Nisitapi The Real People The Blackfeet Tribe consists of three bands The Blackfoot Siksika The Blood Kainai The Peigan Pikuni The only band that resides in the United States of America is the Southern Peigan ID: 312575
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Slide1
The Blackfeet Tribe
Nisitapi
The Real PeopleSlide2
The Blackfeet Tribe consists of three bands.The Blackfoot (Siksika)The Blood (Kainai)
The Peigan (Pikuni)
The only band that resides in the United States of America is the Southern Peigan.All other bands reside in Canada.
Who are the people?
McClintock, W. (1999).
The Old North Trail: Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians.
Nebraska: University of Nebraska PressSlide3
The most northern band of the tribe.Running Rabbit (1900)
The Blackfoot (Siksika)
Ewers, J. C. (1958).
The Blackfeet: Raiders of the Northwestern Plains
. Nebraska: University of Nebraska PressSlide4
The Blood name was given to the band by the fur traders.Kainai means Many Chiefs.Bird Rattler (1916)
The Blood (Kainai)
Ewers, J. C. (1958).
The Blackfeet: Raiders of the Northwestern Plains
. Nebraska: University of Nebraska PressSlide5
The band split into the Northern Pikuni and Southern Pikuni due to the US/Canada border.White Calf (1896)
The Peigan (Pikuni)
Ewers, J. C. (1958).
The Blackfeet: Raiders of the Northwestern Plains
. Nebraska: University of Nebraska PressSlide6
The Blackfeet believe they have lived since time immemorial to the present.Genetics suggests the Blackfeet people migrated over the Bering Strait land bridge.
Archeology has evidence of people being in the Blackfeet Territory at the end
of the ice age 15,000 BP.Other evidence indicates the people are from
11,500 BP or the
end of
the Llano period and the
start
of the Folsom period which would be the beginning of the dog days for the Blackfeet.
When did they live?
Citations on the following slidesSlide7
Possible Migration Routes
Roberts, D.F., Fujiki, N. and Torizuka, N. (1992).
Isolation, Migration and Health.
33rd Symposium Volume of the Society for Study of Human Biology.Slide8
Blood Type A: Central and Eastern EuropeType A is common in Central and Eastern Europe. In countries such as Austria, Denmark, Norway, and Switzerland, about 45-50% of the population have this blood
type. The
highest frequencies are found in small, unrelated populations. For example, about 80% of the Blackfoot Indians of Montana have blood type A.
This suggests the Blackfeet’s immemorial bloodlines migrated out of East Africa and went east to Asia then over the Bering Strait.
For more information check out:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2264/#ch2.1.4Ch.
Genetic Evidence
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2264/#ch2.1.4Ch.Slide9
15,000 BP at the end of the ice age
Reeves conducted archeological digs throughout Southern Alberta and Glacier National Park and found evidence of occupancy that dates back to the end of the last Ice Age.
11,500 BP
at the start of the Folsom period.Begley suggests that the first Americans occupied the area where the Blackfeet are currently at.
Early Archeological
E
vidence
Reeves, B. O. K. (2001).
Our Mountains Are Our
Pillows. Montana: Glacier National Park. Begley
, S. (1999).
The First Americans
. Newsweek (Atlantic Edition), 133(23), 58.Slide10
The arrowheads found in the original homeland of the
Blackfeet were dated back from
500-5,000 BP. All the arrowheadsa
re consistent with the Blackfeet.
Other Archeological
E
vidence
http://www.trailtribes.org/greatfalls/since-time-immemorial.htmSlide11
Language experts suggested that the Blackfeet language and tribe originated north of the Great Lakes region because of phonemic ties they made between the Blackfeet language and the Algonquin language.
They believe the language and tribe migrated to the west from the Great Lakes region until they found the land they currently occupy.
This is a misconception.
Linguistics (Language)
http://
www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/blackfeet/pastpreset.htmSlide12
Ives Goddard is the leading Algonquin language expert and employed at the Smithsonian Institute.Goddard believes, after his extensive research on the topic, that the language originated with the Blackfeet tribe around the Montana/Alberta area
8,000 BP
and migrated in a West-to-East fashion to the Great Lakes dropping off subsets along the way.The Blackfeet language is the Proto-language for the Algonquin language which is why the languages are distinctly different.
Ives Goddard
Goddard, I. (1994).
The
West-to-East Cline in Algonquian
Dialectology
. Ottawa
: Carleton University.Slide13
Evidence (bison bones) suggests that the Blackfeet have been using this buffalo jump from about 6,000-3,000 BP.
Head Smashed In Buffalo Jump
http://www.history.alberta.ca/headsmashedin/default.aspxSlide14
Head Smashed In Archeological
D
ig Site
http://www.history.alberta.ca/headsmashedin/default.aspxSlide15
Skulls found at the dig site
http://www.history.alberta.ca/headsmashedin/default.aspxSlide16
The Blackfeet did not migrate westward from the Great Lakes area.The Blackfeet lived from the North Saskatchewan River
(north) to the
Yellowstone River (south) and from the Continental Divide (west) to the headwaters of the Missouri River
(east).Now, the tribe lives on reserved lands that are only a fraction of the original homeland.
Where did they live?
Clark, E. E. (1954).
Indian Legends of the Northern Rockies
. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma PressSlide17
The original homeland vs. the present day reservations
www.bing.com/images/search?q=the+blackfoot+indian+tribe&qpvt=the+blackfoot+indian+tribeSlide18
The Blackfeet have left a culture based upon principles of hard work, self motivation, responsibility to become a positive role model, language, ceremonies (sun dance), customs (powwow, sweats), art/artwork, calendar sticks, buckskin timelines, shelters, traditional plant use knowledge, traditional
games, hunting techniques,
and buffalo jumps, etc.
What did they leave behind for us?
http://www.blackfeetnation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=18Slide19
The Blackfeet culture still lives.
http://fineartamerica.com/featured/blackfeet-pow-wow-01-ausra-paulauskaite.htmlSlide20
The Blackfeet produced and created everything they needed that didn’t require a plug in or the use of electricity that we have
today.
What did they produce or create?
http://www.glenbow.org/blackfoot/EN/flash/index.htmSlide21
Buffalo uses (Food)
http://www.glenbow.org/blackfoot/EN/flash/index.htmSlide22
http://www.glenbow.org/blackfoot/EN/flash/index.htmThis website gives viewers an opportunity to understand many aspects of the Blackfeet ways of life.
“How We Lived with the Buffalo” provides simulations of buffalo jumps, camp life, uses of the buffalo, etc.
Virtual Interaction with Buffalo
http://www.glenbow.org/blackfoot/EN/flash/index.htmSlide23
Teepee Displays (Shelter)
Museum of the Plains Indians, Browning, MTSlide24
Attire and Regalia (Clothing)
Museum of the Plains Indians, Browning, MTSlide25
Horn Spoons
Museum of the Plains Indians, Browning, MTSlide26
Other items include cradle boards, backrests, and drums
Museum of the Plains Indians, Browning, MTSlide27
The Blackfeet were pedestrian in the dog days. At the beginning 1730, the Blackfeet began to acquire horses and became equestrian.
What did they use for transportation?
Ewers, J. C. (1958).
The Blackfeet: Raiders of the Northwestern Plains
. Nebraska: University of Nebraska PressSlide28
Dog Days
http://www.wwu.edu/skywise/legends.htmlSlide29
Horse Days
http://homepage.eircom.net/~pharan/shelter2.htmlSlide30
Family Taking a Break
http://homepage.eircom.net/~pharan/shelter2.htmlSlide31
The Blackfeet filled their leisure time with traditional games, making tools, weapons, telling stories, discussing history, playing with
dogs, and later
on playing with horses.
What did they do for recreation?
Ewers, J. C. (1958).
The Blackfeet: Raiders of the Northwestern Plains
. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press
McClintock, W. (1999). The Old North Trail: Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians
. Nebraska: University of Nebraska
PressSlide32
Stick gameTraditional Games
http://wisdomoftheelders.org/2011/08/01/program-208-tribal-rhythms/Slide33
Making tools and weapons
Museum of the Plains Indians, Browning, MTSlide34
Telling Stories and discussing history
McClintock, W. (1999).
The Old North Trail: Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians
. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press
http
://nativeamericanencyclopedia.com/blackfoot-mythology/Slide35
Playing with dogs
McClintock, W. (1999).
The Old North Trail: Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians
. Nebraska: University of Nebraska PressSlide36
Playing with horses
http://www.flickr.com/photos/msulibrary/3060832615Slide37
The Blackfeet Tribe organized themselves into family and extended family, bands, and tribe. They also developed societies known for wisdom and leadership.
The men
and women each had a role to play in camp. The men hunted and protected while the women took care of the lodges and children.
What family patterns did they have?
Crowshoe
, R. &
Manneschmidt
, S. (2002).
Akak'stiman
. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary PressSlide38
The Blackfeet men centered on hunting and warfare. They were the role models for the boys.
Men’s role
Crowshoe
, R. & Manneschmidt, S. (2002). Akak'stiman
. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary PressSlide39
The Blackfeet women centered on taking care of the lodge and the children.They pitch the camp, tan the hides, dry meat, cook, etc.
Women’s roles
Crowshoe
, R. & Manneschmidt, S. (2002).
Akak'stiman
. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary PressSlide40
Women roles
http://nativeamericanencyclopedia.com/blackfoot-mythologySlide41
Tanning Hides
http://www.glenbow.org/blackfoot/EN/flash/index.htmSlide42
Camp life
http://nativeamericanencyclopedia.com/blackfoot-mythologySlide43
The Blackfeet used story hides, story sticks, winter counts, etc.
They also used sodalities
of age grade cohorts that were the first societies of a class system that was
dependent upon entering and being a member of non-kinship societies. Upon
graduation from the sodality
societies, the following societies
began with the
mosquitoes, and by attaining the knowledge of present sodality level,
was the
way boys could
purchase their way to next level of sodality or
society.
Thus,
a culture based upon choosing to become a hardworking, self motivated,
responsible,
positive role
model.
How did they educate the young?
http://www.trailtribes.org/greatfalls/since-time-immemorial.htmSlide44
Story hides
http://www.trailtribes.org/greatfalls/since-time-immemorial.htmSlide45
Sodalities
http
://nativeamericanencyclopedia.com/blackfoot-mythology/Slide46
The Blackfeet controlled their bands through a level of society that was an option for young men at that
age,
known as the Crazy Dogs Society, and it was the closest thing to a police or security in the camp.The band was
governed by a leader or chief that was the final say in the various aspects of the camp such as movement, spiritual, military, personal conflicts, etc.
How did they govern and control their society?
Crowshoe
, R. &
Manneschmidt
, S. (2002).
Akak'stiman
. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary PressSlide47
Some of the Blackfeet’s customs included the Sun dance, sweats, powwows, drumming
, singing, and dancing, bundles, prayers,
smudge, etc.The Blackfeet believed the Sun is the Creator.Napi is a disciple of the Sun and created what we see today.
What customs and beliefs did they hold?
Bullchild
, P. (1985).
The Sun Came Down: The history of the World as My Blackfeet Elders Told It
. New York, NY: Harper & RowSlide48
Sun dances and sweats
McClintock, W. (1999).
The Old North Trail: Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians.
Nebraska: University of Nebraska
PressSlide49
Powwows, drumming, and singing
http://arc.lib.montana.edu/schultz-0010/item/151Slide50
The Blackfeet Tribe was affected by all aspects involving European fur traders and establishments of military forts.
What events affected their lives?
Lowen
, J. W. (1995). Lies my teacher told me: Everything your American history textbook got wrong
. New York, NY: Simon & SchusterSlide51
The Blackfeet had to deal with hardships that included diseases, guns, alcohol, assimilation, boarding schools, starvation, and reservations.
What problems did they have?
Lowen
, J. W. (1995). Lies my teacher told me: Everything your American history textbook got wrong
. New York, NY: Simon & SchusterSlide52
Boarding Schools and Assimilation
http://clevelandhota.blogspot.com/2010/01/assimilation-of-native-americans.htmlSlide53
Starvation
http://www-lib.ou.edu/locations/docs/westhist/Campbell/black.htmlSlide54
The Blackfeet Tribe had to succumb, assimilate, adapt, and overcome in order to survive to today.
How did they deal with these problems?
http://
www.blackfeetnation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=18Slide55
Check out the Blackfeet Nations websites for each band for current events:http://siksikanation.com/
http://bloodtribe.drupalgardens.com/
http://www.blackfeetnation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=18
The Blackfeet Today
http://siksikanation.com/
http://bloodtribe.drupalgardens.com/
http://www.blackfeetnation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=18