Elder Abuse Perpetrators & Victim-Offender Relationships: - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Elder Abuse Perpetrators & Victim-Offender Relationships:

Setting the Stage for Restorative Justice

Shelly L. Jackson, Ph.D.

University of Virginia

Research

Child Abuse

Focus on the offenders (parents; 0 – 3 programs)

Intimate Partner Violence

Focus on the offenders (partners; BIPs)

Elder Abuse

All about the victim

14 Intervention Reviews

2009-2020

• Marshall, K., Herbst, J.,

Girod

, C., &

Annor

, F. (2020). Do interventions to prevent or stop abuse and neglect among older adults work? A systematic review of reviews. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 1-25.

• Day, A.,

Boni

, N., Evert, H., & Knight, T. (2017). An assessment of interventions that target risk factors for elder abuse. Health & social care in the community, 25(5), 1532-1541.

• Baker, P. R., Francis, D. P.,

Hairi

, M.,

Naqiah

, N., Othman, S., & Choo, W. Y. (2017). Interventions for preventing elder abuse: applying findings of a new Cochrane review. Age and ageing, 46(3), 346-348.

• Fearing, G., Sheppard, C. L., McDonald, L., Beaulieu, M., & Hitzig, S. L. (2017). A systematic review on community-based interventions for elder abuse and neglect. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, (just-accepted).

• Baker, P. R. A., Francis, D. P.,

Hairi

, N. N.,

Otherman

, S., & Choo, W. Y. (2016). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Interventions for preventing abuse in the elderly. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010321.pub2/epdf/full

• Moore, C., & Browne, C. (2017). Emerging innovations, best practices, and evidence-based practices in elder abuse and neglect: a review of recent developments in the field. Journal of family violence, 32(4), 383-397.

• Day, A.,

Boni

, N., Evert, H., & Knight, T. (2016). An assessment of interventions that target risk factors for elder abuse. Health & social care in the community.

• Ayalon, L., Lev, S., Green, O., &

Nevo

, U. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to prevent or stop elder maltreatment. Age and ageing, afv193.

• Graham, K., Norrie, C., Stevens, M., Moriarty, J.,

Manthorpe

, J., & Hussein, S. (2016). Models of adult safeguarding in England: A review of the literature. Journal of Social Work, 16(1), 22-46.

• O’Donnell, D., Phelan, A., &

Fealy

, G. (2015). Interventions and services which address elder abuse: An integrated review. NCPOP, University College Dublin. http://www.ncpop.ie/userfiles/file/ncpop%20reports/Interventions_Services_WEB.pdf

• Dong, X. Q. (2015). Elder abuse: systematic review and implications for practice. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(6), 1214-1238.

• Ernst, J. S., Ramsey-

Klawsnik

, H.,

Schillerstrom

, J. E., Dayton, C.,

Mixson

, P., &

Counihan

, M. (2014). Informing evidence-based practice: a review of research analyzing adult protective services data. Journal of elder abuse & neglect, 26(5), 458-494.

• Daly, J. M., Merchant, M. L., &

Jogerst

, G. J. (2011). Elder abuse research: A systematic review. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 23(4), 348-365.

• Ploeg, J., Fear, J., Hutchison, B., MacMillan, H., & Bolan, G. (2009). A systematic review of interventions for elder abuse. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 21(3), 187-210.

Gerontology/Social Work:

Excludes EA Offenders

Criminal Justice:

Excludes

EA Offenders

Jackson, 2016

Elder Abuse Perpetrator Research

Perpetrator Research (8 since 2010) Liu, P. J., Conrad, K. J., Beach, S. R., Iris, M., & Schiamberg, L. B. (2019). The importance of investigating abuser characteristics in elder emotional/psychological abuse: Results from adult protective services data. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(5), 897-907.

Conrad, K. J., Liu, P. J., & Iris, M. (2019). Examining the role of substance abuse in elder mistreatment: Results from mistreatment investigations. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(2), 366-391.Santos, A. J., Nunes, B., Kislaya, I., Gil, A. P., & Ribeiro, O. (2019). Elder abuse victimization patterns: Latent class analysis using perpetrators and abusive behaviours. BMC geriatrics, 19(1), 117.

DeLiema, M.,

Yonashiro-Cho, J.,

Gassoumis

, Z. D., Yon, Y., & Conrad, K. J. (2018). Using latent class analysis to identify profiles of elder abuse perpetrators. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(5), e49-e58.

Browne, K. D., Hines, M., & Tully, R. J. (2018). The differences between sex offenders who

victimise

older women and sex offenders who offend against children. Aging & mental health, 22(1), 11-18.

Labrum, T., & Solomon, P. L. (2018). Elder mistreatment perpetrators with substance abuse and/or mental health conditions: results from the National Elder Mistreatment Study. Psychiatric quarterly, 89(1), 117-128.

Roberto, K. A. (2017). Perpetrators of late life

polyvictimization

. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 29(5), 313-326.

Amstadter

, A. B.,

Cisler

, J. M., McCauley, J. L., Hernandez, M. A., Muzzy, W., &

Acierno

, R. (2010). Do incident and perpetrator characteristics of elder mistreatment differ by gender of the victim? Results from the National Elder Mistreatment Study. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 23(1), 43-57.

Why are we interested in offenders?

Relationship

Abuse Intervention Model

Mosqueda et al., 2016

National Perpetrator Kinship Relationship by Maltreatment Type: % Known Cases

Maltreatment Type

Child

Domestic partner

Grandchild

Grandparent

Parent

Sibling

Spouse

Other relative

Yes (not specific)

No Kinship

Abandonment

9.8%

0.0%

0.8%

0.0%

4.7%

1.8%

3.8%

3.4%

0.0%

75.7%

Emotional abuse

30.4%

0.8%

5.2%

0.0%

4.6%

2.3%

14.5%

15.3%

3.7%

23.2%Financial exploitation30.0%0.3%6.4%0.1%2.6%2.3%2.3%14.1%9.3%32.6%Neglect25.6%0.7%2.2%0.1%8.5%2.7%13.2%9.4%3.8%33.7%Physical abuse27.4%1.6%6.2%0.1%4.9%3.2%17.0%10.0%3.5%26.1%Sexual abuse3.6%1.2%0.7%0.2%9.0%2.4%7.6%9.5%5.5%60.3%

Notes: NAMRS, 2019. Based on case component data from 25 states. Perpetrators with unknown relationships (missing data), which were 10% of submitted data, were excluded from this table.

Karl Urban, 2020

Who are the Perpetrators

Jackson, 2016

Relational Distance Matters

Etiology

Course

Risk factors

Perceptions

Reporting

CJS cooperation

Relationship maintenance

Intervention = Separation

Jackson, 2017

Burnes

et al., 2020

63%Criminal Justice

Prosecution

is Increasing

Older Adults Eschew Prosecution

APS Clients’ Law Enforcement Preferences 63% Disfavor Law Enforcement Involvement

Concern for the perpetratorReceive needed treatment or a better response outside of the criminal justice system

Characteristics: Widowed, dementia, perp unemployed, perp financially dependent

Preferred Law Enforcement Involvement

Wanted perp held accountable

Fear (to protect themselves)

Treatment

Characteristics: perp nonrelative, perp had sufficient income, feared perp (trend)

Jackson & Hafemeister, 2013

APS Clients’ Prosecution Preferences

74% Disfavor ProsecutionHe needs to be institutionalized, but not in jail

Nothing to be gained PA and HFE (vs PFE)Characteristics: Perp unemployed, insufficient income, no children, financially dependent, relative

Desired Prosecution

Get the help they need

Fear “I didn’t want to die in my own home.”

Hold perpetrator accountable

Characteristics: Victim had no children

Jackson & Hafemeister, 2013

(Parent-Child)

Relationship

Abuse Intervention Model

Maccoby, 2000; Mosqueda et al., 2016

 Perpetrator

Typologies

Victimology

Complicit

Ambivalent

Unaware

Overwhelmed

Impaired

Narcissistic

Domineering

Sadistic

Doeber

& Lab, 2015; Jackson, 2016; Ramsey-

Klawsnik

, 2000

Continuum of Complexity

Alternatives to

Incarceration

Innovative Responses

Probation

Specialty Courts

Diversion Programs

Batterer Intervention Programs

Referral to Community Partners

Restorative Justice

The whole is greater than the sum…

Victim Interventions

Offender Interventions

Relationship Interventions

slj4u@virginia.edu