Background These slides can be used freely translated and adapted to national use eg concerning the equipment and fieldwork organization However it is important to keep in mind that no changes should be made to the measurement techniques which need to be standardized ID: 788988
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Slide1
Measuring physical
capability
Background
Slide2These
slides can be used freely, translated and adapted to national use (e.g. concerning the equipment and fieldwork organization). However, it is important to keep in mind that no changes should be made to the measurement techniques, which need to be standardized.
Slide3Physical capability
Physical capability refers to an individual’s capacity to undertake physical tasks of everyday living (such as rising from a chair, walking at normal speed, carrying heavy loads)
Handgrip strength and chair stand tests are objective measures of physical capability
(
Kuh
et al. 2014; Cooper et al.
2010)
Slide4Correlates of poor physical capability
Musculoskeletal disorders (for example arthritis, rheumatic disorders)
(
Kuh
et al. 2005)
Chronic diseases (for example CVD)
(Bohannon 2015;
Kuh
et al. 2014; Leong et al. 2015)
Sedentary lifestyle, particularly lack of physical activity
(
Kuh
et al.
2005
; Leong et al. 2015)
Poor nutritional status
(Bohannon 2015)
Genetics
14
– 60 % of differences in handgrip strength
can be explained
by
genetics
(
Silventoinen
et al. 2008;
Tiainen
et al. 2004)
Slide5Poor physical capability as a risk factor
Poor physical capability, especially at older age relate with higher risk of
Mortality
(Cooper et al. 2010)
Cardiovascular disease
(Cooper et al. 2011)
Accidents (falls) and fractures
(Cooper et al. 2011)
Cognitive decline
(Cooper et al. 2011)
Restrictions in daily activities
(
Kuh
et al. 2014)
Slide6Muscle strength and physical capability
Measured handgrip strength and chair stand test performance reflect
level of muscle
strength
(Bohannon et al. 2010; Bohannon 2015)
Muscle strength is required for activities of daily living such as stair rising or walking or carrying shopping bags
(
Macaluso
& De Vito 2004;
Rantanen
et al. 1999)
Ageing is related to lower muscle strength
(
Macaluso
& De Vito 2004)
Slide7Handgrip strength
Peak in 4
th
decade of life and
s
tarts to decline around 5
th
or 6
th
decade
(
Kuh et al. 2014)Relate to gender and height (Leong et al. 2015; Kuh et al. 2005)Low handgrip strength is predictive of difficulties in everyday tasks like toileting, dressing and doing heavy household work (Rantanen et al. 1999)
Slide8Example of classification of hand grip strength
Classification
Women
Men
Low
17kg
28kg
Medium
25kg
39kg
High
32kg
50kg
Based on 139 691 participants, median age 50 years, representing low-, middle- and high-income countries over the world
Grip strength measured by Jamar dynamometer
(Leong et al. 2015)
Slide9Chair stand test
Affected by strength, sensorimotor
function,
balance, psychological
factors such as pain or motivation
(Lord et al. 2002
)
Obesity and higher weight related with poorer performance
(
Kuh
et al. 2014, Lord et al. 2002)
In general young subjects perform faster on timed chair test (Bohannon et al. 2008; Kuh et al. 2014)Poor performance or unability to perform predict functional disability in everyday tasks
(
Kuh
et al. 2014)
Slide10Strengths of physical capability measurements
Both handgrip strength and chair stand tests are
Q
uick to perform (take less 3 minutes)
Easy
Cheap to perform
Only handgrip strength measurement requires a special device
Slide11Reporting bias
Objective measurements of physical capability using standardized assessment complement self-report
Objective measurements provide improved
validity and reproducibility
ability to capture change over time
comparability
across
studies
due to reduced impact of
cognitive
function, culture, language and educationpossibility to study the variation across a broader spectrum of function (Kuh et al. 2014)
Slide12Acknowledgements
Slides prepared by: Heini Wennman, Hanna
Tolonen
, Päivikki Koponen
Photographs: Hanna Tolonen
Test demonstrations by voluntary participants
E
xperiences
and feedback from the EHES network
have been utilized in the preparation of these slides
Funding: Preparation of the slides is part of the activities of the EHES Coordinating Centre which has received funding from the EC/DG SANTÉ in 2009-2012 through SANCO/2008/C2/02-SI2.538318 EHES and Grand Agreement number 2009-23-01, and in 2015-2017 through Grand Agreement number 664691/BRIDGE Health
Slide13Disclaimer
The views expressed here are those of the authors and they do not represent the Commission’s official position.
Slide14List of references
Bohannon
(2008).
Hand-grip dynamometry predicts future outcomes in aging adults. Review.
J Geriatric Phys
Ther
: 31(1):3-10
Bohannon et al.
(2010).
Sit-to-stand test: Performance and determinants across the age-span.
Isokinet Eexerc Sci: 18: 235-240.Bohannon (2015). Muscle strength: clinical and prognostic value of hand-grip dynamometry. Curr Opin
Clin
Nutr Metab Care: 18: 465 – 470.Cooper et al. (2011). Objective measures of physical capability and subsequent health: a systematic review.
Age
and
Ageing:40:14-23
Kuh
et al.
(2005).
Grip
strength
,
postural
control
, and
functional
leg
power
in a
representative
cohort
of
british
men
and
women
:
Associations
with
physical
activity
,
health
status and
socioeconomic
conditions
. Jour
Geront:Medical
Sciences: 60A. 2: 224-231.
Kuh
et al.
(2014).
A life course approach to healthy aging: maintaining physical capability
.
Proceedings
of the
Nutrition
Society
. 73:237-248.
Leong
et al.
(2015).
Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study
.
Lancet
: 386:
266–73
Lord et al
.
(
2002
).
Sit-to-stand
performance
depends
on
sensation
,
speed
,
balance
, and
psychological
status in
addition
to
strength
in
older
people
.
J
Geront
Med
Sci
: 57A(8):M539-M543
Macaluso
& De
Vito
(2004).
Muscle
strength
,
power
and
adaptations
to
resistance
training
in
older
adults
.
Eur
J
Appl
Phys
: 91: 4: 450-472.
Rantanen et al.
(1999).
Midlife hand grip strength as a predictor of old age disability
.
JAMA: 281: 558-560
Silventoinen et al.
(2008).
Heritability
of
body
size
and
muscle
strength
in
young
adulthood
: A
study
of
one
million
Swedish
men
.
Genet
Epidemiol:32: 341-349.
Tiainen et al.
(2004).
Heritability
of
maximal
isometric
muscle
strength
in
older
female
twins
.
J
App
Phys
: 26: 173-180
.