Digestive System Diseases and Disorders - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Digestive SystemDiseases and DisordersDHO 8

2. Day 1 gi diseases

3. Ulcerative ColitisSevere inflammation of the colon with formation of ulcers and abscessesExact cause is unknown, autoimmune reaction is possibleStress, genetics, & food allergies may aggravate the conditionCan have periods of remission and exacerbation

4. UC Signs and SymptomsMain symptom is diarrhea containing blood, pus, and mucusWeight lossweaknessabdominal pain anemiaanorexia

5. Uc treatmentControl inflammation (corticosteroids), immune system suppressors, reduce stress, proper nutrition, and avoid substances that aggravates the condition Surgical removal of the affected colon and creation of colostomy (artificial opening in colon that allows fecal material to be excreted through the abd wall)

6. ConstipationFecal material stays in the colon too long and causes excessive absorption of waterFeces becomes hard, dry, and difficult to eliminateCan be caused by poor bowel habits, chronic laxative use (causes lazy bowels), diet low in fiber, use of opioids, certain digestive diseasesTreatment included high fiber diet, fluids, and exerciseProbiotics (good bacteria) can improve gastric motility, lubricants & stool softeners make stool easier to passManual disimpaction is sometimes required

7. DiarrheaFrequent watery stoolsCaused by infection, stress, diet, irritated colon, toxic substancesCan be very dangerous in children due to excessive fluid lossTreatment is to eliminate the cause, adequate fluid intake, and modify your dietAnti-motility agents can slow down movement of stool; probiotics can help intestine recolonize with non-pathogenic floraFecal transplants can be done fortreatment of aggressive type of diarrhea Cdiff, caused by bacteria

8. HemorrhoidsPainful dilated or varicose veins of rectum and/or anusCaused by straining to defecate, constipation, pressure during pregnancy, insufficient fluid intake, laxative abuse, prolonged sitting or standingSigns and symptoms may be pain, itching, and bleeding in rectal areaTreatment includes high fiber diet, increased fluids, stool softener, sitz baths, warm moist compressesMay need hemorrhoidectomy

9. DiverticulitisAn inflammation of the diverticula (sacs that form in the intestine as mucosal lining pushes thru muscle)When fecal material & bacteria become trapped in diverticula, inflammation occurs Diverticula can abscess or rupture, causing peritonitis

10. Diverticulitis Signs and SymptomsVaries with the amount of inflammation, includes:Abdominal painIrregular bowel movementsFlatusConstipation or diarrheaAbdominal distentionLow grade fevern/v

11. Diverticulitis treatmentTreatment includes: antibioticsstool softenerspain medsprobioticshigh fiber dietIn severe cases, surgery to remove affected part of the colon

12. Day 2 gi diseases

13. Hernia A rupture that occurs when an internal organ pushes through a weakened area or natural opening in a body wallTypes include: hiatal and inguinal

14. Hiatal HerniaSymptoms include:HeartburnStomach distentionChest painDysphagiaTreatment includes:bland dietsmall frequent mealsstaying upright after eatingsurgical repairStomach protrudes through the diaphragm and into the chest cavity through the opening for the esophagus

15. Inguinal HerniaSection of the small intestines protrudes through the inguinal rings of the lower abdominal wallIf the hernia cannot be pushed back into place (reduced), herniorrhaphy (surgical repair) performed

16. GERDGastroesophageal reflux diseaseChronic digestive diseaseHappens when stomach acid flows back (reflux) into your esophagus thru the lower esophageal sphincter (becomes weak and opens on its own or does not close)Reflux causes irritation, inflammation, and damage to the lining of esophagus

17. GERD risk factorsRisk Factors include:ObesityPregnancyHiatal herniaSmoking

18. GERD Signs and SymptomsChest burning or pain aka HeartburnDysphagiaSour taste in mouthGERD is diagnosed if symptoms occur at least twice each week

19. GERD TreatmentLifestyle changes: Losing weight; excess weight puts pressure on your abdomen, pushing up your stomach and causing acid to back up into your esophagusLoose-fitting clothes; tight clothes around your waist put pressure on your abdomen and lower esophageal sphincter (aka cardiac sphincter)Eat smaller mealsStay upright after eating; wait at least 3 hours after eating to lie down or go to bed

20. Gerd treatmentMedications:To neutralize stomach acidTo reduce or block stomach acid productionProkinetics used to strengthen sphincter and speed gastric emptyingIf not successful, Nissen fundoplication surgery (laparoscopic procedure)-tightens the sphincter by wrapping the upper stomach around it

21. Gerd complicationsChronic inflammation of the lining of the esophagus can cause:Scar tissue to form and create esophageal strictures (they narrow the esophagus and make it difficult for food to pass thru)Esophageal ulcers (open sores) that bleedTissue changes can lead to Barrett’s esophagus, a precancerous condition

22. GastroenteritisAKA stomach fluInflammation of mucous membrane that lines the stomach and intestinal tractCan be caused by food poisoning, infection, toxinsTreatment is rest and increased fluid intakeIf severe, antibiotics, IVF, antiemetics, & medications to slow peristalsisProbiotics may help prevention

23. Gastroenteritis Signs and symptomsAbdominal crampingNausea/vomitingFever Diarrhea

24. Day 3 gi diseases

25. HepatitisViral inflammation of the liverSeveral types but main are A, B, CTreatment methods included rest and diet high in protein and calories, and low in fatLiver transplant may be needed

26. Hepatitis AAka infectious hepatitisHighly contagious Transmitted in food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected personMost benign and usually self-limitingVaccine available

27. Hepatitis BAka serum hepatitisTransmitted by body fluids BloodSaliva, urine, breastmilkSemen and Vaginal secretionsMore serious than type ACan lead to chronic hepatitis or cirrhosisVaccine available & recommended for all HCW

28. Hepatitis CAlso spread through contact with blood or body fluidsTransmission includes sharing needles with drugs, getting stuck by sharp, or passing from mother to infant during birthMore likely to progress to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or bothNo vaccineAntiviral meds available for treatment

29. Hepatitis Signs and SymptomsFever Anorexian/vFatigueDark-colored urineClay-colored stoolMyalgiaEnlarged liverjaundice

30. CirrhosisChronic destruction of liver cells with formation of fibrous, connective and scar tissueWhen liver is injured it attempts to repair itself which creates scar tissue. If damage is mild, liver can continue to function effectively.With advanced cirrhosis, the scar tissue can prevent proper functioningCan be caused by hepatitis, bile duct disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver (associated with obesity & diabetes), chemical toxins, and malnutrition associated with alcoholism

31. Cirrhosis Signs and SymptomsLiver enlargementAnemiaIndigestionNauseaEdema in legs and feetHematemisisEpistaxisJaundiceAscitesS/Sx become more severe as disease progresses

32. Cirrhosis leading to Liver FailureCirrhosis can lead to liver failure which causes:DisorientationHallucinationsHepatic comaDeath

33. Day 4 gi diseases

34. PancreatitisInflammation of the pancreasPancreatic enzymes begin to digest the pancreas itself!!In turn, the pancreas becomes necrotic, inflamed, and edematous.If the damage includes the blood vessels in the pancreas, hemorrhage and shock can result.

35. PancreatitisMost common cause is gallstones blocking the pancreatic ductCan also be caused by trauma, excessive alcohol consumptionSome cases are idiopathic (unknown cause)Treatment depends on the cause; cholecystectomy if gallstones. If cause is alcoholism or unknown, pain meds and nutritional support is needed.Idiopathic or alcoholic pancreatitis has poor prognosis and often results in death.

36. Pancreatitis Signs and SymptomsSevere abdominal pain that radiates to the backn/vDiaphoresisJaundice if swelling blocks bile duct

37. AppendicitisAn acute inflammation of the appendixUsually caused by an obstruction and infectionAppendix can rupturepossibly causing peritonitisTreated with an appendectomy

38. Appendicitis Signs and SymptomsGeneralized abdominal pain, that later localizes at RLQN/VMild feverElevated WBC count

39. CholecystitisInflammation of the gallbladderCholelithiasis=gallstones which are formed from crystallized cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigmentsIf gallstones block bile ducts, gallbladder can rupture, and cause peritonitis.Treatments can be low-fat diet, pain meds, lithotripsy (shock waves to shatter stones), and/or cholesystectomy

40. Cholecystitis Signs and SymptomsSymptoms occur after eating fatty foodsIndigestionN/VPain under rib cage,radiating to right shoulder

41. PeritonitisInflammation of abdominal peritoneal cavityUsually caused by intestinal rupture and contents enter the peritoneal cavityCan be caused by any rupture in abd cavity (appendix, gallbladder, stomach) Can be life threatening if the infection spreads to the blood & throughout the bodyTreatment includes antibiotics and surgery to explore & repair the cause

42. Peritonitis Signs and SymptomsAbdominal pain and distentionFevern/v

43. UlcerAn open sore on the lining of the digestive tractPeptic ulcers are in the stomach (gastric ulcers) or duodenum (duodenal ulcers)Major cause is a bacterium called H. pyloriH. pylori burrows into stomach membranes and allows stomach acids & digestive juices to create an ulcerSome meds can irritate stomach or intestine & cause ulcer

44. Ulcer Signs and SymptomsBurning painIndigestionHematemesis (bloody vomit)Melena (dark, tarry stool)

45. Ulcer treatmentAntacids, bland diet, decreased stress, and avoiding gastric irritants such as alcohol, fried food, tobacco, caffeineIf confirmed H. pylori, treat with antibiotics, pepto-bismolCan have surgery to remove affected area