Zimbabwe - PowerPoint Presentation

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ZimbabweSlide2

White Independence

The white minority government of Rhodesia declared its independence from UK in 1965. This was the 1

st

time a colony had done this without consent of the crown since 1776Prime Minister Ian Smith would lead the new nationThe country resisted the demands of black Africans, British pressure, economic sanctions, and guerrilla attacks in his effort to uphold white supremacySlide3

Smith’s reign in decline

On March 1, 1970, Rhodesia formally proclaimed itself a republic, but it was only recognized by South Africa

Heightened guerrilla war (Robert Mugabe of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and a withdrawal of South African military aid in 1976 marked the beginning of the collapse of Smith's 11 years of resistanceSlide4

Not a smooth transition

In 1978, African leaders signed an agreement to transfer power to the black majority by Dec. 31, 1978.

The agreement left control

of the country's police, security forces, civil service and judiciary in white hands. It assured whites of about one-third of the seats in parliament.Western governments did not grant recognition to the new regime of Zimbabwe RhodesiaSlide5

Zimbabwe and their leader

The white minority finally consented to hold multiracial elections in 1980 as part of the

Lancaster House Agreement

, and Robert Mugabe won a landslide victory in the new nation of Zimbabwe. Slide6

The horror begins

Mugabe eventually established a one-party socialist state and began oppressing resistance.

It has been estimated that at least 20,000 members of an opposition tribe were murdered and tens of thousands of others were tortured Slide7

Crackdown on opposition

By 1990 Mugabe had instituted corrupt multiparty elections

Mugabe began a crackdown on universities students and unions who frequently protested him

In 1991, Mugabe deleted all references to Marxism-Leninism and scientific socialism from the constitution and took control of the universities.Slide8

Zimbabwe begins to crumble

In 1996, Mugabe won another six-year term as president despite civil servants, nurses, and doctors going on strike over salary issues and 25% of the population of Zimbabwe becoming infected by HIVSlide9

Mugabe attacks the whites

In 2000, veterans of Zimbabwe's war for independence began squatting on land owned by white farmers

70% of Zimbabwe's arable land was owned by 4,000 whites.

In Aug. 2002, Mugabe ordered all white commercial farmers to leave their land without compensationSlide10

Sanctions

Mugabe's support for the squatters and his repressive rule has led to US and EU sanctions against ZimbabweSlide11

Reelection and inflation

In 2002, Mugabe was reelected president for another six years in a blatantly rigged election whose results were enforced by the president's militia.

A

sharp decline in agricultural exports, which was traditionally the country's leading export producing sector led to a severe shortage of hard currency coming in the nation.By 2003, inflation hit 300%Slide12

Economy continues to collapse

In 2004, the IMF estimated that the country had grown one-third poorer in the last five years. Slide13

Attack on the poor

In mid-2005, Zimbabwe demolished its urban slums and shantytowns, leaving 700,000 people homeless in an operation called “Drive Out Trash”.

In 2006, the government launched “Operation Roundup,” which drove 10,000 homeless people out of the capital.Slide14

The worst crisis in the world

Zimbabwe has experienced precipitous hyperinflation and economic ruin.

By the end of 2008, inflation skyrocketed to a 516 quintillion%

Unemployment reached 80%Zimbabwe has the world's lowest life expectancy. (42)Slide15
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2008 election

The opposition Movement for Democratic Change won a majority of the seats in Parliament

Four days after the vote, Morgan

Tsvangirai, the leader of Movement for Democratic Change, declared himself the winner by a slim margin in the presidential electionMugabe refused to concede until the vote count was complete.More than a month after the election, however, the vote was not yet complete.Many observers speculated that Mugabe ordered the delay to either intimidate election officials or to rig the results in his favor.

P

olice raided the offices of the opposition and election monitors and detained dozens of people for questioning.

After the election, supporters of Mugabe began a brutal campaign of violence against the opposition that left more than 30 people dead and hundreds wounded.

Tsvangirai

fled the country, fearing assassination attempts. Slide18

Mugabe continue to fight

Tsvangirai

returned to Zimbabwe in late May of 2008On May 2, election officials finally released the results of the vote, with Tsvangirai defeating President Robert Mugabe, 47.9% to 43.2% but a runoff election was necessary because neither candidate won more than 50%. In the lead-up to the runoff election, police intensified their crackdown on Tsvangirai and members of his party. Indeed, at least 85 supporters of his party were killed in government-backed violence.Officials banned rallies and repeatedly detained Tsvangirai for attempting to do so

Mugabe barred humanitarian groups from providing aid in the country—a drastic move that aid organizations estimated would deny about two million people much-needed assistanceSlide19

Mugabe wins

The runoff election did take place in late June, but it was neither free nor fair.

Nevertheless, Mugabe was elected to a sixth term, taking 85% of the vote.

World leaders condemned the election and the government-sponsored crackdown on the opposition.China and Russia, however, blocked the U.S.-led effort in the UN Security Council to impose sanctions on Zimbabwe. U.S. responded in July by expanding existing sanctionsSlide20
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Agreement?

President Mugabe and

Tsvangirai

agreed to a power-sharing deal in September that called on the leaders to share executive authority. Under the deal, Tsvangirai will serve as prime minister and the opposition will control 13 ministries. The governing party will control 15Mugabe will continue as president. residents facing hungerempty store shelves

a

nonexistent health

system

rampant unemployment

inflation (Since curbed by going to the US dollar)

obvious

political

instability

a

cholera epidemic broke out in August

2008

BUT the nation has seen economic growth in 2009-2011Slide22
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2013 Elections

Mugabe

took 61% of the vote in presidential elections in July 2013, soundly defeating

Tsvangirai. Mugabe's Zanu-PF party also won 158 out of 210 seats in parliament. Tsvangirai alleged the vote was rigged, but decided against challenging the results, saying he would not get a fair hearing.Slide24

Tsvangirai fall out of favor

Tsvangirai

was suspended from his party, the Movement for Democratic Change, in May 2014. His detractors in the party denounced him for failing to defeat Mugabe in 2013's election and accused him of being an undemocratic and incompetent leader.Slide25

Consolidation of Power

In 2014, The

state-run newspaper published accusations that Vice President

Joice Mujuru had conspired to have Mugabe assassinated, and Mugabe's wife, Grace, accused Mujuru of also trying to have her killed.Mujuru, a former guerrilla fighter in the country's war against white rule, was widely considered the successor to Mugabe. She dismissed the allegations as "ridiculous," and she professed her loyalty to Mugabe.Nevertheless, she was ousted from a seat on the governing party's central committee in early December. At the same time, Grace Mugabe was given a leadership position in the party, Zanu-PF. Then, Mugabe fired Mujuru and seven members of his cabinet. He replaced Mujuru with Justice Minister Emmerson Mnangagwa, an ally of Grace Mugabe. Observers speculated that Mugabe wants to ensure his loyalists remain in power after he dies.Slide26

People First

In Sept. 2015, former Vice President

Joice

Mujuru released a political manifesto to position herself as a rival to President Mugabe in the 2018 elections. Part of her manifesto asked for a review of the legislation that has blocked foreign investment for the last ten years. "All persons who call Zimbabwe home shall be entitled to access land and participate in its sustainable utilization," the manifesto said. A former protege of Mugabe, Mujuru planned to launch her own party, People First, to take on his Zanu-PF.The following month, the commander of Zimbabwe's Presidential Guard, Brigadier-General Anselem Sanyatwe, threatened to use violence to stop Mujuru from forming her new party. Already, the Joint Operations Command was closely monitoring Mujuru and her allies as they built structures and gathered volunteers to launch People First by the end of 2015.Slide27

Consolidation of opposition

Joice

Mujuru and Tsvangirai decided after many negotiations to consolidate their parties in an attempt to defeat Mugabe in the 2018 election.They have organized multiple protests which were harshly put down by the government.Slide28

Banning Social Media

The increase in protests being fueled by social media has caused the government to put added monitoring and

prohibitons

on the use of social media in the nation.Slide29

Shortage on Money

The deepening of the economic crisis in Zimbabwe has forced many people to horde their cash as the availability of the American dollar has become severely limited.

Debit cards and the barter system has replaced cash as the primary means of conducting transactions in the country.

The government is considering issuing new bank notes to remedy this issue. Slide30

Who’s Next

Gucci Grace?Slide31
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CNN interview with Mugabe

http

://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-

cCMjU5NffsMugabe 1976:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnGaSbA0aIkMugabe at the UN on homosexualityhttp://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/09/29/mugabe-un-speech-not-gay-succession-nr.cnnMugabe fallshttp://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2015/feb/05/robert-mugabe-falls-down-steps-after-speech-in-zimbabwe-videohttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/cash-strapped-zimbabwe-print-75m-bond-notes-160915150605660.htmlhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2016/aug/31/zimbabwe-facing-most-intense-unrest-in-almost-a-decade-mugabe-video-report

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=gltED2uOEek

http

://

www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/zimbabwe-protest-thousands-call-mugabe-rule-160414150629673.html