Session 5: Identification of entomopathogenic entities in field condition. - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Session 5: Identification of entomopathogenic entities in field condition.CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...

2. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...Exploitation of disease causing organism to reduce the population of insect pest below the damaging levels.Steinhaus (1949) Coined the term ‘Microbial Control’ when microbial organisms or other products (toxins) are employed by man for the control of pests on plants, animals or manAgents of Microbial controlBacteriaVirusFungiProtozoaEntomopathogenic nematodesMicrobial Control

3. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...ENTOMOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA

4. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...More than 100 pathogenic bacteria were recordedBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) is isolated from flour moth, Ephestia kuhniella by Berliner (1915)B.t. known as a bacterial insecticide against lepidopterous larvae and can infect more than 150 species of insects.Enters by ingestion of the bacteria, which infect the mid gut epithelia cellsEnter the haemolymph to sporulate and cause septicemiaSome larvae killed by Bt may become discoloured or turn black; dead larvae often become shrivelled ENTOMOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA

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6. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...Properties of B.t.Highly pathogenic to lepidopterous larvaeNon-toxic to manNon-phytotoxicSafer to beneficial insectsCompatible with number of insecticidesSo far no resistance is developed in insectsSynergistic in combination with certain insecticides like carbarylAvailable in different formulations(Trade names: Thuricide, Delfin, Bakthane, Biobit, Halt, Dipel etc).Formulation is so standardized that 1 gm of concentration spore dust contains 100 million spores Bacillus papillae (available as Doom) causes milky disease on Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Live larvae of P. japonica with milky disease (left) and healthy (right)

7. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...ENTOMOPATHOGENIC VIRUS

8. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...

9. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...About 300 isolates of NPV have been isolated from the order LepidopteraBaculoviruses (Baculoviridae) are successful in IPMInfects 200 species of insects like Amsacta albistriga, Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armigera etc., by ingestionInfected dead larvae hanging upside down from plant parts (Tree top disease)The cuticle becomes fragile, rupturing easily when touched, discharges liquefied body fluidsMultiplies in insect body wall, trachea, fat bodies and blood cellsThe polyhedral are seen in nuclei enlarge in size destroying the host nuclei to get released into the insect body cavityCharcoal is added with NPV as UV ProtectantBoric acid is added to NPV to prevent photo degradationFirst NPV Product in India is Elcar and some formulations are Gypcheck, Spodopterin etc

10. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...Tree top diseaseFlaccid larvae with beads of moisture along the body

11. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGIThe process of pathogenesis begins withAdhesion of fungal infective units or conidium to the insect epicuticleGermination of infective units on cuticlePenetration of the cuticleMultiplication in the haemolymphDeath of the host (Nutritional deficiency, destruction of tissues and releasing toxins)Mycelial growth with invasion of all host organsPenetration of hyphae from the interior through the cuticle to exterior of the insectProduction of infective conidia on the exterior of the insect

12. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...Entomopathogenic fungi infect hosts by cuticle penetration by cuticle digesting enzymes (Proteases, lipases &chitinases).The typical symptoms of fungal infection areMummified body of insects Does not disintegrate in water Body covered with filamentous mycelium

13. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...Specific requirements for successful commercial production and use of entomopathogenic fungi as mycoinsecticides areShould posses rapid growthHigh pathogenicity to target pests Sporulate profuselySimple, cheap and easily available medium should be developedThe production procedure should be easy with low costsLong shelf life at room temperature Without any loss of infectivity and viability for at least for 12 –18 months

14. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...More than 5000 species of entomopathogenic fungi are recordedImportant species are Entomophthora, Metarhizium, Beauveria, Nomuraea and VerticilliumEg: Entomophthora grylli on grasshoppersAspergillus flavus on Epilachna beetlesSpicaria sp. on castor whiteflyMetarhizium anisopliae (Green muscardine) on OrthopteraBeauveria bassiana (white muscardine) on Leptinotarsa decemlineata

15. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...Their mass production is difficultThey infect Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera and DipteraEg: Farinocystis triboli on Tribolium castaneumMalpighamoeba locustae on grasshoppers Nosema bombycis (Pebrine disease) on silk wormsHere it is harmful since silk worm is a productive insect.Entomopathogenic Protozoa

16. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...1000 species are known to attack insectsRhabditids (Rhabditidae) have a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria, forming a disease complexThe complex is known as DD-136 though the nematode itself is often called soThe nematode was Neoaplectana carpocapsae (Dutky nematode) and the bacterium Achromobacter nematophilusNematode serves as vector for bacterium, which produces septicemia (Milky disease) in insect bodyThe bacteria are retained in the nematode intestine When such nematodes invade fresh insect hosts, they are killedThough a few nematodes can kill, sufficient number of them should invade the hostIn India entamopathogenic nematodes were tried against rice and sugarcane borers Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)

17. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...The EPNs Steinernema sps and Heterorhabditis sps have the mutualistic association with bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus spp., respectively.EPN are obligatory requiring living host for its survivalThe only stage that survives outside the host is the non –feeding 3rd stage Infective Juvenile (IJ)The IJ carries cells of their bacterial symbiont in their intestinal tractIJ enters into its haemocoel of host through natural openings or cuticle Then it releases the bacteria into the blood where they multiplyBacteria propagate and produce substances that rapidly kill the host Protect the cadaver from colonization by other micro organismsThe nematode starts developing inside the cadaverfeeding on bacteria and host tissues and go through 1-3 generationsNew colony of IJ emerges from the insect cadaver and start searching for new living host insect

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19. CenturionUNIVERSITYCenturion University of Technology and ManagementShaping Lives...Empowering Communities...