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LAN  404  Beginning  Hebrew II LAN  404  Beginning  Hebrew II

LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew II - PowerPoint Presentation

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LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew II - PPT Presentation

Class IV Definite A rticle and C onjunction Waw Dr Esa Autero Definite article and conjunction Waw 11 Introduction Definite and indefinite article in English Noun is definite when preceded by the definite article ID: 800845

article definite noun conjunction definite article conjunction noun daghesh forte indefinite hebrew words word initial consonant consonants king

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Slide1

LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew II

Class IV: Definite Article and Conjunction WawDr. Esa Autero

Slide2

Definite article and conjunction Waw1.1 Introduction

Definite and indefinite article in EnglishNoun is definite when preceded by “the” (definite article)The teacher, the mountain Noun is indefinite when preceded by “a/an” or no articleAn apple, a teacher (indefinite article) OR apple, teacher (no article)Definite article in Hebrew

There is only definite article in Hebrew (no indefinite article in Hebrew)

מֶ֫לֶךְ may be translated as “king” or “a king” Hebrew words w/o definite article are indefiniteExceptions: proper nouns (e.g. Egypt) & nouns w/ possessive pronouns (my ear)

Slide3

Definite article and conjunction Waw2.1 Hebrew Definite Article

Form of Hebrew definite article מֶ֫לֶךְ  “king” or “a king”A noun is made definite by adding the Hebrew definite article (הַ) in front of the noun AND

adding

Daghesh Forte in the first consonant of the noun מֶ֫לֶךְ 

“king” or “a king

”  הַמֶּ֫לֶךְ  “the king”

Definite articleהַמֶּ֫לֶךְ

Add the definite article =

־־

־

הַ

+

Daghesh

Forte

in the first letter

Slide4

Definite article and conjunction WawHebrew words with a definite article – examples

Indefinite noun

Definite

noun

נָבִיאA prophetהַנָּבִיאThe prophetזָקֵןAn elder

הַזָּקֵ

ן

The elder סוּסA horseהַסּוּסThe horse

שֹׁפֵטA judge הַשֹּׁפֵטThe

judge

Slide5

Definite article and conjunction WawThe article and initial begadkephat

consonants With begadkephat  initial Daghesh Lene changes into Daghesh Forte Nothing

visibly

changes, but

Daghesh Lene is now Daghesh Forte

Indefinite

noun

Definite noun בַּ֫יִת

A houseהַבַּ֫יִתThe houseדֶּ֫רֶ

ךְA roadהַדֶּ֫רֶךְThe roadגִּבּוֹרA warrior הַגִּבּוֹרThe warrior

Daghesh

Lene

changes into

Daghesh

Forte

 no

visible

changes

Slide6

Definite article and conjunction WawThe article and initial guttural

consonants What to do with Daghesh Forte when first consonant is guttural (or ר)? guttural consonants do not take Daghesh Forte

1) Compensatory lengthening

Initial

Pathach (short a) of the definite article (הַ) lengthens to Qamets (long a)  הָ

Definite article compensates for the loss

of Daghesh Forte by lengthening vowelsBasic patterns for compensatory vowel lengthening: Pathach to Qamets

(בָּ בַּ)Hireq to Tsere (בֵּ בִּ

) Qibbuts to Holem (בֹּ בֻּ)

Slide7

Definite article and conjunction WawExamples of vowel lengthening

Indefinite noun

Definite

noun

אִישׁA manהָאִישׁThe manא

ִשָּׁה

A woman

הָאִשָּׁהThe womanרֹאשׁA head/leader

הָרֹאשׁThe headע

ִירA cityהָעִירThe city

Slide8

Definite article and conjunction Waw2) Virtual doubling

When ה or ח is the first consonant of a noun  virtual doubling  Nothing happens – (rejection of Daghesh Forte w/o the lengthening of Pathach)

Pathach

does not lengthen in either example

Indefinite

noun

Definite noun הֵיכָלA palace

הַהֵיכָלThe palaceחוֹמָהA wall

הַחוֹמָהThe wall

Slide9

Definite article and conjunction Waw3) Irregular Seghol

vowelUnaccented nouns that begin with עָ, הָ or חָ ( חָmay also be accented), have Seghol (short e) without the

Daghesh

Forte (

הֶ )

Indefinite

noun

Definite noun חָכָםWise manהֶחָכָם

The wise man

Slide10

Definite article and conjunction WawThe article with initial יְ

and מְ With few exceptions, words that begin with יְ or מְ give up Daghesh Forte.

Daghesh

Forte given up but Pathach is not lengthened This is similar to virtual doubling with gutturals – however, the Shewa under the first consonant is Vocal per similarity to basic form of the article w/ Daghesh Forte

Indefinite

noun

Definite

noun יְלָדִיםBoys

הַיְלָדִיםThe boysמְרַגְּלִיםSpies הַמְרַגְּלִיםThe spies

Slide11

Definite article and conjunction WawVowel changes

Basic rules (see previous slides) + exceptions NOTE: concentrate on stable elements – things that do not change - הַ prefix (vowels and Daghesh change)Stem of the word does not change (almost always)Examples of words that have slight irregularities (Qamets under 1st consonant)

Indefinite

noun

Definite

noun

אֶ֫רֶץEarthהָאָ֫רֶץThe earth

עַםPeople הָעָ

םThe people גַּןGarden הַגָּןThe garden הַרMountain הָהָר

The mountain

אֲרוֹ

ן

Ark

הָ

א

ָרוֺ

ן

The

a

rk

Slide12

Definite article and conjunction Waw2.2 The Conjunction וְ

וְ is the most frequent word in the Hebrew Bible (<50,000x)On average 2.5x per verse Always prefixed to another word (never stand-alone) ו has four basic spelling possibilities depending on the word it is attached to1) Before most consonants, the conjunction appears as וְ

וְ

עֶ֫בֶד and a servant וְאִשָּׁה and a woman וְהָאִשָּׁה and the woman

Slide13

Definite article and conjunction Waw2) Two situation when the conjunction appears differently

a) It is spelled וּ before labials (פ, מ, ב)  “BUMP” rulebegadkephat consonants will loose the Daghesh Lene with the conjunction

Conjunction

Waw

and the “BUMP” rule

וְ + בֵֶּי

ן

וּבֵין and betweenוְ + בַּ֫יִתוּבַ֫יִת and a house

וְ + מֶ֫לֶךְוּמֶלֶךְ

and a kingוְ + פַּרְעֹהוּפַרְעֹה and Pharaoh

Slide14

Definite article and conjunction Wawb) The conjunction ו

is also spelled as Shureq (וּ) before most consonants having Vocal Shewa

Exception to the rule: if the conjunction

ו

is prefixed to a word that begins with the syllable יְ then the syllables contract to וְ + יְהוּדָה וִהוּדָה and Judah

Conjunction

Waw

and Shureqוְ + נְעָרִיםוּנְעָרִים

and young menוְ + זְעָרִיםוּזְע

ָרִים and seedsוְ + סְפָרִיםוּסְפָרִים and booksוְ + שְׁמוּאֶלוּשְׁמוּאֵל and Samuel

Slide15

Definite article and conjunction Waw3) Before a reduced Hateph

vowel – the conjunction is spelled with the corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel.

One important exception:

וֵ

אלֹהִים אֱלֹהִים + ו Conjunction Waw

and

Hateph

volwelsוְ + אֲנָשִׁים וַאֲנָשִׁים and men

וְ + אֱמֶת וֶאֱמֶת

and truthוְ + חֳלִי וָחֳלִי and sickness

Slide16

Definite article and conjunction Waw4) The conjunction may be spelled with a

Qamets וָ before monosyllabic words and certain word with initial accent How do you know when a word starts with ו

and when it is a conjunction?

Only six words in the Hebrew Bible that start with the consonant

ו The words occur only 18x in the Hebrew Bible in total  When you see a word with an initial ו it is most likely the conjunction ו

Conjunction

Waw

and Qamets vowelוְ + צֹאןSheep

וָצֹאןand sheepוְ + לֶ֫חֶ

םBread וָלֶ֫חֶםand bread

Slide17

Definite article and conjunction WawPractice

Workbook p. 21, no: 1-5, 10-15p. 22, no: 1-10Homework Workbook p. 23, no:1-9 “Bible Translation” Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbookVocabulary quiz (Ch. 5) on words pp. 46-47 (5.9)

EXAM I POSTPONED BY ONE WEEK

Exam I: Tue 9/29/2015