great promise and several types are being tested in Humans DNA vaccines take immunization to a new technological level These vaccines dispense with both the whole organism and ID: 999148
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2. DNA Vaccines• Still in the experimental stages, these vaccines showgreat promise, and several types are being tested inHumans• DNA vaccines take immunization to a new technological level• These vaccines dispense with both the whole organism and its parts and get right down to the essentials: the microbe’s genetic material • Example: Influenza vaccine
3. RecombiVaccinesRecombinant vaccines are products of genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology), where a harmless agent such as yeast, is programed to produce antigens of harmful pathogens. This involves inserting the DNA encoding an antigen (such as a bacterial surface protein) that stimulates an immune response into bacterial or mammalian cells, expressing the antigen in these cells and then purifying it from them. And this purified antigen used as the active ingredient in the vaccine.Types of recombinant vaccines:Recombinant protein vaccines.Live recombinant vaccines using bacterial or viral vectors.DNA vaccines.
4. Types of Recombinant vaccines
5. also called recombinant subunit vaccines, subunit vaccines which do not contain any whole bacteria or viruses at all. (‘Acellular’ means ‘not containing any whole cells’.) Instead these kind of vaccines contain polysaccharides (sugars) or proteins from the surface of bacteria or viruses. These polysaccharides or proteins are the parts that our immune system recognizes as ‘foreign’, and they are referred to as antigens. Even though the vaccine might only contain a few out of the thousands of proteins in a bacterium, they are enough in themselves to trigger an immune response which can protect against the disease.Examples:Hepatitis B vaccine.HPV vaccine.MenB vaccine. Recombinant protein vaccines:
6. Hepatitis B VirusHepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver, it is a type of viral hepatitis. virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood with hepatitis B. HBV has proteins called antigens on its surface (HBsAg) that cause your immune system to make antibodies. Symptoms:Acute symptoms jaundice ,nausea or vomiting ,,bleeding and dark urine. in chronic symptom cause liver failure , liver cancer.
7. Hepatitis B Virus vaccinesHepatitis B vaccine composed of highly purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) adsorbed to an aluminum adjuvant. The hepatitis B vaccine is made by taking the part of the virus that makes surface protein ("surface protein gene") and putting it into yeast cells. The yeast cells then produce many copies of the protein that are used to make the vaccine.Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant is used to prevent infection by the hepatitis B virus. The vaccine works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the disease.Hepatitis B vaccine can be administered at the same time as other vaccines (e.g., DTP-containing, oral poliovirus [OPV], IPV, hepatitis A, Hib, measles, [BCG], and yellow fever vaccines). Vaccines for the prevention of hepatitis B have been routinely recommended for babies since 1997.
8. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccines:vaccine induced antibody (anti-HBs) specific for the surface antigen (HBsAg) of hepatitis B virus (HBV).Even if antibody levels are low, the immune system will still be able to produce enough antibody to neutralize the hepatitis B virus because of a memory immune response.The immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in adults is lower than that in infants and children. Long-term protection after primary hepatitis B vaccination Studies demonstrated that the primary hepatitis B vaccination can provide long-term protection, more than 30 years in vaccinated children and adults.
9. HBs antigen producing gene is isolated from the HB virus by normal isolation process.A plasmid DNA is extracted from a bacterium- E.coli and is cut with restriction enzyme.3. The isolated HBs antigen producing gene is located and inserted into the bacterial plasmid vector on forming the recombinant DNA.4. This recombinant DNA, containing the target gene, is introduced into a yeast cell forming the recombinant yeast cell. 5. The recombinant yeast cell multiplies in the fermentation tank and produces the HBs antigens protein. 6. After 48 hours, yeast cells are ruptured to free HBsAg. The mixture is processed for extraction. 7. The HBs antigens are purified. 8. HBsAG are combined with preserving agent and other ingredients.General steps for Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine production:
10. Hepatitis B vaccine ingradients:aluminum hydroxideyeast protein,HBsAgsodium chloride,sodium dihydrogen, phosphate dehydratephosphate buffers, Neomycin.side effects:Fever and Inflammation at the injection site. Safety:Hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective at preventing hepatitis B infections. In adult and elder and those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and those born premature.no known risks to the developing fetus. The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for pregnant people who are at risk for acquiring hepatitis B during pregnancy (eg, due to living with someone infected with hepatitis B) .
11. Storage: Hepatitis B vaccine is a cloudy liquid that comes in a vial or a prefilled syringe. It does not have to be reconstituted.Hepatitis B vaccine should be stored at a temperature between 2 C and 8° C at refrigerator. Both heat and freezing damage hepatitis B vaccine. Contraindication:Has had an allergic reaction after a previous dose or any component of a hepatitis B vaccine.Has had an allergic reaction to yeast.Has had an allergic reaction to neomycin.
12. In some case the Hepatitis B Vaccine is given with HBIG :Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG) is made from blood and contains antibodies to hepatitis B. It gives fast protection but is not long lasting.HBIG may be offered when there is a high risk that an unprotected person may have had contact with the hepatitis B virus (e.g., baby born to mother with hepatitis B infection, needle stick injury).
13. Age, Dose andAdminisitration Age and Dose: birth or 6 weeks ,1 year old (dose 0.5 ml) in upper thigh.10 years old and older (dose 0.5 ml or 1 ml) in upper arm. Adminstration: intramuscular injection .Number of dose: three or four dose.The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth. Delaying the first dose of the HB vaccine until 2 months after birth produces a higher immune response and can provide longer term protection.
14. Meningococcal group B diseaseMeningococcal meningitis: also known as meningitis B is a serious illness that often causes inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) and/or blood poisoning (septicaemia). Meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) is the most common cause of invasive meningococcal disease in children, adolescents and young adults.Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a gram-negative encapsulated bacteria which causes invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). The most frequent clinical presentations are meningitis and septicemia, both of which are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Humans are the only host for the bacteria. Meningococcus is also a common commensal in the nasopharynx, transmitted from person-to-person via respiratory secretions.
15. MeningocovaccinesMeningococcal vaccine refers to any vaccine used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis.The vaccines are between 85 and 100% effective for at least two years. Meningococcal vaccines are generally safe. Some people develop pain and redness at the injection site. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. Severe allergic reactions occur in less than one in a million doses.The first meningococcal vaccine became available in the 1970s. There are 2 types of meningococcal vaccines: Meningococcal conjugate or MenACWY vaccines. (Conjugate vaccine)Serogroup B meningococcal or MenB vaccines. (Recombinant protein vaccine)
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17. Route of administrationshould be given by deep intramuscular injection, preferably in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh in infants or in the non-dominant deltoid muscle region of the upper arm in older subjects. The vaccine must not be injected intravenously, subcutaneously or intradermally.
18. Bexsero® (MenB) ingredients:each 0.5-mL dose of Bexsero® to contain:each of recombinant proteins Neisserial adhesin A (NadA), Neisserial Heparin Binding Antigen (NHBA), and factor H binding protein (fHbp).of Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV). aluminum hydroxide.(the active ingredients of the vaccine are adsorbed to this to improve immunogenicity)sodium chloride.histidine. (used to regulate the PH of the vaccine)sucrose at pH 6.4 – 6.7.Water.
19. Development Of The 4cMenB Vaccine:The 4CMenB vaccine contains subcapsular protein antigens intended to induce the production of bactericidal antibodies against 4 vaccine antigens, namely NHBA, NadA, fHbp, and Porin A. Suitable subcapsular protein targets were first identified via the process known as “Reverse Vaccinology”. This technology used the complete genome sequence of a pathogenic reference strain of MenB (MC58 strain) to identify proteins suitable for further investigation as vaccine candidates. Development started by screening the genome of one MenB strain, which led to the identification of around 600 ORFs.All these ORFs were amplified by PCR and cloned in Escherichia coli. A total of 350 recombinant proteins were expressed, purified, and used to immunize mice.The sera obtained from the mice were then tested with several assays:Western blot: to confirm that each protein was expressed in vivo and localised in the outer membrane.enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting were performed to verify the surface-localization of the expressed proteins.Finally, the sera were tested for bactericidal activity, which is a correlate for protection in humans.
20. The immunogenicity analysis identified 28 protein antigens that could induce bactericidal antibodies in serum. Of these 28 antigens, a few (3 antigens) were immunoreactive to sera from convalescent patients with meningococcal disease.
21. Storage:Store refrigerated, at 36°F to 46°F (2°C to 8°C).Do not freeze. Discard if the vaccine has been frozen.Protect from light.Safety:Bexsero vaccine against meningococcal B disease (MenB) can be safely and effectively administered with routine vaccines.
22. Side effects The most common side effects associated with BEXSERO are: Pain, redness or hardness at the injection site.Muscle pain.Fatigue.Headache.Nausea.Joint pain. WHO SHOULD NOT GET BEXSERO (Contraindications)People should not get BEXSERO if they have had a severe allergic reaction to any ingredient of BEXSERO or after a previous dose of BEXSERO.
23. Recombinant Vector Vaccines• Recombinant vector vaccines are experimental vaccines similar to DNA vaccine• But they use an attenuated virus or bacterium tointroduce microbial DNA to cells of the body• “Vector” refers to the virus or bacterium used as theCarrier• Example : researches are going for HIV , rabies andmeasles
24. Edible Vaccine• Edible Vaccine involves introduction of selected desired genes into plant and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the altered protein • Edible vaccine mucosal immunity i.e. first line of defense
25. Tested edible vaccine
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