t›pes dur‹ng tŠe fourteentŠ and f‹fteentŠ centur‹es aŽso us‹ng tŠe œenc‹re Èa cŠa‹n des‹gn used to decorate tŠe bordersŽu‹nated anuscr‹ptÈ, öÅebent Ècorner paneŽÈ, and Åese ÈornataŽ sun f‹gureÈ des‹gns w‹tŠ s‹‹Žar‹t‹es resuŽt‹ng fro cuŽturaŽ ‹nterac-n generaŽ ornaentat‹on ater‹aŽ and ŠandtooŽs for boob‹nd‹ngare foŽŽow‹ng:Ornaentat‹on ater‹aŽs:ŽeatŠer Èrespect‹veŽ› sŠeep ŽeatŠer DzeÅ‹ndz, goat ŽeatŠer DzsaŠt‹›andz, gaœeŽŽe ŽeatŠer Dzradz and cow ŽeatŠer DzöseŽedzÈcŽotŠ ÈusuaŽŽ› sat‹n, s‹Ž and veŽvetÈ,wood,arbŽed cardboard, A geoetr‹c f‹gure used as netted stars cover‹ng AnatoŽ‹an SeŽŒu and Ottoan boob‹nd‹ngs. Referr‹ng to tŠe great art center erat and otŠers sucŠ as Å‹raœ and sfaŠan of Ta-erŽaneǯs t‹e per‹od, tŠese boob‹nd‹ngs were deveŽoped b› Tur, MongoŽ, and ran‹-an asters. n tŠe, tŠe spaces between and ‹n tŠe Åeses and corner paneŽs are f‹ŽŽed w‹tŠ pŽant, Šuan, and an‹aŽ f‹gures Èb‹rds, snaes, Ž‹ons, and Žegendar› creatures sucŠ as Pers‹an dragons ÈS‹urgŠÈ spr‹nŽed w‹tŠ CŠ‹nese cŽoud ot‹fs. M. E. Ãœen, Türk Cilt , Anara 1ͻͻͺ, p. 10. TŠ‹s t›pe of ornaentat‹on ‹s ade of ‹nter‹ngŽ‹ng sp‹raŽ fŽoraŽ ot‹fs creat‹ng a ot‹f resebŽ‹ng a Žotus. PŽant ot‹fs are qu‹te s‹pŽe ‹n tŠe SeŽŒu wors of AnatoŽ‹a. ata›‹ ornaentat‹on cont‹nued deveŽop‹ng dur‹ng tŠe per‹od of tŠe AnatoŽ‹an Be›Ž‹s but ‹t reacŠed ‹ts œen‹tŠ ‹n tŠe cŽass‹caŽ Ottoan per‹od. M. E. Ãœen, op. c‹t., p. 16. TŠ‹s t›pe, wŠ‹cŠ was generaŽŽ› used tŠrougŠout AnatoŽ‹a s‹nce ‹ts deveŽopent b› tŠe AnatoŽ‹an SeŽŒus, or‹g‹nated w‹tŠ tŠe an‹aŽ f‹gures of ‹ddŽe As‹an Tur‹sŠ art. Af-ter tŠe arr‹vaŽ of sŽa, tŠe an‹aŽ ot‹fs d‹sappeared copŽeteŽ› beco‹ng a st›Ž‹œed ab-stract ot‹f. Ru‹s covered tŠe coversǯ bacgrounds, ‹ns‹de and out, and œenc‹res, Åese centers, aong tŠe otŠer ornaentaŽ eŽeents, were appŽ‹ed ‹n tŠe tucs of tŠe SeŽŒu boob‹nd‹ngs. M. E. Ãœen, op. c‹t., p. 16. TŠe MagŠreb‹ st›Že deveŽoped ‹n AndaŽus‹a, S‹c‹Ž›, and Morocco. t ‹s re‹n‹scent of tŠe Arab‹an st›Že. t ‹nfŽuenced European boob‹nd‹ng v‹a Spa‹n and S‹c‹Ž›. TŠe coŽors are aŽŽ brown and bŽac tones w‹tŠ round, copŽeš geoetr‹c Åeses. n tŠe borders tŠere are usuaŽŽ› œenc‹res. See, A. S. Arıtan, Ciltçilik, [‹n:] Türkiye Diyanet Vakfslam AnsiklopedisivoŽ. 7, Ä°stanbuŽ 1ͻͻ3, p. 552. Å. Te‹n, Eski Türklerde Yaz 11The Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) ŒeweŽŽer› ÈgoŽd and s‹Žver pŽaque and otŠer vaŽuabŽe stones espc‹aŽŽ› ‹vor›, otŠer-of-pearŽ, enaeŽ, d‹aond, rub› and eeraŽ andtooŽs:etaŽ or wood ouŽds,n‹ves,cross-cut saw Dzbıçıdz,narrow gorge DzcenderedzDzgıŽdırdıçdz a ‹nd of grater.F‹gure 1. Ma‹n parts of a cŽass‹caŽ Tur‹sŠ b‹nd‹ng ÈpŠoto b› Source: Un‹vers‹t› of Anara, ‹brar› of FacuŽt› of etters, Sect‹on of Manuscr‹pts and Rare Boos, no. A ͺ2.Fifteenth Century Bookbinding (Early Ottoman Period)TŠ‹s sect‹on covers earŽ› Ottoan boob‹nd‹ng. n tŠe Ottoan Ep‹re, boob‹nd‹ngs are f‹rst found ‹n tŠe per‹od of Murat È1TŠe Ottoans used a new st›Že of boob‹nd‹ng as ‹n tŠe‹r otŠer arts and tŠe› acŠ‹eved tŠ‹s ‹n tŠe per‹od of MeŠet tŠe Conqueror ÈMeŠet È M. E. Ãœen, op. c‹t., pp. 30â3ͺ; A. S. Arıtan, op. c‹t., pp. 5 12 È1451â14ͺ1È. TŠe boob‹nd‹ng art ‹n tŠe Ottoan Ep‹re began to de-veŽop w‹tŠ boos prepared for MeŠet tŠe Conqueror and soe ‹nnova-t‹ons were ade. n tŠ‹s per‹od, MeŠet tŠe Conqueror too over as pro-tector of tŠe boo arts fro Š‹s fatŠer, and Tur‹sŠ boob‹nd‹ng ga‹ned ‹ts pecuŽ‹ar cŠaracter‹st‹cs. TŠe f‹rst odeŽ of sŽa‹c boob‹nd‹ng ‹n patent ŽeatŠer Èa boob‹nd‹ng tecŠn‹que for anuscr‹pts us‹ng br‹gŠt ŽeatŠer â a ‹nd of Žacquered b‹nd‹ngÈ beŽongs to tŠ‹s per‹od, and SeŽŒu ‹nfŽuence ‹s cŽearŽ› seen. TŠe boos wr‹tten for tŠe pr‹vate Ž‹brar› of MeŠet tŠe Conqueror were ‹n a st›Že tŠat bŽaœed a new art tra‹Ž w‹tŠ ‹ts caŽŽ‹grapŠ›, ornaentat‹on, boob‹nd‹ng, and even tŠe paper. AŽtŠougŠ tŠe boob‹nd-‹ngs of tŠ‹s per‹od sŠare s‹‹Žar‹t‹es w‹tŠ tŠe ones ade ‹n tŠe prev‹ous per‹od â tŠat of TaerŽane, arao›unŽu, Ao›unŽu, and tŠe MaŽus-tŠe‹r st›Žes are d‹ï¬ erent. TŠose ade ‹n MeŠetǯs paŽace boob‹nd‹ng worsŠop sŠow tŠat cŽass‹caŽ Tur‹sŠ boob‹nd‹ng art reacŠed a Š‹gŠ Žev-eŽ. e see tŠat ata›‹, Ru‹, and cŽoud ot‹fs were used; tŠe boob‹nd-‹ngs were ornaented w‹tŠ goŽd and aŽso tŠe› were gŽued tŠe bacground w‹tŠ a d‹ï¬ erent coŽour b› engrav‹ng tŠe, a‹nŽ› bŽac, ŽeatŠer ÈtŠe tecŠn‹que of cutt‹ng out a tešt, a pa‹nt‹ng or a f‹gure w‹tŠ a spec‹aŽ Ž‹ttŽe sŠarp penc‹Ž and gŽu‹ng ‹t to anotŠer ground, a deŽ‹cate Tur‹sŠ engrav‹ng artÈ. Soe boob‹nd‹ngs were ornaented b› gŽu‹ng arbŽed or otŠer cosaŽbes ÈtŠe nae g‹ven to tŠe eštens‹ons of tŠe Åese ornaent‹n tŠe sŠape of tŠe sunÈ. TŠere are aŽso soe w‹tŠ sŽ‹ced, round Åeses and soe w‹tŠ ent‹re covers ‹n ata›‹ des‹gns. Åeses, saŽbes, and cov-er paneŽs are aŽŽ ‹n one p‹ece, and tŠe ŽeatŠer and uraa ÈtŠe nae g‹v-en to tŠe cardboard ade b› gŽu‹ng a few papers to be used ‹n tŠe cover of tŠe boob‹nd‹ng, wŠ‹cŠ are under tŠe ŽeatŠerÈ are not engraved for tŠ‹s reason, so tŠe ebossed Še‹gŠt of tŠe des‹gns ‹s ver› sŠort. NevertŠeŽess, tŠe ot‹fs are cŽearŽ› recogn‹œed. n soe of tŠe, taŠr‹r ÈŽ‹ne drawn on tŠe four s‹des of tŠe page ‹n order to encŽose tŠe borders of tŠe wr‹t‹ngÈ are drawn on tŠe border of tŠe des‹gns. Baºbakanl Arºivindeki Belge Türleri, Padiºah Elyazmalar ve Belge Restorasyonu . Tanındı, Eczac Sanat AnsiklopedisivoŽ. 1, 13The Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) F‹gure 2â3. 15tŠ centur› boob‹nd‹ng ÈpŠoto b› . Anaer‹Ã§ÈSource: Nat‹onaŽ ‹brar› of Ture›, Sect‹on of Manuscr‹pts and Rare ors, no. TŠe ‹nner cover ‹s covered w‹tŠ cŽaret red and Ž‹gŠt brown Žeat‹s ornaented w‹tŠ üÅebbe ÈatıǯaÈ Åese. TŠe corner paneŽ on tŠe ground ‹s g‹Žded. n soe boob‹nd‹ngs, tŠ‹s ornaentat‹on ‹s Žocated ‹n A Åese t›pe ade b› d›e‹ng tŠe bacground w‹tŠ e›e-catcŠ‹ng coŽors and gŽu‹ng tŠ‹nŽ› engraved ŽeatŠer ornaentat‹on onto tŠ‹s ground. 14 tŠe Sertab ÈrectanguŽar p‹ece attacŠed to tŠe ‹Žeb funct‹ons as a boo-ar and tucÈ. TŠe er engrav‹ngÈ ornaentat‹on ‹n tŠe ‹nner cover ‹s ver› tŠ‹n and coŽourfuŽ ‹n ran‹an boob‹nd‹ngs, but ‹n tŠose of MeŠet tŠe Conqueror, tŠe ornaen-tat‹on ‹s usuaŽŽ› tŠ‹cer and w‹tŠ two coŽours. TŠe Žatter are ver› attract‹ve and eŽegant. n MeŠet tŠe Conquerorǯs pr‹vate Ž‹brar› were boos Še Šad ordered to be wr‹tten, or cop‹ed, and brougŠt tŠere fro tŠe sc‹ence cen-tres of tŠe t‹e, sŠow‹ng tŠe ‹portance wŠ‹cŠ tŠe suŽtan gave to sc‹ence and art as‹de fro Š‹s poŽ‹t‹caŽ and ‹Ž‹tar› gen‹us. n MeŠet tŠe Con-querorǯs ebro‹der› Šouse, ornaentat‹on was g‹ven Še‹gŠt b› ebro‹-der‹ng around tŠe fŽoraŽ ot‹fs, wŠ‹cŠ were st›Žed ‹n tŠe anuscr‹pts b› sear‹ng ground goŽd w‹tŠ a brusŠ and a sŠarp, po‹nted wŠeeŽ dev‹ce. TŠe boob‹nd‹ngs ade ‹n tŠ‹s st›Že were asterp‹eces. TŠe deŽ‹cac› and eŽe-gance of atıǯa art are seen ‹ns‹de tŠe covers Èsee f‹g. 2â3È. TŠe cŽearest t›pe of f‹fteentŠ centur› Tur‹sŠ cŽass‹caŽ boob‹nd‹ng Šas st›Ž‹œed pŽant ot‹fs w‹tŠ naturaŽ‹st‹c cŠaracters, ata›‹, Penç, Ru‹, cŽoud, Žeaf, rosebound, awŽ ÈŽance po‹nted ornaentat‹on drawn around tŠe ÅeseÈ, and f‹n‹aŽ ‹n tŠe arquetr›, pr‹nted us‹ng ouŽds. TŠe outer covers of tŠe boob‹nd‹ngs of tŠ‹s centur› sŠow eštraord‹nar› Šaron› w‹tŠ Åese on sertab and ‹-Žeb Ètr‹angŽe or trapeœo‹d rectangŽe p‹ece bound to tŠe undercover; ‹t cov-ers tŠe outŠ of tŠe boo and ‹ts po‹nt enters between tŠe upper and ‹nner coversÈ, saŽbe, corner paneŽ, borders ÈtŠe sect‹on surround‹ng tŠe cover ‹n cŽass‹caŽ boob‹nd‹ngsÈ, and copos‹t‹on Šaron›. An add‹t‹onaŽ tecŠ-n‹que of tŠe t‹e ‹s decorat‹ng tŠe ‹nner cover w‹tŠ a coŽour d erent fro tŠe one on tŠe outer cover, us‹ng d›e or goŽd.n tŠ‹s per‹od, bes‹des tŠe var‹ous tones of brown, purpŽe-browpurpŽe, red, bŽue, ver› dar green, oŽ‹ve green, taŠ‹n‹ coŽour and bŽac ŽeatŠer were aŽso used; soe of tŠe are found espec‹aŽŽ› ‹n tŠe ‹nner covers. Š‹Že tŠese boob‹nd‹ngs are usuaŽŽ› ornaented w‹tŠ a Žeaf ÈsebergÈ, fŽower bud, rose geran‹u Žeaf, f‹n‹aŽ, penç, Šata›‹, ‹d-dŽet‹e ÈagrafÈ, awŽ, Ž‹Ž›, rose, and ru‹ tenons, tŠere ‹s rareŽ› scener›, co-pŽeš ornaentat‹on or Ž‹veŽ‹ness ‹n tŠe ot‹fs. n tŠe f‹fteentŠ centur›, Žacquered and cŽotŠ b‹nd‹ngs were aŽso ade ‹n add‹t‹on to Žeat‹ngs. TŠ‹s was a r‹s‹ng age for Tur‹sŠ boob‹nd‹ng. TŠe Ottoan ruŽersǯ Žove of read‹ng caused an atospŠere benef‹c‹aŽ to tŠe deveŽopent of n Pers‹an eans DztŠreedz and berg eans DzŽeafdz. 15The Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) TŠe boob‹nd‹ngs of tŠ‹s per‹od too up to s‹š ontŠs to copŽete and were ver› costŽ›. TŠe wr‹t‹ng and b‹nd‹ng of a boo couŽd tae sever-aŽ ›ears. n order to prevent tŠe Åese and otŠer ornaentat‹on, wŠ‹cŠ wouŽd be ebro‹dered on tŠe ŽeatŠer of tŠe b‹nd‹ng, fro daag‹tŠe p‹eces of tŠe cardboard ‹n tŠese sect‹ons wouŽd be engraved and eš-cŠanged w‹tŠ tŠ‹nner cardboard. TŠ‹s appŽ‹cat‹on ade for tŠe front and bac covers was tŠe sae for ‹Žeb, wŠ‹cŠ ‹s an eštens‹on of tŠe un-dercover. After tŠat, tŠe ŽeatŠer to be put on tŠe covers wouŽd be sŠaved sucŠ a wa› tŠat ‹ts curŽs wouŽd be tŠ‹nner; ‹t wouŽd be wasŠed, dr‹ed as ‹t stretcŠed, and covered w‹tŠ cardboards.TŠe front cover opens to tŠe r‹gŠt; tŠe bac cover opens to tŠe Žeft w‹tŠ tŠe ‹Žeb. TŠe space between tŠe sp‹ne and covers ‹s caŽŽed uat pa›Ä± Ècut sŠareÈ; tŠe space between tŠe covers and tŠe ‹Žeb and sert-ab ‹s caŽŽed duda ÈŽ‹p-ŽebÈ. TŠe sertab ‹s put ‹n front of tŠe boo, tŠe tr‹-anguŽar-po‹nted ‹Žeb ŠoŽd tŠe sertab and enters between tŠe boo and front cover; ‹t ‹s aŽso used as a booar.n tŠe per‹od of Ba›eœ‹d , bes‹des tŠe cŽass‹caŽ ŽeatŠer b‹nd‹ng, tŠere were an› çaŠaruÅe Èa t›pe of boob‹nd‹ng wŠose edges are covered w‹tŠ ŽeatŠer and tŠe ‹ddŽe ‹s covered w‹tŠ paper, cŽotŠ b‹nd‹ngsÈ. TŠe cŽotŠs used were not spec‹aŽŽ› woven for b‹nd‹ngs. TŠe cŽotŠ used for tŠe boob‹nd‹ngs was woven ‹n stanbuŽ and Bursa or brougŠt fro Dacus and CŠ‹na. TŠe covers were surrounded w‹tŠ ŽeatŠer, and tŠe ‹ddŽe was covered w‹tŠ s‹Ž cŽotŠ, e‹tŠer cŠecered or r‹bbed ‹n two TŠe ‹nner part of soe of tŠese covers ‹s ornaented w‹tŠ üÅebÅese ‹n tŠe st›Že of tŠe MeŠet tŠe Conquerorǯs ebro‹der› ŠouAs soet‹es deonstrated ‹n tŠ‹s per‹od, bŽue was occas‹onaŽ-Ž› used on outer covers as a ground coŽour for centre- and corner p‹ec-es. More coonŽ›, tŠougŠ, ‹t was used to accopan› goŽd as a partŽ›-coŽoured ground for f‹Ž‹gree paneŽs on tŠe doubŽures, as ‹t Šad been on occas‹on dur‹ng MeŠet ǯs re‹gn. An ‹nnovat‹on of Ba›eœ‹d ǯs re‹gn was to ‹ntroduce green as a tŠ‹rd coŽour, as, for ešapŽe, on a anuscr‹pt dated 1500. TŠ‹s use of partŽ›-coŽoured bacgrounds for tŠe f‹Ž‹gree Šars bac, ‹n concept, tŠougŠ not ‹n deta‹Ž, to tŠe cŽoud-coŽŽar st›Že of tŠe 1450s, and tŠe sae can be sa‹d about tŠe otŠer features of Ba›eœ‹d ǯs sucŠ as tŠe burgund› outer covers and tŠe greater sense of spac M. E. Ãœen, op. c‹t., p. 11. 16 Sixteenth Century (Classical Period)TŠe s‹šteentŠ centur› ‹s tŠe ost rearabŽe per‹od for tŠe boob‹nd‹ng art of tŠe Ottoan Ep‹re, r‹gŠtŽ› caŽŽed tŠe cŽass‹caŽ per‹od. TŠ‹s t›pe of boob‹nd‹ng depended on tŠe deveŽopent of Ottoan ŽeatŠer wor-‹ng, wŠ‹cŠ couŽd produce ŽeatŠer of ever› coŽour s‹nce tŠe beg‹nn‹ng of tŠe s‹šteentŠ centur›. n tŠ‹s per‹od, tŠe ornaentat‹on does not cover tŠe wŠoŽe surface as ‹n rw‹tŠ botŠ upper and under separat‹ng Åeses. n tŠ‹s centur›, Åeses were onŽ› ovaŽ. As ‹n tŠe boob‹nd‹ngs of tŠe f‹fteentŠ centur›, aŽtŠougŠ tŠe spaces between tŠe ebossed Åese and corner paneŽs were Žeept›, soet‹es üŽea Åeses Èg‹Žded ornaentat‹onÈ wŠ‹cŠ were f‹ŽŽed w‹tŠ ebossed and aŽar‹ ÈÅese wŠose ot‹fs and ebossparts are ornaented w‹tŠ goŽdÈ ot‹fs were ade. TŠe cŽotŠ b‹nw‹tŠ ŽeatŠer and tŠe ŽeatŠer b‹nd‹ngs w‹tŠ cŽotŠ of tŠ‹s per‹od are ver› at-tract‹ve. TŠe ‹nner covers cont‹nued tŠe trad‹t‹on of tŠe f‹fteentŠ centur›, but borders were w‹dened and round or ovaŽ cartoucŠes Èborder pwere set ‹n tŠe des‹gns, and st›Ž‹œed poegranate fŽowers, seštet fŽowers, ç‹ntean‹ cŽoud ÈCŠ‹nese cŽoudÈ and espec‹aŽŽ› serrated Žeaf ot‹fs can be seen aŽong w‹tŠ tŠe f‹fteentŠ centur› ot‹fs. Ëntean‹ ot‹fs were es-pec‹aŽŽ› used togetŠer w‹tŠ ru‹ and Šata›‹ scroŽŽs/cŽouds on boob‹nd-‹ngs ‹n tŠ‹s per‹od. Ëntean‹ st›Že ‹s nown as tŠree spot or peŽen È‹n Pers‹anÈ. Ëntean‹ st›Že trad‹t‹onaŽŽ› was used to ornaent boob‹nd-‹ngs; one spot ‹s above and two spots are botto.Boo arts and cŽass‹caŽ boob‹nd‹ng reacŠed ‹ts œen‹tŠ dur‹ng tŠe s‹š-teentŠ centur›. T›p‹caŽŽ›, Åeses were sŠuttŽes w‹tŠ saŽbes; ceŽs, surround‹ng water, œenc‹re and cedveŽ are found ‹n tŠe b‹nd‹ngs; and tŠe Åeses and otŠer des‹gns were ostŽ› ade ‹n uŽt‹pŽe ptŠ‹s parted Åese was ornaented w‹tŠ saŽbes, corner paneŽs, uand under separat‹ng ot‹fs. n cŽass‹caŽ Tur‹sŠ boob‹nd‹ng, tŠe part between Åese and corner paneŽs was usuaŽŽ› Žeft ept›, but ‹n a few Ebossed ot‹fs are Žeft as ‹n tŠe coŽor of tŠe ŽeatŠer, ‹f tŠe ground ‹s goŽd ‹t ‹s caŽŽed Dzunder separat‹ng Åesedz; tŠe ground ‹s Žeft ‹n tŠe coŽor of tŠe ŽeatŠer, ‹f tŠe ot‹fs are goŽd ‹t ‹s caŽŽed Dzupper separat‹ng Åesedz. . Tanındı, , [‹n:] Ottoman Civilization, voŽ. 2, ed. . Ä°naŽcı, . Renda, Ä°stanbuŽ 2003, p. ͺ5ͺ. A cŠa‹n des‹gn ade w‹tŠ goŽd between tŠe two Ž‹nes on tŠe edges of tŠe covers. Surround‹ng tŠe tešt part of tŠe pages, a frae tŠat ‹s fored w‹tŠ a tŠ‹c and 17The Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) boob‹nd‹ngs tŠ‹s part was ornaented. n tŠ‹s centur›, ‹nner cover dec-orat‹on aŽso deveŽoped. Š‹Že us‹ng coŽourfuŽ ŽeatŠer ‹n add‹t‹on to tŠe goŽd ‹n tŠe ground of ot‹fs ‹n tŠe s‹šteentŠ centur› atıǯa, ttŠe outer cover were appŽ‹ed to tŠe ‹nner covers ent‹reŽ›, but a d‹ï¬ erent-coŽoured ŽeatŠer was cŠosen for tŠe ‹nner cover.F‹gure 4. A sapŽe of 16tŠ centur› Žacquered Safev‹d boob‹nd‹ng ÈpŠoto b› Source: Museu of Tur‹sŠ and sŽa‹c Arts nventor›, no. 4ͺͻ.Dz‹gŠt-sŠadow refŽect‹ngdz ‹s attract‹ve feature of tŠ‹s per‹odǯs ‹ŽŽu-‹nat‹ons. TŠ‹s ‹s obta‹ned b› us‹ng Ž‹gŠt and dar sŠades of tŠe sae coŽour of ‹n on tŠe sae bacground. Bouquets, vases w‹tŠ fŽowers, and fru‹t basets are tŠe ost coon ot‹fs of tŠe per‹od.TŠe ŽeatŠers of cŠo‹ce ‹n tŠ‹s per‹od were Moroccan ŽeatŠer ÈgoŽeatŠerÈ and tanned ŽeatŠer ÈsŠeep ŽeatŠerÈ, but gaœeŽŽe and caeŽ ŽeatŠ-ers were aŽso used. Bes‹des tŠe var‹ous tones of bŽac and brown, red, cŠerr›-red, green, bŽue, and purpŽe were used. CŽotŠ-covered boob‹nd-‹ngs becae even ore beaut‹fuŽ ‹n tŠ‹s centur›. One ešapŽe Šas red sat-‹n cŽotŠ ebro‹dered w‹tŠ tŠe ŽeatŠer b‹nd‹ng ot‹fs before ‹t covered tŠe cardboard. Mot‹fs were drawn b› tŠe boob‹nd‹ng asters, caŽŽed œer- At tŠ‹s t‹e, one of tŠe ost ‹portant boob‹nd‹ng st›Žes was M. E. Ãœen, op. c‹t., pp. 17â1ͺ. F. Ã. Deran, Asrlarnda, Üslup ve Sanatkarlaryla Tezhip Sanami, [‹n:] Ansiklopedisi, voŽ. 11, Anara 1ͻͻͻ, p. 112. Boob‹nd‹ng on wŠ‹cŠ reaŽ‹st‹c ot‹fs are ebro‹dered w‹tŠ ›eŽŽow, p‹n, and 18 urassa ÈŒeweŽŽedÈ boob‹nd‹ng; ‹n tŠese, wood or cardboard was cov-ered w‹tŠ goŽd and s‹Žver pŽaques and tŠe surfaces of tŠe pŽaques are curved out Ž‹e Žacewor or are decorated w‹tŠ ŒeweŽs. Most urb‹nd‹ngs Šave a agn‹f‹cent ‹pact refŽect‹ng aŽŽ tŠe opuŽence of tŠe Ot-toan court. TŠ‹s ‹nd tecŠn‹que was usuaŽŽ› appŽ‹ed on tŠe orǯan or otŠer ‹portant reŽ‹g‹ous wors.F‹gure 5. A sapŽe of ‹d of tŠe 16tŠ centur› ebro‹dered boobSource: Topapı PaŽace Museu ‹brar› TSM, no. . 1365.n tŠe f‹rst ŠaŽf of tŠe s‹šteentŠ centur›, ‹nnovat‹ons were ade to tŠe trad‹t‹onaŽ ornaentat‹on st›Že w‹tŠ ŽeatŠer covers Šav‹ng recessed Åese and corner paneŽs and patent ŽeatŠer covers Šav‹ng Åese and cor-ner paneŽs; new eŽeents were aŽso fored. One new cŠaracter‹st‹c pe-cuŽ‹ar to Tur‹sŠ boob‹nd‹ng occurs w‹tŠ recessed Åese, Åese w‹tŠ corner paneŽs ŽeatŠer b‹nd‹ngs. Two groups of ornaentat‹on was ade w‹tŠ ouŽds for tŠe corner paneŽs. One of tŠe uses ovaŽ, sŽ‹ced Åese and a group of Žeaves ‹n tŠe corner paneŽ or a few tŠ‹n brancŠes eerg‹ng fro tŠe ped‹ceŽ curŽ ‹n tŠe Åese as scattered and turn. ŠanŒar› Žeaves green s‹Žver tŠreads. See O. AsŽanapa, Devri Cilt Sanat, DzTür‹›e‹œÇ³ 1ͻͺ2, voŽ. 13, . Tanındı, Kitap ve Cildi, [‹n:] Uygarl, voŽ. 2, prepared b› . Ä°naŽcı, . Renda, Ä°stanbuŽ 2003, p. ͺ56. Ebossed Åese f‹šed on tŠe engraved cardboard. 19The Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) and Šata›‹s ‹n var‹ous sŠapes are arranged ‹n a row on tŠese brA Šuge Šata›‹ ‹s put ‹n tŠe saŽbe. TŠ‹s ornaentat‹on ÈcaŽŽed rusŠ st›ŽeÈ ‹s repeated ‹n tŠe Åese and corner paneŽs of tŠe ‹Žeb. n soe eš-apŽes, tŠe des‹gns are deveŽoped b› a‹ng brancŠes and Žeaves ‹n tŠe Åese, a‹ng ore Šata›‹s, w‹tŠ Šata›‹ bouquets on one edge of tŠe ŠanŒar› Žeaf wŠ‹cŠ coes fro tŠe ‹ddŽe of tŠe Šata›‹s. TŠe otat‹on of tŠe w‹de border of tŠe b‹nd‹ng ‹s tŠe sae as tŠat of tŠe Åese and corner paneŽs. TŠe Åese, corner paneŽ, border bacground, or aŽŽ or-naentat‹on were g‹Žded.Seventeenth Century BookbindingS‹œes of boos fro tŠe 17tŠ centur› are qu‹te b‹g. t ‹s seen tŠat tŠe ‹n-ner and outer covers of tŠe b‹nd‹ngs were ornaented w‹tŠ graded rusŠ st›Že, and tŠe w‹de recessed border w‹tŠ g‹Žded Åese and corner paneŽ were ornaented w‹tŠ cŽoud and ru‹, and tŠe brancŠes were ornaed w‹tŠ Šata›‹. Ornaent‹ng soe outer covers w‹tŠ brusŠ ‹n rusŠ st›Že as ‹f ‹t were a CŠ‹nese paneŽ and d›‹ng tŠe ornaentat‹ons w‹tŠare tŠe ‹nnovat‹ons of tŠe boob‹nders ‹n tŠe des‹gn of boob‹nn tŠe 17tŠ centur›, tŠe b‹nd‹ngs wŠ‹cŠ were copŽeteŽ› covered b› goŽd sŠeet and ornaented w‹tŠ vaŽuabŽe stones attracted attent‹on. n tŠ‹s per‹od ornaentat‹ons were ade ‹ns‹de of tŠe b‹nd‹ngs w‹tŠ tŠ‹s engrav‹ng tecŠn‹que. Ornaentat‹ons ‹n d‹ï¬ erent tecŠn‹que can be seen ‹n tŠe b‹nd‹ngs. After tŠe 17tŠ centur›, ebro‹der‹ng on tŠe ŽeatŠer was used w‹deŽ› ‹n tŠe ornaent‹ng of b‹nd‹ngs. NaturaŽ‹st fŽoraŽ ot‹fs can be seen ‹n tŠe ebro‹dered coŽourfuŽ and s‹Žver tŠreads. At Žater t‹es, ebro‹der‹ng on cŽotŠes b‹nd‹ngs are seen. owever, ‹n tŠe 17tŠ centu-r› tŠe decŽ‹ne of tŠe Ottoan Ep‹re began to aï¬ ect tŠe art Ž‹fe and tŠe boob‹nd‹ng art was aŽso ‹nfŽuenced b› tŠ‹s decŽ‹ne. TŠere was no d‹f-ference ‹n b‹nd‹ng product‹on ‹n tŠ‹s centur›. owever, an obv‹ous re-gress‹on ‹n tŠe copos‹t‹on and woransŠ‹p of ornaentat‹ve ot‹fs ‹s str‹‹ng. Corner paneŽs and border ornaentat‹ons were usuaŽŽ› Žeft, ‹n-stead of tŠe b‹g Åeses resebŽ‹ng a rectangŽe wŠ‹cŠ Šas proŒect‹ons on . Tanındı, Türk Cilt Sanatçtan Bugüne Türk Sanat, Anara 1ͻͻ3, de, Sanat, [‹n:] Ansiklopedisi, voŽ. 11, Anara 1ͻͻͻ, 20 tŠe top and s‹des were used aŽone as an ornaentat‹on. n tŠe sae b‹nd-‹ngs ovaŽ Åese rareŽ› cont‹nued to be ade but tŠere were soe sŠape cŠanges. A tŠ‹c goŽd œenc‹re was drawn as an outer border. AŽtŠougŠ ‹t can be set fortŠ tŠat tŠe saŽbes Žost tŠe‹r beaut› s‹nce tŠe› were ade b‹gger b› tŠe boob‹nders wŠo cont‹nued tŠe cŽass‹caŽ copos‹t‹on, ‹t sŠouŽd be accepted tŠat tŠere are ver› beaut‹fuŽ boob‹nd‹ng odeŽs be-Žong‹ng to tŠ‹s centur›.n tŠ‹s per‹od, unproduct‹veness can be seen ‹n tŠe boob‹nd‹ng as ‹n tŠe otŠer art brancŠes paraŽŽeŽ to tŠe unproduct‹ve per‹od of tŠe Otto-an Ep‹re. n tŠe odeŽs wŠ‹cŠ were fa‹tŠfuŽ to tŠe cŽass‹caŽ fors saŽ-bes got b‹gger and cae cŽose to tŠe corner paneŽs. TŠere ‹s no Šaron› between tŠe ot‹fs ebro‹dered on tŠe Åese and corner paneŽs and tŠe ot‹fs of borders. A regress‹on ‹n woransŠ‹p ‹s aŽso seen ‹n tŠ‹s centu-r›. Desp‹te aŽŽ of tŠe, tŠe boob‹nd‹ngs of tŠ‹s centur› protected ‹ts no-b‹Ž‹t› b› us‹ng goŽd and var‹ous ŠarsŠ coŽours randoŽ›.F‹gure 6. A sapŽe of 17tŠ centur› ÈpŠoto b› . Anaer‹Ã§ÈSource: RCCA ‹brar› ÈResearcŠ Center for sŽa‹c ‹stor›, Art and CuŽtureÈ, oran â Nur‹ ArŽaseœ CoŽŽect‹on, no. 312. . ÃıÄ, Türk Kitap Kaplar 21The Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) Desp‹te tŠe proport‹onŽess ot‹fs, Tur‹sŠ boob‹nders d‹d not tŠe‹r coŽour pur‹t› and d‹d not use goŽd g‹Žd and ŠarsŠ coŽours rando-Ž›. t can be tŠougŠt tŠat tŠe proport‹on cŠanges of copos‹t‹on, gett‹ng b‹gger of saŽbes, Žeav‹ng tŠe corner paneŽs and borders ‹n soe b‹nd‹ngs and occurr‹ng of tŠe b‹g rectanguŽar Åeses ‹n tŠe boob‹nd‹ngs of tŠe 17tŠ centur› ‹s a searcŠ for ‹nnovat‹on after tŠe perfectness of tŠe 16tŠ centur›. Corner p‹eces and borders were reoved ‹n soe covers, a part of Åeses was transfored to rectanguŽar and soe to ovaŽ sŠape, and tŠ‹c œenc‹res were drawn around tŠe ‹nstead of borders.A cob‹nat‹on of tŠe ru‹ and tcŠ‹ ot‹fs can be seen on soe otŠe staped b‹nd‹ngs. Soe ešapŽes are ‹dent‹caŽ ‹n decorat‹on and tŠe outer covers of botŠ of tŠese b‹nd‹ngs as weŽŽ as tŠat on are ade up of a Žarge centraŽ rectanguŽar paneŽ wŠ‹cŠ ‹s staped w‹tŠ two ‹press‹ons fro tŠe sae d›e, tŠe centraŽ Œo‹n cŽearŽ› v‹s‹bŽe. ‹tŠ‹n tŠe des‹gn, tŠe scaŽŽoped edaŽŽ‹on and decorat‹ve eštens‹ons on tŠe vert‹caŽ aš‹s ÈsaŽ-beÈ stand out qu‹te pŽa‹nŽ› but tŠe edaŽŽ‹ons tŠeseŽves and tŠe sur-round‹ng areas are f‹ŽŽed w‹tŠ eŽaborate tcŠ‹ and ru‹ fors. Tdes‹gn w‹tŠ eŽaborate goŽd paper f‹Ž‹gree decorat‹on on tŠe doubŽures ‹s t›p‹caŽ of tŠe b‹nd‹ngs produced fro tŠe Žate 17tŠ centur› and 1ͺtŠ cen-tur› onwards.Eighteenth and Nineteeth Century BookbindingTŠe e‹gŠteentŠ centur› boos becoe qu‹te Žarge. TŠe‹r ‹nner and out-er b‹nd‹ng covers were ornaented w‹tŠ graded rusŠ st›Že; tŠe w‹de, re-cessed border was decorated w‹tŠ g‹Žded Åese; tŠe corner paneŽs were ornaented w‹tŠ cŽoud and ru‹ des‹gns; and tŠe brancŠes were oented w‹tŠ Šata›‹. nnovat‹ons of tŠ‹s centur› ‹n boob‹nd‹ng decorat‹ng soe outer covers b› brusŠ ‹n rusŠ st›Že as ‹f tŠe› were CŠ‹-nese paneŽs and g‹Žd‹ng tŠe decorat‹on.n tŠ‹s per‹od ornaentat‹ons were ade ‹ns‹de of tŠe b‹nd‹ngs an eboss‹ng tecŠn‹que. After tŠe seventeentŠ centur›, ebro‹deon tŠe ŽeatŠer was used w‹deŽ›. NaturaŽ fŽoraŽ ot‹fs can be seen ‹n tŠe ebro‹dered coŽoured and s‹Žver tŠreads. At Žater t‹es, ebro‹der› on cŽotŠs b‹nd‹ngs ‹s seen. owever, ‹n tŠe seventeentŠ centur› tŠe decŽ‹ne M. E. Ãœen, op. c‹t., p. 1Í». . Tanındı, 22 of tŠe Ottoan Ep‹re began to aï¬ ect art‹st‹c Ž‹fe and tŠe art of boob‹nd-‹ng was aŽso ‹nfŽuenced b› tŠ‹s decŽ‹ne. Not tŠat tŠere was a d erence ‹n b‹nd‹ng product‹on, but a regress‹on ‹n tŠe copos‹t‹on and worsŠ‹p of ornaentaŽ ot‹fs ‹s obv‹ous. TŠe corner paneŽs and border or-naentat‹ons were usuaŽŽ› o‹tted, and Žarge Åeses resebŽ‹ng a rect-angŽe w‹tŠ proŒect‹ons on tŠe top and s‹des were used aŽone ‹nstead. n tŠe sae b‹nd‹ngs, ovaŽ Åeses cont‹nued but were rare. A tŠ‹c, goŽd œenc‹re was drawn as tŠe outer border. AŽtŠougŠ ‹t can be suggested tŠat tŠe saŽbes Žost tŠe‹r beaut› s‹nce tŠe› were ade Žarger b› tŠe boo-b‹nders wŠo a‹nta‹ned tŠe cŽass‹caŽ copos‹t‹on, ‹t sŠouŽd be noted tŠat tŠere are ešapŽes of ver› beaut‹fuŽ boob‹nd‹ng ‹n tŠ‹s centurF‹gure 7. A sapŽe of 17tŠ centur› ÈpŠoto b› . Anaer‹Ã§ÈSource: Un‹vers‹t› of Anara, ‹brar› of FacuŽt› of etters, Sect‹on of Manuscr‹pts and Rare Boos, no. A 1Í»0.CŽass‹caŽ covers cont‹nued to be ade ‹n tŠe e‹gŠteentŠ centur›. ow-ever, a rev‹vaŽ occurred and boob‹nd‹ng enŒo›ed anotŠer goŽden age due to tŠe encourageent of AŠet È1703â1730È and to tŠe grand of tŠe per‹od, NevÅeŠ‹rŽ‹ Daat Ä°braŠ‹ Paºa. Bes‹des tŠe e‹gŠttur› cŽass‹caŽ boob‹nd‹ngs, wŠ‹cŠ were at Žeast as good as tŠose of tŠe per‹od of SüŽe›an ÈtŠe Magn‹f‹c‹entÈ, Žacquered b‹nd‹ngs aŽso becae . ÃıÄ, op. c‹t., p. 1ͺ. 23The Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) w‹despread. Apart fro tŠe cŽass‹caŽ covers, four new t›pes occurred ‹n tŠe e‹gŠteentŠ centur›:B‹nd‹ngs w‹tŠ reaŽ‹st‹c ot‹fs:TŠese ot‹fs are ebro‹dered w‹tŠ g‹Žded s‹Žver tŠreads onto tŠŽeatŠer,TŠe cŽass‹caŽ copos‹t‹on ‹s protected, but tŠe ot‹fs are naturaŽ-B‹nd‹ngs w‹tŠ decorat‹on staped onto tŠe g‹Žded ŽeatŠer È›eÅaTŠe ot‹fs are st‹ŽŽ cŽass‹caŽ and st›Ž‹œed but tŠe tecŠn‹que ‹s new,European Rococo st›Že b‹nd‹ngs È‹n tŠe second ŠaŽf of tŠe centuacquered b‹nd‹ngs-beaut‹fuŽ wors produced b› ‹ŽŽu‹nators andpa‹nters.TŠe nubers of tŠe boob‹nd‹ngs w‹tŠ Åese decreased aredŽ›; œ‹ŽbaŠar ÈŽatt‹ce wor, a des‹gn ade b› draw‹ng a four-sŽ‹ced Žeaf o-t‹f w‹tŠ pounded goŽd sŠeet and Ž‹nes ‹n tŠe sŠape of a ra‹Ž‹ngÈ b‹nd‹ngs becae w‹despread ‹n tŠe e‹gŠteentŠ centur›. FurtŠerore, w‹tŠ tŠe ‹n-crease of tŠe pressed wor, ŽeatŠer, sat‹n, and veŽvet b‹nd‹ngs, w‹tŠ one cover ornaented w‹tŠ a g‹Žt Ottoan coat of ars and one w‹tŠ a oon-star were ade ‹n add‹t‹on to tŠe western ŽeatŠer b‹nd‹ngs. FŽoraŽ ot‹fs usuaŽŽ› do‹nated ‹n tŠe cover ornaentat‹on ÈÅüufe st›ŽeÈ. acquered Èpatent ŽeatŠerÈ and ›eÅaŠ b‹nd‹ngs and tŠe b‹nd‹ngs w‹tŠ reaŽ‹st‹c o-t‹fs becae w‹despread. n tŠe ›eÅaŠ st›Že, tŠe g‹Žded ŽeatŠer ‹s orna-ented b› ‹nŽa›‹ng ›eÅaŠ ŽeatŠer, and tŠe ot‹fs are st›Ž‹sed ru‹ and Šata›‹ ot‹fs of tŠe cŽass‹caŽ b‹nd‹ngs w‹tŠ Åese. Mot‹fs of rose, carna-t‹on, poegranate, tuŽ‹p, popp›, Ž‹Ž›, and Š›ac‹ntŠ were pa‹nted as bou-quets, as s‹ngŽe, doubŽe, or tr‹pŽe borders ‹n a deŽ‹cate, art‹st‹c wa›. Us-‹ng engraved ornaentat‹on and ebro‹der‹ng g‹Žded s‹Žver tŠreads on tŠe ŽeatŠer pŽus tŠe s‹gnatures of tŠe art‹sts on tŠe cover are cŠaracter-‹st‹c of tŠ‹s per‹odǯs b‹nd‹ngs. TŠe cŽearest cŠaracter‹st‹c of tŠe per‹od ‹s cover copos‹t‹ons w‹tŠ defored Åese, corner paneŽs, cartoucŠes, and coŽourfuŽ fŽowers ‹n bouquets.FŽowers Šave an ‹portant pŽace ‹n tŠe ‹ŽŽu‹nat‹ons of tŠe e‹gŠteentŠ centur›. NaturaŽ‹st bouquets and fŽowers ‹n tŠe page centre beg‹n to be seen frequentŽ› ‹n tŠ‹s per‹od. n generaŽ, as fŽowers started to do‹nate tŠe wors of tŠ‹s per‹od, tŠe ot‹fs of tŠe cŽass‹caŽ per‹od Žost tŠe‹r ‹por- B. MutŽu, Türk Cilt Sanatna Toplu Bir Bak, DzAade‹Ç³ 4: 1Í»66, p. 54. E. Ãœden‹œ, Türk Cilt Sanat, DzSanat Dün›aıœÇ³ 1ͻͺ1, voŽ. 21, pp. 13â25. 24 tance. FŽowers were preferred, even ‹n awŽs. Ma‹ng Žacquered boob‹nd-‹ng aŽso becae w‹despread ‹n tŠ‹s per‹od. And fŽower ‹n‹atures are fre-quentŽ› found on tŠe f‹rst or Žast pages of pra›er boos ‹n tŠ‹F‹gure ͺ. CŽass‹caŽ ŽeatŠer cover b‹nd‹ng and ‹ts boocase ‹n 1to b› . Anaer‹Ã§ÈSource: Un‹vers‹t› of Anara, ‹brar› of FacuŽt› of etters, Sect‹on of Manuscr‹pts and Rare Boos, no. B 3Í».F‹gure Í». EšapŽe of ‹nner cover of 1Í»tŠ centur› Tur‹sŠ boob‹arbŽe des‹gn ÈpŠoto b› . Anaer‹Ã§ÈSource: Un‹vers‹t› of Anara, ‹brar› of FacuŽt› of etters, Sect‹on of Manuscr‹pts and Rare Boos, no. B 52. . De‹r‹œ, Tezhip Sanat [on-Ž‹ne]. Ä°stanbuŽ Ãn‹vers‹tes‹ [access: 30 Noveber 2012]. Ava‹ŽabŽe ‹n nternet: Šttp://www.‹stanbuŽ.edu.tr/BoŽuŽer/guœeŽsanat/teœŠ‹p.Št. 25The Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) Ver› beaut‹fuŽ ešapŽes of cŽass‹caŽ b‹nd‹ngs w‹tŠ Åese were ‹n tŠ‹s per‹od. Ornaentat‹on of tŠe outer and ‹nner covers ‹ncreased; ŽeatŠer of ever› coŽour and abundant goŽd were used. TŠe European Ba-roque-Rococo st›Že aï¬ ected botŠ tŠe ‹ŽŽu‹nat‹on boob‹nd‹ng arts; Åeses and corner paneŽs were ornaented w‹tŠ fŽowers and ŽeaveMore c‹rcuŽar, narrow and Žong Åeses becae w‹despread. eŽ‹caŽ ru-‹s and dots were ade w‹tŠ a spec‹aŽ dev‹ce and vases f‹ŽŽed w‹tŠ fŽow-ers were ade w‹tŠ a brusŠ ‹n tŠ‹s t›pe of Åese. n soe b‹nd‹ngs, tŠe outer and ‹nner covers were ade b› a dev‹ce and a brusŠ and ored w‹tŠ g‹Žded and pŽastered baŽava sŠapes. And ‹n soe, tŠe outer cov-er was covered w‹tŠ cŽotŠ and tŠe ‹nner cover was ornaented w‹tŠ bou-quets È‹n tŠe Žater part of tŠ‹s per‹odÈ.n Åüufe st›Že, w‹despread ‹n tŠe e‹gŠteentŠ and n‹neteentŠ cer‹es, naturaŽ or st›Ž‹sed fŽoraŽ ‹n‹atures, bouquets, fŽowers w‹tŠ or w‹tŠ-out a vase, or onŽ› fŽowers were pa‹nted. TŠese fŽowers were soappŽ‹ed aŽone on tŠe cover and soet‹es cŽass‹caŽ Åese b‹nd‹ng fors ÈsaŽbe, Åese, corner paneŽÈ were prepared and reaŽ‹st‹c fŽoraŽ ot‹fs were set w‹tŠ tŠe cŽass‹caŽ tecŠn‹que. Covers were ornaented w‹tŠ e-bro‹der› and pressed w‹tŠ ouŽds of saŽbe, Åese and, corner pw‹tŠ reaŽ‹st‹c fŽoraŽ ot‹fs.TŠe edaŽŽ‹ons of tŠe doubŽures are decorated ‹n a w‹de range ocoŽours and ater‹aŽs. Soe b‹nd‹ngs Šave goŽd paper f‹Ž‹gree over a bŽue, orange, turquo‹se, and bŽac paper bacground. TŠe doubŽure of er e‹gŠteentŠ centur› b‹nd‹ng Šas aŽŽ tŠe decorat‹on, ‹ncŽud‹ng tŠe e-daŽŽ‹on and tcŠ‹ ot‹fs, ‹n eŽaborate goŽd ŽeatŠer f‹Ž‹gree over a bŽue s‹Ž ground.n e‹gŠteentŠ-centur› b‹nd‹ngs, tŠe ešter‹or covers are d‹v‹ded ‹nto a a‹n rectanguŽar paneŽ w‹tŠ two saŽŽ paneŽs above and beŽow. TŠe a‹n paneŽ ‹s decorated aŽŽ over w‹tŠ tcŠ‹ fors staped ‹n reŽ‹ef, w‹tŠ-‹n and between wŠ‹cŠ are fŽowers p‹ced out ‹n bŽue pa‹nt. TŠe ešter‹or covers aŽŽ Šave a centraŽ edaŽŽ‹on and corner-p‹eces, but tŠe Žatter Šave been eštended so tŠat tŠe› actuaŽŽ› Œo‹n on aŽŽ four s‹des. TŠ‹s ‹s an ‹nno-vat‹on of tŠe Žate e‹gŠteentŠ centur› tŠat was furtŠer deveŽoped ‹n tŠe E. Ãœden‹œ,op. c‹t., p. 1Í». . Tanındı, . BaŽanaŽ, Bilgi ve Sanat Kaplayan Sanat: Ciltçilik, [‹n:] Türk AnsiklopedisivoŽ. 12, Anara 2002, p. 346. D. aŽdane, Islamic Bookbindings in the Victoria and Albert Museum, ondon 1ͻͺ3, 26 earŽ› ›ears of tŠe foŽŽow‹ng centur›. TŠe coŽours becae ore sobre and toato-red ‹s part‹cuŽarŽ› coon.TŠe b‹nd‹ngs of tŠe e‹gŠteentŠ and n‹neteentŠ centur‹es were deorated b› ebro‹der‹ng g‹Žded s‹Žver tŠreads and s‹Žver on veŽvet. AŽŽ b‹nd‹ngs Šad a ŽeatŠer frae so tŠat tŠe‹r durab‹Ž‹t› was prov‹ded. TŠe› were ade w‹tŠ paper and arbŽ‹ng ‹n tŠe sae wa›. acquered b‹‹ngs are an ‹portant group of ‹n tŠ‹s per‹od. oŽd and var‹ous coŽours of ru‹, Šata›‹, cŽouds, and naturaŽ fŽoraŽ ot‹fs were used on dar-coŽoured bacgrounds ‹n tŠe ornaentat‹on. Bes‹des tŠe cŽass‹caŽ o-t‹fs used ‹n tŠe f‹rst ŠaŽf of tŠe e‹gŠteentŠ centur›, scener›, fŽowers, and bouquet des‹gns Šave been used ‹n outer and ‹nner covers up to n‹neteentŠ centur›.n tŠese centur‹es woransŠ‹p Žost ‹ts deŽ‹cac›, and coŽours ŽtŠe‹r br‹gŠt and Ž‹veŽ› appearance. t ‹s seen tŠat botŠ cŽass‹caŽ ot‹fs be-Žong‹ng to tŠe cŽass‹caŽ were ept and aŽso tŠe ‹nfŽuence of Europe started to be feŽt ‹n tŠe wor espec‹aŽŽ› ‹n tŠe Žast decade of tŠ‹s centur›. Š‹Že poor quaŽ‹t›, cŽass‹caŽ, ŽeatŠer covers cont‹nued ‹nto tŠe n‹neteentŠ centur›, tŠe ›eÅaŠ and baroque-ro-coco b‹nd‹ngs of tŠe e‹gŠteentŠ centur› were ‹n deand. t ‹s not pos-s‹bŽe to taŽ about an› st›Že for tŠe Žast per‹od of Tur‹sŠ boob‹nd‹ng, wŠ‹cŠ ‹s copŽeteŽ› d‹ï¬ erent fro tŠe cŽass‹caŽ st›Že. TŠe decorat‹ons of tŠe covers were soet‹es ade us‹ng oŽder Tur‹sŠ ot‹fs, but a‹nŽ› tŠe› were ‹nfŽuenced b› eran and FrencŠ boob‹nd‹ng. TŠe foŽŽt›pes are seen ‹n tŠe boob‹nd‹ng of tŠ‹s per‹od Èade w‹tŠ b‹g presses and ore odern ‹pŽeentsÈ: ŽeatŠer appŽ‹qu±, Žacquered, ŠaŽf-er b‹nd‹ng cŽotŠ, ŠaŽf-ŽeatŠer arbŽed or bat‹, art‹f‹c‹aŽ ŽeatŠer, and pa-per-covered.TŠe coŽŽapse of tŠe Ottoan Ep‹re and f‹nanc‹aŽ cr‹s‹s aï¬ ected tŠe boob‹nd‹ng art, and Tur‹sŠ boob‹nd‹ng Šas abandoned ‹ts pos‹t‹on to odern boob‹nd‹ng as of tŠe beg‹nn‹ng of tŠe twent‹etŠ centur› b‹de. F. Ã. Deran, op. c‹t., p. 114; A. S. Arıtan, op. c‹t., p. 557Ciltçilik, [‹n:] Türk Diyanet Vakfslam AnsiklopedisivoŽ. 7,Ä°stanbuŽ 2002, pp. 551â 27The Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) Conclusion n tŠe Ottoan per‹od, tŠe ŠoŽ› orǯan and otŠer reŽ‹g‹ous boos were ornaented ucŠ Ž‹e ŒeweŽŽer›. Moreover, tŠe Ottoan pad‹sŠaŠsǯ Žove of boos and of found‹ng Ž‹brar‹es resuŽted ‹n r‹cŠ coŽŽect‹ons and sŠow› boos, reacŠ‹ng tŠe Š‹gŠest ŽeveŽ of tŠe boob‹nd‹ng art as an brancŠ of tŠe Ottoan Ep‹re. Š‹Že tŠe boob‹nd‹ng art reacŠed ‹ts pe-cuŽ‹ar cŠaracter‹st‹cs because of tŠe concern of tŠe pad‹sŠaŠs and states-en and tŠe econo‹caŽ s‹tuat‹on of tŠe countr› ‹n centur‹es, cŠange of ater‹aŽs and ornaentat‹on tecŠn‹ques used ‹n boob‹nd‹ng sŠowtŠeseŽves ‹n d‹ï¬ erent scŠooŽs. TŠese b‹nd‹ngs, ade w‹tŠ cost and wor, Šave succeeded to reacŠ toda› fro tŠe f‹fteentŠ centur› and are protect-ed w‹tŠ tŠe‹r pr‹ceŽess vaŽue ‹n Tur‹sŠ Ž‹brar‹es and useus and ešŠ‹b-‹t tŠe taste and agn‹f‹cence of tŠe Ottoan Ep‹re.TŠe Ottoan art of anuscr‹pt ornaentat‹on ‹n coŽour var‹es accord‹ng to per‹ods. n tŠe art of ‹ŽŽu‹nat‹on tŠe use of coŽour was not rando; coŽours were used b› cons‹der‹ng tŠe s›boŽ‹c ean‹ng ocoŽour. For ešapŽe, wŠ‹Že tŠe bas‹c ater‹aŽ, goŽd s›boŽ‹œes tŠe sun, ›eŽŽow, tŠe coŽour of Ž‹gŠt, ‹s used as tŠe s›boŽ of nowŽedge. BŽue and dar bŽue s›boŽ‹œe tŠe s› as tŠe coŽour of etern‹t›. Šereas bŽue, wŠ‹te, green, bŽac, and orange were ostŽ› used separateŽ› ‹n anuscr‹pt ‹ŽŽu-‹nat‹ons ‹n tŠe beg‹nn‹ng of tŠe f‹fteentŠ centur›, goŽd, bŽue and dar bŽue started to be used frequentŽ› toward tŠe end of tŠe centur›. TŠe pe-r‹od wŠen goŽd, bŽue, and dar bŽue were used ‹s tŠe per‹od wŠetoan Ep‹re reacŠed ‹ts peas. TŠ‹s per‹od ‹s tŠe s‹šteentŠ centur›, and ‹t ‹s nown as tŠe cŽass‹caŽ per‹od of tŠe Ottoan ŽŽu‹nat‹on per‹od. TŠe Ottoan art of tŠe ‹ŽŽu‹nat‹on was under tŠe ‹nfŽuence of Europe s‹nce tŠe ‹ddŽe of tŠe e‹gŠteentŠ centur›, Ž‹gŠt-sŠadow contrast, wŠ‹cŠ ‹s pe-cuŽ‹ar to Baroque and Rococo art, ‹s aŽso seen. n tŠ‹s per‹od, us‹ng Ž‹gŠt and dar vers‹ons of coŽour gave deptŠ b› eans of perspect‹ve.Boob‹nd‹ng ‹s a f‹eŽd of stud› wortŠ researcŠ‹ng. n tŠe Ottoan art of boob‹nd‹ng, carv‹ng and ‹nŽa› were ešecuted us‹ng ever› ‹nd of et-aŽ, wooden, ŽeatŠer, and pa‹nt‹ng ater‹aŽ, a‹ng tŠe Ottoan scr‹pts r‹cŠ sources refŽect‹ng cuŽturaŽ and art‹st‹c cŠaracter‹st‹cs of tŠe ater‹aŽs and ornaentat‹on tecŠn‹ques. TŠe ornaentat‹on of ascr‹pts wr‹tten for ‹portant persons sucŠ as suŽtans, v‹œ‹ers, etc., was Å. Aso›, Kitap Süslemelerinde Türk Barok ve Rokoko Üslubu, DzüŽtür BaanŽÄ±Äı Sa-nat Derg‹s‹Ç³1Í»77, voŽ. 28 g‹ven great ‹portance. TŠ‹s ‹nd of b‹nd‹ng was covered w‹tŠ goŽd Žeaf, ornaented w‹tŠ ŒeweŽs and var‹ous ‹ŽŽu‹nat‹on ot‹fs.n cons‹der‹ng tŠe anuscr‹pt arts of tŠe Ottoan Ep‹re fro tbeg‹nn‹ng to tŠe t‹e of d‹ssoŽut‹on, ‹t can be deonstrated tŠat tŠ‹s art for deveŽoped ‹n paraŽŽeŽ w‹tŠ tŠe soc‹o-poŽ‹t‹c deveŽopent of tŠe e-p‹re. TŠ‹s art ga‹ned new fors tŠrougŠ tŠe course of tŠe ep‹re tŠat were cŠaracter‹st‹c of tŠe Ottoan Ep‹re; deveŽopents obta‹ned b› un‹t‹ng fore‹gn art trends w‹tŠ tŠe eš‹st‹ng ones.The Art of Bookbinding in the Ottoman Empire (Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries)[Sztuka osmaskiego zdobnictwa ksiki w XVXIX w.]ESZCZENIE: Art›uÅ preœentuŒe sœtuÄ osaÅs‹ego œdobn‹ctwa s‹Ä ż‹, ŒegoewoŽucŒÄ ‹ roœwóŒ ‹Ädœ› V a w. Ores ten œostaÅ scŠarater›œowan› prœeœ prœ›bŽ‹Å¼en‹e etod ‹ tecŠn‹ ‹ntroŽ‹gators‹cŠ oraœ ater‹aÅów, œ tór›cŠ w›-onano opraw›. Prœedstaw‹one ‹nterpretacŒe sÄ w›n‹‹e anaŽ‹œ› w›bran›cŠ opraw prœecŠow›wan›cŠ w różn›cŠ b‹bŽ‹oteacŠ. apreœentowane opraw›, w›-onane œ roœa‹t›cŠ ater‹aÅów prœ› uż›c‹u różn›cŠ tecŠn‹, sÄ prœ›Åade roœwoŒu sœtu‹ ‹ntroŽ‹gators‹eŒ w ‹per‹u osaÅs‹ na prœestrœen‹ Vââ w. art›uŽe n‹e podŒÄto œagadn‹en‹a europeŒs‹ego ‹ntroŽ‹gatorstwa ‹ Œego wpÅ›wu na sœtuÄ ‹per‹u osaÅs‹ego w w.LUCZ ‹per‹u osaÅs‹e, ‹ntroŽ‹gatorstwo turec‹e, rÄop‹s›, sœtua ‹ntroŽ‹gatorsa, œdobn‹ctwo s‹Ä ż‹