installpackagesmosaicnotethequotationmarksOncethisisinstalleditcanbeloadedbyrunningthecommand requiremosaicThisneedstobedoneoncepersessionInadditionthedata lesfortheSleuthcasestudiescanbe ID: 171107
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2MOTIVATIONANDCREATIVITY2 �install.packages("mosaic")#notethequotationmarksOncethisisinstalled,itcanbeloadedbyrunningthecommand: �require(mosaic)Thisneedstobedoneoncepersession.InadditionthedatalesfortheSleuthcasestudiescanbeaccessedbyinstallingtheSleuth2package. �install.packages("Sleuth2")#notethequotationmarks �require(Sleuth2)Wealsosetsomeoptionstoimprovelegibilityofgraphsandoutput. �trellis.par.set(theme=col.mosaic())#getabettercolorschemeforlattice�options(digits=3)ThespecicgoalofthisdocumentistodemonstratehowtocalculatethequantitiesdescribedinChapter1:DrawingStatisticalConclusionsusingR.2MotivationandCreativityForCaseStudy1:MotivationandCreativity,thefollowingquestionsareposed:Dogradingsystemspromotecreativityinstudents?Dorankingsystemsandincentiveawardsincreaseproductivityamongemployees?Dorewardsandpraisestimulatechildrentolearn?Dorewardsandpraisestimulatechildrentolearn?ThedataforCaseStudy1wascollectedbypsychologistTeresaAmabileinanexperimentconcerningthee ectsofintrinsicandextrinsicmotivationoncreativity(page2oftheSleuth).2.1StatisticalsummaryandgraphicaldisplayWebeginbyreadingthedataandsummarizingthevariables. �summary(case0101)ScoreTreatmentMin.:5.0Extrinsic:231stQu.:14.9Intrinsic:24Median:18.7Mean:17.93rdQu.:21.2Max.:29.7StatisticalSleuthinR:Chapter1 2MOTIVATIONANDCREATIVITY5 data:ScorebyTreatmentt=-2.92,df=43.1,p-value=0.005618alternativehypothesis:truedifferenceinmeansisnotequalto095percentconfidenceinterval:-7.01-1.28sampleestimates:meaningroupExtrinsicmeaningroupIntrinsic15.719.9Thetwo-samplet-testshowsstrongevidencethatasubjectwouldreceivealowercreativityscoreforapoemwrittenaftertheextrinsicmotivationquestionnairethanforonewrittenaftertheintrinsicmotivationquestionnaire.Thetwo-sidedp-valueis0.006,whichissmallenoughtorejectthenullhypothesis.Thus,wecanconcludethatthereisadi erencebetweenthepopulationmeaninextrinsicgroupandthepopulationmeanfortheintrinsicgroup;theestimateddi erencebetweenthesetwoscoresis4.1pointsonthe0-40pointscale.A95%condenceintervalforthedecreaseinscoreduetohavingextrinsicmotivationratherthanintrinsicmotivationisbetween-1.28and-7.01points(Sleuth,page3). �summary(lm(Score~Treatment,data=case0101))Call:lm(formula=Score~Treatment,data=case0101)Residuals:Min1QMedian3QMax-10.74-2.981.062.969.82Coefficients:EstimateStd.Errortvalue�Pr(|t|)(Intercept)15.741.0115.55***TreatmentIntrinsic4.141.422.930.0054**---Signif.codes:0 *** 0.001 ** 0.01 * 0.05 . 0.1 1Residualstandarderror:4.85on45degreesoffreedomMultipleR-squared:0.16,AdjustedR-squared:0.141F-statistic:8.56on1and45DF,p-value:0.00537Inthecreativitystudy,thequestionthatwhetherthereisatreatmente ectbecomesaquestionaboutwhethertheparameterhasanonzerovalue.Thevalueoftheteststatisticforthecreativityscoresis4.14.2.3PermutationtestStatisticalSleuthinR:Chapter1