Getting to the root of the “Root” word - PowerPoint Presentation

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Getting to the root of the “Root” word

Etymology 101

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What Did Europeans Create?

THE ONLY THINGS IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE THE EUROPEANS CREATED WERE THE DISTORATION; THE LIE; THE HIDDEN INFORMATION

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Etymology is the study of the etymon or origin of words.

Last week, we discussed the meaning of words with the roots

ori

, nat, gen, and

kin

. All of these words relate back to the idea of BIRTH and the SOURCE. The etymon is the root meaning of the word. Etymology can increase the number of words a child can learn per week.Etymology can help students learn at least 60 new words per week.

Review: Why Etymology?

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Europeans have used linguistics to socially control us via our misunderstanding of language. By applying connotative or additional/shaded meanings to words, we bury the denotative meaning, which suppresses the true meaning of the word.

The meaning of words all have a cultural context. Europeans added connotative meanings to words to take the word out of its cultural context; this causes misunderstanding or lack of knowledge of ancient customs and practices.

We want to get back to the principles and customs of our ancient mothers and fathers so that we can use astrology, geometry, metaphysics, and cosmology to heal ourselves and heighten our frequency.

Review: Why Etymology?

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Etymology

The key to developing ones’ vocabulary is etymology.

Etymology

: The study of the origins of words.

Etym

(true sense; origin) + ology (the study of)Etymology consists ofWord Parts (Affixes and Roots)

Word Origins (Latin; Greek; German; etc…)

How words change over time

Word cognates in various languages within a language family.

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Word Parts: Prefix

A prefix is a word part that is placed at the beginning of a word.

Pre

(before) + fix (to fasten)

Other Examples:

Review React

Inter

view

Inter

act

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Word Parts: Prefix

A

prefix

changes the meaning of a wordExamples: construct; reconstruct; deconstruct

Struct

(the root) means to buildCon + struct: to build together/withRe + con + struct: to build together againDe + con + struct

: to build down

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Prefix Rules

A prefix can function as an intensifier.

Example:

Confirm

: con + firm (to make more firm).

Firm is a root indicating strength.

Obtain

:

ob

+

tain (a stronger version of

attain

). The root

tain

means to

stretch

and

hold.

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Word Parts: Suffix

A suffix is a word part that is placed at the end of a word.

Suff

(after) + fix (to fasten)

Other Examples:

hopeful goodness

law

ful

happi

ness

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Word Parts: Suffix

A

suffix can change the part of speech of a

wordNoun Suffix Endings

-age: mileage; postage; damage

-ship: fellowship; friendship; sportsmanshipVerb Suffix Endings-ate (calculate; meditate; evaporate)- ize

/

ise

(memorize; sympathize; comprise)

Adjective Suffix Ending

- able (capable; lovable)

-al (national; natural; seasonal)

Adverb Endings

-

ly

(nationally; naturally; swiftly)

- where (somewhere; anywhere)

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Suffix Rules

A word can have as many as three suffixes

Example: constitution; constitutional; constitutionality

Root:

sti

: to stand Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tionCon (prefix) +

sti

(

tu

) +

tion + alCon (prefix) + sti

(

tu

) +

tion

+

al

+ ity

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Suffix Rules

Suffixes have meanings

Like

Musical; comical; classical

Fantastic; realistic; Slavic

State of/Condition/QualityAppointment; retirementInsistence; patience; inheritanceOne who:

Physician; musician; politician

Teacher; barber; carpenter

Artist; pianist; astrologist

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Word Parts: Roots

What is the Root?

The root is the main part of a word. It is the part of the word which the prefix and suffix are fastened.

Remember:

pre (before) + fix (fasten)

suf (after) + fix (fasten)Think of the roots as the anchor that carries the basic meaning of a word.

The root word part is like the root of a plant. It carries meaning or nutrients to allow a word to blossom and grow.

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Word Parts: Roots

Cred: to believe

Incredible

: In (not) + cred (believe) + ible

(able)

Definition: not able to believe Creditor:Cred(it) + or (a person who)Definition: a person that determines whether you can be trusted or believed

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Word Parts: Roots

Ject

: to throw

Reject:

Re (back) +

ject (throw):Definition: to throw backProject:Pro (forward) + ject (throw)Definition: to throw forward

Interject

:

Prefix: Inter

Definition: to throw between

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Word Parts: All Together

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Prefix

Root

Suffix3P 2P 1P 0 1S 2S 3S

_______________________________________________

Prefix-Suffix-Root Line

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Conspicuous

con +

spic

+ uous

:

visible, open to view, striking ResistRe +

sist

To stand against

What’s the Root of this Word?

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Respect

Re +

spect

To look back (and see someone); to regard

 RestitutionRe + sti(t) + ut(e) + ion

The quality or condition of standing again

 

Institute

In +

stit

+

ut

(e) + ion

To cause to stand (i.e. establish)

What’s the Root of this Word?

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Reparations

Re +

par

+at(e) + ionThe condition or quality of putting back in order/arranging (par=to arrange; re=again)

EstablishE + stabl(e) + ish

To make stable

What’s the Root of this Word?

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Regard

Re +

gard

(as in guard)To look or to heed

Subject

Sub + jectTo throw under

 

Speculative

Spec

+ (

ul

) + at(e) +

ive

Describing something that has been looked at or examined intellectually

 

What’s the Root of this Word?

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Which words have similar

meanings

Speculative; conspicuous

Restitution; reparationEstablish; instituteRespect; regard

Think about your understanding of the word

subject. It is used in various contexts. One context is school. Knowing the definition, why do you think they refer to the different fields of study as “subjects”.

Semantic Discussions

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Another context of

subject

is to use it as a verb- to subject a person to cruel and unusual punishment is a violation of the Constitution. How does this relate back to our understanding of the denotative meaning of the word subject

?

The word resist has the same root form as

consist

,

insist

,

and assist. Based on the change in prefix, what is the meaning of the each of the three words mentioned above?

Semantic

Discussions (con…)

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The Matrix Map (Beginner)

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The Matrix Map (Advanced)

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The Matrix Map (Beginner)

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The Matrix Map (Advanced)

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Word and the National Origin

English is the youngest language on the planet; it is a compilation of tongues of the world. We are often told that these words are mostly from Latin and Greek; however, most words can be traced back to Sanskrit, Hebrew, and Egyptian.

Knowing the origin of words is important because it can direct you to the basic and most fundamental meaning of a word.

Words have

connotative

and denotative meanings (see in slides later). Having knowledge of both will help you understand more accurately many of the words with which you already may be somewhat familiar.

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Denotation vs

Connotation

Denotation

: This is the literal meaning of a word. It translates as

from the letters/markings

. That is, the meaning is from the original markings (see etymology).Connotation:This is the shaded/colored meaning. It translates as added letters/markings

Slide30

What is the Connotation?

Stench

Definition:

a smell, a scent, an odor.

Etymology: O.E.

stenc; Old Saxon stanc; Old German stank- to emit a smell. Evil odor meaning applied in 1200 c.

Scent

Definition:

what can be smelled.

Etymology: O.F.

sentir

; Latin

sentire

- to feel, perceive, sense, discern, hear, see

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Defining Words: The Matrix Principle

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Indo European

refers to the language and people

that historically range from Europe to present day India

. Indo Europeans

existed during Bronze Age

and yet had to split into sub-families, such as Armenian, Albanian, Anatolian, , Baltics, Slavic,

Celtic

,

Germanic

,

Hellenic (Greek),

Indo-Iranian /Aryan

,

Italic

,

and

Tocharian

. There are 439 languages and dialects amongst these sub-families, which further break down into several hundred languages families

.Note: Baltic and Slavic are often combined into one sub-family group, called the Balto-Slavic language family.

Indo European Languages

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Indo-European Language Family Tree

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English is a Western Germanic language that follows a Latin spelling pattern; thus, it appears to be a Romance language, which is linguistically classified as Italic.

We

often look Proto-Indo-European roots of words because their cognates in various languages hold the same meaning. For example:

Proto Indo European Roots

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Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is not a language, but a reconstruction of a language said to be the ancestor of modern Indo-European Languages. It was spoken in an (as of yet) unidentified area between eastern Europe and the Aral Sea around the fifth millennium

B.C°.

American Heritage

DictionaryPIE roots are the most basic form of the root of a word to which it can be traced back to throughout the Indo European family of languages. The map provides a good indication of how this works.

Proto Indo European Roots

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[Looking in the Brackets]

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[Looking

in the

Brackets]

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[Looking in the Brackets]

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[Looking in the Brackets]

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[Looking in the Brackets]

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The roots gen

,

nat

, nasc, and kin

all share a PIE root. The PIE for the above root is

gen-

which means Birth, Source, or Origin

PIE Example #1

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Basic Form: gen

Ə

With Suffix:

genƏ-esLatin

:

genus; race and kindGender, general, genre, miscegenationGreek: genos

and

gena

; race.

Gene, genocide, genealogy, heterogeneous

With suffix: gen

(

Ə

)

-

yo

Latin

genius

; procreative divinity; inborn

Genial, genius, congenial

With suffix gen(

Ə

)-men

Latin

:

germen

; shoot, bud, embryo

Germinate, germane, germinal

PIE Example #1 (con…)

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O-Grade Form: gon

Ə

,

reduced to gonGreek: gonos, child, procreation, seed

Gonad,

gonadotherapy, aganogony Sanskrit: janah; off-spring, child, person

Harijan

PIE Example #1 (con…)

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Zero-grade form:

gn

Ə

With Suffix: gnƏ-yo

OE:

cyn(n), race, family, kinKin, kindred

OE:

cyning

; king. From

Germanic

: kuningaz

Both

cyn

and

kuningaz

come from

Germanic

kunjuam

,

family

With Suffix:

gn

Ə

-t;

gn

Ə

-

ti

,

gn

Ə

-

to

OE:

cynd

,

gecynde

(e); origin, birth, race, family, kind

kind

Germanic:

kundjaz

; race, family

Latin:

gens

, from

genti

; race, clan

Genteel, gentile, gentle, gentry, jaunty, gendarme

Greek:

genesis

, birth, beginning

Old High German:

kind,

kentham

; child

Kindergarten,

Kriss

Kringle

, wunderkind

PIE Example #1 (con…)

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Zero-Grade Form (con…)

Sa

nskirt

: jata

;

bornReduplicated form: gi-gn(Ə)Latin: gignere

; to beget (past participle of

genitus

)

Genital, progenitor, primogeniture, progeny, gingerly

Reduced

form:

gn

and suffix form –

gn

-o

Latin:

benignus

,

malignus

;

benign, malign

Transliterated:

gna

Latin

:

praegnas

Pregnant, impregnate

Suffixed form:

gn

Ə

-sko

to

gna-sko

Latin

:

gnasic

,

nasci

(past participle

gnatus

,

natus

)

Natal, nation, nature, noel, cognate, Renaissance, Puny

Reduced form:

gn

Sanskrit:

krmi-ja

PIE Example #1 (con…)

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The roots

sti

,

sta, stat, sis

,

sist, and syst all share a PIE root. The PIE root for the above roots isHint: look up words with the roots named above.

Constitute; Station; Statistic; System; Consistent

Sta

-

Which means to stand or remain in place

PIE Example

#

2

Slide47

Sta

in Latin is

stare

or stat-. In Germanic, STAND, STEOOL, STEM, STEED, STUD, STEER. Old English stead

,

stod.Standan: to standStede: placeSteal: place where cattle are kept In Old Norse standa.

Stedi

: anvil

Stallr

: pedestal for idols, altar

In Old Saxon and Gothic standan

(to stand)

In Old High German

stantan

.

In Swedish

sta

, Dutch staan, German

Stehen

Stall

: stable

PIE Example #2

Slide48

Old

Irish

Sessam

: the act of standing Indo-IranianSanskrit: tisthati

, (stands)

Avenstan: histaiti, (to stand)Persian: stan (country; where one stands)Hellenic: Histemi: put, place, cause to stand; weigh

,

stasis:

a standing still

statos: placed

stater

: a weight; coin

stylos

: pillar

Italic

In Latin:

Sister: stand still, stop, make stand,

place, produce in court

stare

status

: manner, position, condition, attitude

statio

: station, post

PIE Example #2

Slide49

Balto-SlavicLithuanian:

stojus

(place myself)statau (place)Old Church Slavic:

Staja

(place myself)Stanu (position)

PIE Example # 3

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Step 1: Identify the PIE for the following words:

Actuary

Affidavit

Advisory FealtyNavigateNice

Scientific

SopranoSovereignWitness Practice with PIE Roots

Slide51

Answers

to Step 1: Identifying the

PIE rootActuary (act)- ag

Affidavit

(fid)- bheidhAdvisory (vid)- weid

Fealty

(

fea

)-

bheidhNavigate (

ig

)-

ag

Nice (

sci

)-

skei

Scientific (

sci

)-

skei

Soprano (

sopra

)-

uper

Sovereign (

sover

)-

uper

Witness

(wit)-

weid

Practice with PIE Roots

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Step 2: Find three cognates in various Indo European languages (preferably Latin, French, Old or Middle English, Germanic, or Greek)

Step 3: Give at least 5 other words in Modern English with the same PIE root.

Practice with PIE Roots

Slide53

Look Up the following Words and Identify the Meaning based on the Proto Indo European

Root.

Black

-

bhel

: to shine a bright color; white

Colored

-

kel

:

to

hide or conceal

Orphan

-

orbh

:

to change one’s allegiance; to pass from one status to another

Legal Terms

Slide54

The legal meaning correlates to the derivative meaning, as seen in “Black’s Law Dictionary

” (4

th

ed).

Legal Terms and Etymology

Slide55

Black

Blanc (French)

Blanco (Spanish)

bhleg- to shine, white

Black was not associated with “the pupil of the eye” until as early as the 700s AD and as late as 1400s AD, in many https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v

=-

yrZpTHBEss

Legal Terms and Etymology

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Thank you for your time and attention. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments.

B.Selah

Li-

BeyThe Cultivated Mind Learning Program

Selah Educational Services LLC

www.cultivated-minds.comthecultivatedmind@yahoo.com

Thank You