Class IV Definite A rticle and C onjunction Waw Dr Esa Autero Definite article and conjunction Waw 11 Introduction Definite and indefinite article in English Noun is definite when preceded by the definite article ID: 800845
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Slide1
LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew II
Class IV: Definite Article and Conjunction WawDr. Esa Autero
Slide2Definite article and conjunction Waw1.1 Introduction
Definite and indefinite article in EnglishNoun is definite when preceded by “the” (definite article)The teacher, the mountain Noun is indefinite when preceded by “a/an” or no articleAn apple, a teacher (indefinite article) OR apple, teacher (no article)Definite article in Hebrew
There is only definite article in Hebrew (no indefinite article in Hebrew)
מֶ֫לֶךְ may be translated as “king” or “a king” Hebrew words w/o definite article are indefiniteExceptions: proper nouns (e.g. Egypt) & nouns w/ possessive pronouns (my ear)
Slide3Definite article and conjunction Waw2.1 Hebrew Definite Article
Form of Hebrew definite article מֶ֫לֶךְ “king” or “a king”A noun is made definite by adding the Hebrew definite article (הַ) in front of the noun AND
adding
Daghesh Forte in the first consonant of the noun מֶ֫לֶךְ
“king” or “a king
” הַמֶּ֫לֶךְ “the king”
Definite articleהַמֶּ֫לֶךְ
Add the definite article =
־־
־
הַ
+
Daghesh
Forte
in the first letter
Slide4Definite article and conjunction WawHebrew words with a definite article – examples
Indefinite noun
Definite
noun
נָבִיאA prophetהַנָּבִיאThe prophetזָקֵןAn elder
הַזָּקֵ
ן
The elder סוּסA horseהַסּוּסThe horse
שֹׁפֵטA judge הַשֹּׁפֵטThe
judge
Slide5Definite article and conjunction WawThe article and initial begadkephat
consonants With begadkephat initial Daghesh Lene changes into Daghesh Forte Nothing
visibly
changes, but
Daghesh Lene is now Daghesh Forte
Indefinite
noun
Definite noun בַּ֫יִת
A houseהַבַּ֫יִתThe houseדֶּ֫רֶ
ךְA roadהַדֶּ֫רֶךְThe roadגִּבּוֹרA warrior הַגִּבּוֹרThe warrior
Daghesh
Lene
changes into
Daghesh
Forte
no
visible
changes
Slide6Definite article and conjunction WawThe article and initial guttural
consonants What to do with Daghesh Forte when first consonant is guttural (or ר)? guttural consonants do not take Daghesh Forte
1) Compensatory lengthening
Initial
Pathach (short a) of the definite article (הַ) lengthens to Qamets (long a) הָ
Definite article compensates for the loss
of Daghesh Forte by lengthening vowelsBasic patterns for compensatory vowel lengthening: Pathach to Qamets
(בָּ בַּ)Hireq to Tsere (בֵּ בִּ
) Qibbuts to Holem (בֹּ בֻּ)
Slide7Definite article and conjunction WawExamples of vowel lengthening
Indefinite noun
Definite
noun
אִישׁA manהָאִישׁThe manא
ִשָּׁה
A woman
הָאִשָּׁהThe womanרֹאשׁA head/leader
הָרֹאשׁThe headע
ִירA cityהָעִירThe city
Slide8Definite article and conjunction Waw2) Virtual doubling
When ה or ח is the first consonant of a noun virtual doubling Nothing happens – (rejection of Daghesh Forte w/o the lengthening of Pathach)
Pathach
does not lengthen in either example
Indefinite
noun
Definite noun הֵיכָלA palace
הַהֵיכָלThe palaceחוֹמָהA wall
הַחוֹמָהThe wall
Slide9Definite article and conjunction Waw3) Irregular Seghol
vowelUnaccented nouns that begin with עָ, הָ or חָ ( חָmay also be accented), have Seghol (short e) without the
Daghesh
Forte (
הֶ )
Indefinite
noun
Definite noun חָכָםWise manהֶחָכָם
The wise man
Slide10Definite article and conjunction WawThe article with initial יְ
and מְ With few exceptions, words that begin with יְ or מְ give up Daghesh Forte.
Daghesh
Forte given up but Pathach is not lengthened This is similar to virtual doubling with gutturals – however, the Shewa under the first consonant is Vocal per similarity to basic form of the article w/ Daghesh Forte
Indefinite
noun
Definite
noun יְלָדִיםBoys
הַיְלָדִיםThe boysמְרַגְּלִיםSpies הַמְרַגְּלִיםThe spies
Slide11Definite article and conjunction WawVowel changes
Basic rules (see previous slides) + exceptions NOTE: concentrate on stable elements – things that do not change - הַ prefix (vowels and Daghesh change)Stem of the word does not change (almost always)Examples of words that have slight irregularities (Qamets under 1st consonant)
Indefinite
noun
Definite
noun
אֶ֫רֶץEarthהָאָ֫רֶץThe earth
עַםPeople הָעָ
םThe people גַּןGarden הַגָּןThe garden הַרMountain הָהָר
The mountain
אֲרוֹ
ן
Ark
הָ
א
ָרוֺ
ן
The
a
rk
Slide12Definite article and conjunction Waw2.2 The Conjunction וְ
וְ is the most frequent word in the Hebrew Bible (<50,000x)On average 2.5x per verse Always prefixed to another word (never stand-alone) ו has four basic spelling possibilities depending on the word it is attached to1) Before most consonants, the conjunction appears as וְ
וְ
עֶ֫בֶד and a servant וְאִשָּׁה and a woman וְהָאִשָּׁה and the woman
Slide13Definite article and conjunction Waw2) Two situation when the conjunction appears differently
a) It is spelled וּ before labials (פ, מ, ב) “BUMP” rulebegadkephat consonants will loose the Daghesh Lene with the conjunction
Conjunction
Waw
and the “BUMP” rule
וְ + בֵֶּי
ן
וּבֵין and betweenוְ + בַּ֫יִתוּבַ֫יִת and a house
וְ + מֶ֫לֶךְוּמֶלֶךְ
and a kingוְ + פַּרְעֹהוּפַרְעֹה and Pharaoh
Slide14Definite article and conjunction Wawb) The conjunction ו
is also spelled as Shureq (וּ) before most consonants having Vocal Shewa
Exception to the rule: if the conjunction
ו
is prefixed to a word that begins with the syllable יְ then the syllables contract to וְ + יְהוּדָה וִהוּדָה and Judah
Conjunction
Waw
and Shureqוְ + נְעָרִיםוּנְעָרִים
and young menוְ + זְעָרִיםוּזְע
ָרִים and seedsוְ + סְפָרִיםוּסְפָרִים and booksוְ + שְׁמוּאֶלוּשְׁמוּאֵל and Samuel
Slide15Definite article and conjunction Waw3) Before a reduced Hateph
vowel – the conjunction is spelled with the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel.
One important exception:
וֵ
אלֹהִים אֱלֹהִים + ו Conjunction Waw
and
Hateph
volwelsוְ + אֲנָשִׁים וַאֲנָשִׁים and men
וְ + אֱמֶת וֶאֱמֶת
and truthוְ + חֳלִי וָחֳלִי and sickness
Slide16Definite article and conjunction Waw4) The conjunction may be spelled with a
Qamets וָ before monosyllabic words and certain word with initial accent How do you know when a word starts with ו
and when it is a conjunction?
Only six words in the Hebrew Bible that start with the consonant
ו The words occur only 18x in the Hebrew Bible in total When you see a word with an initial ו it is most likely the conjunction ו
Conjunction
Waw
and Qamets vowelוְ + צֹאןSheep
וָצֹאןand sheepוְ + לֶ֫חֶ
םBread וָלֶ֫חֶםand bread
Slide17Definite article and conjunction WawPractice
Workbook p. 21, no: 1-5, 10-15p. 22, no: 1-10Homework Workbook p. 23, no:1-9 “Bible Translation” Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbookVocabulary quiz (Ch. 5) on words pp. 46-47 (5.9)
EXAM I POSTPONED BY ONE WEEK
Exam I: Tue 9/29/2015