Haemaphysalis Longicornis potential Impacts to Equids in the United States Angela PelzelMcCluskey DVM ms Equine epidemiologist Strategy and policy Usda aphisveterinary services October 2018 ID: 764111
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Haemaphysalis Longicornis: potential Impacts to Equids in the United StatesAngela Pelzel-McCluskey, DVM, msEquine epidemiologistStrategy and policyUsda-aphis-veterinary servicesOctober 2018
Index Finding: Aug-Nov 2017Hunterdon County, NJAugust 2017: sheep owner in NJ presents ticks to the county entomologistLate October/Early November: sheep examined; heavy infestation with unusual ticksMolecular ID by Rutgers then confirmed by NVSL to be Haemaphysalis longicornisFirst detection in the U.S. outside of import quarantine
Haemaphysalis longicornisAsian longhorned tick3 host hard tick exotic to the U.S.Originally from North East Asia then expanded into Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Rim countriesPrefers meadow areas where rain>5 cm/monthSurvives harsh wintersParthenogenic: female can reproduce in the absence of a maleCreates explosive mini populations
HostsPrimarily CattleBut also: sheep, dogs, humans, yak, donkeys, hedgehogs, horses, pigs, ducks, turkeys, chickens, mynas, magpies, pheasants, budgerigar, thrush, skylark, kiwis, banded rails, sparrows, rabbits, goats, badgers, cats, deer, bears, foxes, raccoons, kangaroos, chipmunks, rats, mice, ferrets, stoats, weasels, brushtail opossums, wallaroos, wallabies, bandicoots, etc. Additional US: coyotes, groundhogs, grey foxZheng et al 2011
H. longicornis Collection at NVSLNVSL collection contains a dozen previous examples collected from 1969-2011 from imported animalsUsually horses presented for entry from New Zealand or Australia5
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StateSpecies Found InfestedDate of Earliest FindingArkansasDogMay 2018ConnecticutEnvironmentJuly 2018New JerseySheep, goat, horse, dog, deer, raccoon, opossum, groundhogDog - 2013New YorkHuman, environmentHuman – June 2018MarylandDeerJuly 2018 North CarolinaOpossum, human, dogOpossum - 2017 PennsylvaniaDeer, human, environmentDeer – July 2018 Virginia Cattle, horse, deer, goat, dog, environment CO2 trap – March 2017 West Virginia Cattle, dogs, deer, cat, coyote, environment Deer – August 2010 7
Known pathogens:Anaplasma phagocytophilumAnaplasma bovisBorrelia spp.Babesia ovataBabesia majorBabesia gibsoniBabesia bigemina and bovisEhrlichia chafeensisRickettsia japonicaTheileria equiTheileria orientalisPowassan virusKhasan virusTick-borne encephalitis virusRussian Spring-Summer Encephalitis Virus Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia syndromeHuaiyangshan virus hemorrhagic feverThogotoviruses (Thogoto virus, Bourbon virus)
Testing of H. longicornis collected from NJ:RT-PCR negative at the CDC: Powassan, Bourbon, and Heartland virus120 tick samples negative for:Borrelia burgdorferiBorrelia miyamotoiAnaplasma phagocytophilumBabesia microtiEhrlichia chafeensisEhrlichia ewingiiNJ infested sheep tested negative for:Babesia bigeminaBabesia bovis Theileria spp.Rickettsia Anaplasma marginale Ehrlichia ruminatium Coxiella burnetii SFTS virus (Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, a human disease). 9
Virginia: Beef cattle premises with Theileria orientalisDecember 2017: FAD investigation conducted on Albemarle County, VA beef herd. Clinical signs consistent with anemia.Mortality 7/120 animals NVSL confirmed Theileria orientalis in six animals within the herd.March 2018: Ticks collected from orphaned calf on the farm. NVSL confirmed H. longicornis.H. longicornis is a known competent vector for T. orientalis in New Zealand and Australia 10
Potential impacts to equidsStress, reduced growth and production, anemia, weight loss, severe blood lossCompetent vector for:Theileria equi Anaplasma phagocytophilumBorrelia burgdorferiPowassan virus2018 China: report of H. longicornis harboring Francisella tularensisUnknown competency for new and emerging diseasesEncourage submission of ticks found on clinically ill horses (fever, anemia, neurologic, non-specific illness cases) 11
Horses as Pathways of Entry for Exotic PestsHistory of H. longicornis isolations from horses in import quarantineWorld Equestrian Games 2018Hippobosca equina (horse louse fly) from FranceCollected from a group of imported horses at the Tryon International Equestrian CenterFound only in the Eastern hemisphereNot a known vector of any disease agentsIrritating bite. Observed moving between horses at the facility. Hyalomma marginatum ticks from PortugalCollected from 2 different imported horses at the Tryon International Equestrian CenterFound in the Eastern hemisphere and Mediterranean BasinKnown vector for B. caballi, T. equi, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, several other viruses and Rickettsia transmissible to humans Collected only twice previously – 1966 imported horses from Spain, 1981 shipment of cork from EuropeBoth host horses piroplasmosis positive; entered the event on a piro waiver 12
AcknowledgementsDenise Bonilla, APHIS-VSUSDA APHIS VS SPRS USDA APHIS Wildlife ServicesUSDA ARSUSDA APHIS VS CEAH and NVSLDepartments of Agriculture in all affected StatesNJ Dept of EnvironmentNY State Dept of HealthSCWDS RutgersCDCNJ Public HealthMonmouth Co Vector ControlHunterdon Co, NJ NJ State Mosquito ControlVA Tech 13
Angela Pelzel-McCluskey, DVM, MSEquine EpidemiologistSheep, Goat, Cervid, and Equine Health CenterStrategy and Policy USDA-APHIS-Veterinary ServicesAngela.M.Pelzel@aphis.usda.gov970-494-7391 14