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Measuring physical   capability Measuring physical   capability

Measuring physical capability - PowerPoint Presentation

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Measuring physical capability - PPT Presentation

Background These slides can be used freely translated and adapted to national use eg concerning the equipment and fieldwork organization However it is important to keep in mind that no changes should be made to the measurement techniques which need to be standardized ID: 788988

physical strength capability kuh strength physical kuh capability 2015 2014 muscle bohannon handgrip grip chair stand cooper 2008 2004

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Slide1

Measuring physical

capability

Background

Slide2

These

slides can be used freely, translated and adapted to national use (e.g. concerning the equipment and fieldwork organization). However, it is important to keep in mind that no changes should be made to the measurement techniques, which need to be standardized.

Slide3

Physical capability

Physical capability refers to an individual’s capacity to undertake physical tasks of everyday living (such as rising from a chair, walking at normal speed, carrying heavy loads)

Handgrip strength and chair stand tests are objective measures of physical capability

(

Kuh

et al. 2014; Cooper et al.

2010)

Slide4

Correlates of poor physical capability

Musculoskeletal disorders (for example arthritis, rheumatic disorders)

(

Kuh

et al. 2005)

Chronic diseases (for example CVD)

(Bohannon 2015;

Kuh

et al. 2014; Leong et al. 2015)

Sedentary lifestyle, particularly lack of physical activity

(

Kuh

et al.

2005

; Leong et al. 2015)

Poor nutritional status

(Bohannon 2015)

Genetics

14

– 60 % of differences in handgrip strength

can be explained

by

genetics

(

Silventoinen

et al. 2008;

Tiainen

et al. 2004)

Slide5

Poor physical capability as a risk factor

Poor physical capability, especially at older age relate with higher risk of

Mortality

(Cooper et al. 2010)

Cardiovascular disease

(Cooper et al. 2011)

Accidents (falls) and fractures

(Cooper et al. 2011)

Cognitive decline

(Cooper et al. 2011)

Restrictions in daily activities

(

Kuh

et al. 2014)

Slide6

Muscle strength and physical capability

Measured handgrip strength and chair stand test performance reflect

level of muscle

strength

(Bohannon et al. 2010; Bohannon 2015)

Muscle strength is required for activities of daily living such as stair rising or walking or carrying shopping bags

(

Macaluso

& De Vito 2004;

Rantanen

et al. 1999)

Ageing is related to lower muscle strength

(

Macaluso

& De Vito 2004)

Slide7

Handgrip strength

Peak in 4

th

decade of life and

s

tarts to decline around 5

th

or 6

th

decade

(

Kuh et al. 2014)Relate to gender and height (Leong et al. 2015; Kuh et al. 2005)Low handgrip strength is predictive of difficulties in everyday tasks like toileting, dressing and doing heavy household work (Rantanen et al. 1999)

Slide8

Example of classification of hand grip strength

Classification

Women

Men

Low

17kg

28kg

Medium

25kg

39kg

High

32kg

50kg

Based on 139 691 participants, median age 50 years, representing low-, middle- and high-income countries over the world

Grip strength measured by Jamar dynamometer

(Leong et al. 2015)

Slide9

Chair stand test

Affected by strength, sensorimotor

function,

balance, psychological

factors such as pain or motivation

(Lord et al. 2002

)

Obesity and higher weight related with poorer performance

(

Kuh

et al. 2014, Lord et al. 2002)

In general young subjects perform faster on timed chair test (Bohannon et al. 2008; Kuh et al. 2014)Poor performance or unability to perform predict functional disability in everyday tasks

(

Kuh

et al. 2014)

Slide10

Strengths of physical capability measurements

Both handgrip strength and chair stand tests are

Q

uick to perform (take less 3 minutes)

Easy

Cheap to perform

Only handgrip strength measurement requires a special device

Slide11

Reporting bias

Objective measurements of physical capability using standardized assessment complement self-report

Objective measurements provide improved

validity and reproducibility

ability to capture change over time

comparability

across

studies

due to reduced impact of

cognitive

function, culture, language and educationpossibility to study the variation across a broader spectrum of function (Kuh et al. 2014)

Slide12

Acknowledgements

Slides prepared by: Heini Wennman, Hanna

Tolonen

, Päivikki Koponen

Photographs: Hanna Tolonen

Test demonstrations by voluntary participants

E

xperiences

and feedback from the EHES network

have been utilized in the preparation of these slides

Funding: Preparation of the slides is part of the activities of the EHES Coordinating Centre which has received funding from the EC/DG SANTÉ in 2009-2012 through SANCO/2008/C2/02-SI2.538318 EHES and Grand Agreement number 2009-23-01, and in 2015-2017 through Grand Agreement number 664691/BRIDGE Health

Slide13

Disclaimer

The views expressed here are those of the authors and they do not represent the Commission’s official position.

Slide14

List of references

Bohannon

(2008).

Hand-grip dynamometry predicts future outcomes in aging adults. Review.

J Geriatric Phys

Ther

: 31(1):3-10

Bohannon et al.

(2010).

Sit-to-stand test: Performance and determinants across the age-span.

Isokinet Eexerc Sci: 18: 235-240.Bohannon (2015). Muscle strength: clinical and prognostic value of hand-grip dynamometry. Curr Opin

Clin

Nutr Metab Care: 18: 465 – 470.Cooper et al. (2011). Objective measures of physical capability and subsequent health: a systematic review.

Age

and

Ageing:40:14-23

Kuh

et al.

(2005).

Grip

strength

,

postural

control

, and

functional

leg

power

in a

representative

cohort

of

british

men

and

women

:

Associations

with

physical

activity

,

health

status and

socioeconomic

conditions

. Jour

Geront:Medical

Sciences: 60A. 2: 224-231.

Kuh

et al.

(2014).

A life course approach to healthy aging: maintaining physical capability

.

Proceedings

of the

Nutrition

Society

. 73:237-248.

Leong

et al.

(2015).

Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study

.

Lancet

: 386:

266–73

Lord et al

.

(

2002

).

Sit-to-stand

performance

depends

on

sensation

,

speed

,

balance

, and

psychological

status in

addition

to

strength

in

older

people

.

J

Geront

Med

Sci

: 57A(8):M539-M543

Macaluso

& De

Vito

(2004).

Muscle

strength

,

power

and

adaptations

to

resistance

training

in

older

adults

.

Eur

J

Appl

Phys

: 91: 4: 450-472.

Rantanen et al.

(1999).

Midlife hand grip strength as a predictor of old age disability

.

JAMA: 281: 558-560

Silventoinen et al.

(2008).

Heritability

of

body

size

and

muscle

strength

in

young

adulthood

: A

study

of

one

million

Swedish

men

.

Genet

Epidemiol:32: 341-349.

Tiainen et al.

(2004).

Heritability

of

maximal

isometric

muscle

strength

in

older

female

twins

.

J

App

Phys

: 26: 173-180

.