lean 70 of Body wt is water Fatty animals Less body Water As low As 40 TOTAL BODY WATER Body water content influenced by Species Food habits Age Nutritional status Environment ID: 1031843
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1. BODY FLUIDS
2. Adult nonherbivorous lean - 70% of Body wt. is water
3. Fatty animals – Less body Water – As low As 40%
4. TOTAL BODY WATERBody water content influenced bySpeciesFood habitsAgeNutritional statusEnvironment
5. Influence of species and food habits on Body water
6. Young Animals – More body water
7. BODY WATER CONTENT DECREASES WITH AGE
8. Temporate Cattle –Less Body WaterTropical Cattle – More Body water
9. ENTRY OF WATER INTO THE BODY
10. Respiration -Expiration – Insensible heat lossLOSS OF WATER FROM BODYUrinationSweatFeces
11. WATER INTAKE = WATER LOSS
12. Proportions of Body Fluid CompartmentsSpecial fluids – CSF, Synovial fluid, Aqueous Humor – Trans cellular fluid%BODYWEIGHT7005%ICFISFPLASMA50%15%NOT WATER TIGHT COMPARTMENTSECF
13. MEASUREMENT OF BODY FLUID VOLUME How to measure the volume of a closed compartment?Dilution TechniqueKnown quantity of an easily measured substance is injected into the body fluid compartment to be measuredBlood samples collected at different time intervals Conc. of the substance measured till equilibrationVolume of the body fluid compartment (ml)= Quantity of the substance injected concentration/ml at equilibrationEx: substance injected = 100mgEquilibration conc. = 50mgVolume = 100 X 1000 = 2000ml 50Different Compartments Different Substances Total Body Water MeasurementSubstance must dilute uniformly in all body fluid compartmentsHeavy water / Tritium Oxide (H3O)1009080706050400CONCENTRATIONmg/mlTIME IN MINUTES306090120*****150*
14. ECF Volume MeasurementA substance uniformly diluted in plasma & ISFDoes not leak into ICFCommonly Used Innulin & ThiocynateInnulin does not permeate blood vessels FreelyECF volume with Innulin - less than true volumeThiocynate leaks into ICFECF volume with thiocynate - more than true volumeInnulin space and Thiocynate spaceThiocynate space always greater than innulin spaceOther substance for ECF volume measurementRadio active – Sodium, chloride, Bromide Thiosulfate, Sucrose
15. MEASUREMENT OF ISF & ICF VOLUMESNo Direct MethodsMeasure Total Body Water (TBW), Blood & ECF VolumesTBW – ECF = ICFECF Volume - Blood Volume = ISF volume
16. SPECIAL FLUID SYSTEMS IN THE BODYPortions of extra cellular fluid with special functionsCerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, Aqueous humor etcCalled trans cellular fluids
17. CEREBROSPINAL FLUIDFormationAt Choroid plexus Filtration & active secretionFills VentriclesSubarachnoid spaceCentral canal of spinal cordReabsorbed at the dural sinusCSF pressure is maintained remarkably constantBy a balance between formation and drainage
18. Lateral VentriclesThird VentricleInter ventricular foramenaForth VentricleAqueductSubarachnoid spaces & central spinal columnLateral apertureCIRCULATION OF CSF
19. FUNCTIONS OF CSFMechanical support of the brain and spinal cordCushioning effectMaintenance of intracranial pressureChemical bufferingTransport of neurochemical substances including growth factorsSamples of CSF are used for diagnostic purposesCollected from cisterna magnaLumbar puncture
20. SYNOVIAL FLUIDSynovial Vs fibrous jointsInner surface of the synovial joint capsule has synovial membraneSynovial membrane produces synovial fluidViscous liquid similar to egg white in consistencyUltra filtrate of blood plasmaSynovial cells addHyaluronic acidLubricinFunctionsLubrication of jointsReduce wear on opposing cartilage surfaces
21. OSMOLALITY OF BODY FLUIDSOsmolality of different body fluids is equal @300mosm/LOsmolality could be changed byIngestion of fluids / waterLoss of fluids from body
22. OSMOLALITY OF BODY FLUIDSOsmolality – osmoles /Kg of waterOsmolarity – osmoles/L of waterOsmotic pressure of concentrated solutions more closely related to osmolalityDilute solutions such as body fluidsDifference between osmolality & osmolarity negligibleSo used as synonyms
23. BODY FLUIDPURE WATEROSMOTIC PRESSURE = 5450 mm Hg.7 X Atmospheric pressure.Reason for cellular destruction if water/hypotonic solution is injectedTOTAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE
24. ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONSIsotonic solutionAny solution with osmolality equal to body fluid osmolality = 300mosm/LWhen cells are placed in isotonic solutionsNo net movement of water across the CMHypotonic solutionSolution whose osmolality is less than body fluid osmolality <300 mosm/LWhen cells are placed in hypotonic solutionWater moves into cellsCells swell in sizeMay be destroyed if the osmolality of the solution is sufficiently lowHypertonic solutionSolution with osmolality greater than body fluid osmolality >300mosm/LWhen cells are placed in hypertonic solutionsWater moves out of cellsCells shrink in sizeMay be destroyed if the osmolality of the solution is sufficiently highNormal saline is the most commonly used isotonic solution0.91% (w/v) sodium chloride solution
25. FLUID THERAPYUsually resorted to when there is a decrease in the ECF volumeConditions that cause decreased ECF volumeVomiting, Diarrhea, Bleeding, BurnsDextrose Solutions Glucose is rapidly metabolized to carbon dioxide and water The volume is distributed in ECF and ICFUsed for volume replacement and calorie supplementSaline solutions Available as hypotonic (0.2%), isotonic (0.9%), & hypertonic ( 5%)volume replacement - isotonic irrigation – isotonic / hypertonicrelief of edema - hypertonicHypernatremia - hypotonicDextrose in Saline Also available in various concentrations Used for simultaneous volume replacement and caloric supplementPlasma ExpandersDextran is a long chain polysaccharideConfined to the vascular compartment Preferentially expands plasma volume