Charles W Rice University Distinguished Professor Soil Microbiologist Department of Agronomy KState Research and Extension IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Working Group III 2007 Mitigation ID: 805869
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Slide1
Greenhouse Gases:
Soil Science, Terrestrial Sequestration, and Agricultural Offsets
Charles W. Rice
University Distinguished ProfessorSoil MicrobiologistDepartment of Agronomy
K-State Research and Extension
Slide2IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group III, 2007
Slide3Mitigation
Slide4Source:
Socolow
&
Pacala; Sci. Am., Sept. 20067 wedges needed to reach stabilize carbon emissions
Slide5Slide6Global economic mitigation potential for
different sectors at different carbon prices
IPCC, 2007
Slide7Agriculture
A large proportion of the mitigation potential of agriculture (excluding bioenergy) arises from soil C sequestration, which has strong synergies with sustainable agriculture and generally reduces vulnerability to climate change.
Agricultural practices collectively can make a significant contribution at low cost By increasing soil carbon sinks, By reducing GHG emissions,
By contributing biomass feedstocks for energy use IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group III, 2007
Slide8Global mitigation potential in agriculture
Smith et al. (2008)
Global biophysical mitigation potential (Mt CO
2
seq. yr
-1
)
Cropland Management
Water Management
Rice Management
Setaside LUC & Agroforestry
Grazing land Management
Restoration of Cultivated Organic Soils
Restoration of Degraded Lands
Bioenergy Crops (Soils Component)
Livestock
Manure Management
Global biophysical mitigation potential (Mt CO
2
seq. yr
-1
)
N
2
O
CH
4
CO
2
Slide9Soil Microbial Activity
Soil Organic Matter (C)
CO
2
Harvestable Yield
Sunlight
Climate
Soils
Management
Slide10Many
opportunities for GHG mitigation!
Cropland
Reduced tillageRotationsReduced bare fallowIncreased intensityCover cropsFertility managementNitrogen use efficiencyWater management
Irrigation management
Reduced Tillage
Hairy Vetch as a cover crop
Diversifying rotations
Smart irrigation technologies
Fertilizer Management
Slide11Many
opportunities for GHG mitigation!
Grasslands
Grazing managementFire managementFertilization
Managed Grazing
Controlled Burning
Slide12Management
Physical Protection
Chemical
Microbial composition and activitySubstratequality
Plant
characteristics
H
2
O
Temperature
Clay
Biological
factors
Organics
Clay
Organic C
CO
2
O
2
Disturbance
Conservation of Soil Carbon
Hierarchy of importance
Mineralogy
Slide135 cm
Fonte: Juca S
á
No-till promotes fungal activity
Slide14Soil Aggregation
Aggregate Size Class
MacroaggregatesMicroaggregates
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
>2000
g aggregate 100 g
-1
soil
Restored prairie
No-tillage Sorghum
Tillage Sorghum
<53
a
ab
b
53-250
a
a
b
250-2000
a*
b
b
White and Rice, 2007
Slide15Slide16How long? How deep?
How much?
Soil C content
Cultivation
New
Management
Slide17Slide18Slide19Ag and forestry have the potential to offset 10 - 25 percent of total annual U.S. GHG emissions
Slide20Soil
Organic
Carbon
MicrobialActivity
Nutrient
Cycling
Soil
Structure
Soil
Biodiversity
Water
Erosion
&
Availability
Gaseous Emissions
Plant Growth
Yield
Environmental Services
Sustainability
Slide21Reduction Opportunities
Sequestration
Conservation tillage and crop rotationsCover crops
Grazing practicesForestation, reforestation, forest managementAvoided emissionsBiofuel production
Thermal bio-power and bio-heat
Renewable electrical power
Emission reductions
Manure management
Fertilizer practices N2O
Slide221/8/2010
22
Types of Agricultural & Forestry GHG Offset TransactionsOutright SaleDirect GHG emissions reductions
–N2O, CH4, CO2
Soil/Biomass Carbon – permanent commitment
Term-Limited Lease
Soil carbon storage
Biomass storage
Slide23Induces Change in Uncapped Sectors
Reduces Program Costs
Produces Large Volumes Earlier
Fills the Timing Gap; Bridges to the New Energy FutureOffsets Are Critical for Cap & Trade
Slide24Slide25Examples of feasibility and pilot projects on soil carbon sequestration
Region
Land Use
Land management change
Saskatchewan, Canada
Cropland
Direct seeding / cropping intensification
Pacific Northwest, USA
Cropland
Direct seeding / cropping intensification
Midwest
Iowa, Kansas
Cropland
Grass planting
No-till
New grass plantings
Oaxaca, Mexico
Crop / natural fallow secondary forest
Fruit tree intercrops with annual crops / Conservation tillage
Pampas, Argentina
Cropland
Direct seeding
Kazakhstan
Cropland
Agriculture to grassland
Izaurralde (2004), Rice
Slide26Carbon as a Revenue Crop
Slide27Primary Challenges
Costs
Changes in operating practicesTracking and selling offsetsIncreased input cost (esp. fuel and fertilizer)Getting the correct enabling policy in place
Development of viable marketsInforming ag and forest sectors of opportunities, challenges, alternatives and consequencesShaping our own destiny
Slide28Measurement, Monitoring and Verification
Detecting soil C changes
Difficult on short time scalesAmount of change small compared to total CMethods for detecting and projecting soil C changes (Post et al. 2001)
Direct methodsField measurementsIndirect methodsAccountingStratified accountingRemote sensingModels
Post et al. (2001)
Slide29Primary Challenges
Costs
Changes in operating practicesTracking and selling offsetsIncreased input cost (esp. fuel and fertilizer)Getting the correct enabling policy in place
Development of viable marketsInforming ag and forest sectors of opportunities, challenges, alternatives and consequencesShaping our own destiny
Slide30Production Costs
Iowa State
Roughly a 1.5% increase for corn and soybean farmers by 2020 University of Missouri (FAPRI)Dryland corn 3.2% increase by 2020Irrigated corn 3.5% increase by 2020Soybeans 1.6% by 2020
Slide31Primary Challenges
Costs
Changes in operating practicesTracking and selling offsetsIncreased input cost (esp. fuel and fertilizer)Getting the correct enabling policy in place
Development of viable marketsInforming ag and forest sectors of opportunities, challenges, alternatives and consequencesShaping our own destiny
Slide32Policy
State and Regional Policy
CaliforniaNortheast Region34 State Climate Action Registry (Kansas included)Western Governors AssociationMidwest Governors Association
National PolicyFarm BillMany programs tie to offsetsCSP, EQIPVoluntary RegistryClimate Change Legislation (will ag be included)Cap and Trade
Carbon TaxInternational
Kyoto (EU has a trading platform)
Partnerships
Slide33Waxman-Markey Bill
Sets a cap on GHG emissions
17% reduction by 202083% reduction by 2050Allows 2 billion tons of offsetsSplit equally between domestic and international sources
Allocates ~86% of allowancesRural Cooperatives get a portion
Slide34Peterson Amendments
Makes USDA responsible for managing the agricultural offset program
Further specifies how the offset program will operateProvides protection for "early actors"Incorporates a list of practices that will be eligible for inclusion in the offset program
Commodity Futures Trading Commission regulates the trading of derivatives for emission allowances, offset credits and renewable electricity credits
Slide35Conclusions: Mitigation
Agriculture has a significant role to play in climate mitigation
Agriculture is cost competitive with mitigation options in other sectorsBio-energy crops and improved energy efficiency in agriculture can contribute to further climate mitigation
Agricultural mitigation should be part of a portfolio of mitigation measures to reduce emissions / increase sinks while new, low carbon energy technologies are developed.
Slide36Scientific American’s
Vision of the Future Farm
Scientific American, 2005
Slide37Website
www.soilcarboncenter.k-state.edu/
K-State Research and Extension Chuck Rice
Phone: 785-532-7217Cell: 785-587-7215 cwrice@ksu.edu