Precision Accuracy Error Types Significant Digits Error Propagation Error in Measurement Accuracy means truth Precision means detail Accuracy Accurate measured value very close to actual value ID: 554540
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Slide1
Error in Measurement
PrecisionAccuracyError TypesSignificant DigitsError Propagation
Error in MeasurementSlide2
"Accuracy" means truth.
"Precision" means detail.
Slide3
Accuracy
Accurate: measured value very close to actual value.What affects accuracy?How can you improve accuracy?Systematic (correctable) errorsCalibration of instrument, e.g. zero and gain Slide4
Precision
Precise: Multiple measurements close together-What affects precision?- How can you improve precision?Random errors (not correctable, need trials)
Instrument capabilitiesSlide5Slide6Slide7
Significant Digits in Measurement
Conveys precisionRule of thumb: estimate 1 digitDigital: half of the last digitSlide8Slide9
Sig Fig Rules
Examples 7000.00 kg has six: there is a decimal point, so all the digits are significant. 0.00040 kg has two: there is a decimal point, so the 4 and last 0 count. The
other zeros are all "leading".
208,000 g has three: the 2, the leftmost 0, and the 8. The trailing zeros do
not
count, since there is no decimal point.
4440700 km has five: the 4s, the sandwiched 0, and the 7. The trailing
zeros
do not count, since there is no decimal point.
In scientific notation, significant digits count in the first part of the number.
Examples
5.8 x
10^3
has two significant digits.
2.00 x
10^-
8 has three significant figures. Slide10
Sig Fig in calculations
1. If I ran 10.0 m in 2.0 s, how should my speed be rounded off?
2. What if I ran it in 2.01 s? What about 5 sec?
3. What value of force causes a 25.0 kg ball to have an acceleration of 4 m/s^2?
4. If I raise my 36 m flagpole by 20.0 cm, how tall is it?
5.0, 4.98, 2
100, 36
Slide11
Pendulum Lab M
easurementsSlide12
Reporting error
Error: disagreement between measurement and true/accepted value. We don’t always know this.
Uncertainty
: refers to measured value, it is the
interval
within which repeated measurements are expected to lie.
Examples:
5.0 +/- 0.2 cm (absolute)
Mean +/- 1
std
dev
(68%, or about 2/3)
9.8 +/- 2% (relative)
Reporting errorSlide13
HistogramsSlide14
PracticeSlide15
Answers
Answers:1) Unknown. Accuracy can only be decided when the true or accepted value is known. Every value above is as likely as any other value.2) Group C: The measurements of this group are very close to each other (repeatable). Individual measurements in Group B have greater precision but they do not agree with each other as closely as Group C.
3) Unknown. Error can only be decided when the true/accepted value is know. We may suspect error for measurements such as 8.01 cm or 12.18 cm but unless we observe a clear mistake in measurement method we must accept all values here on the same basis.
4) Group D: The average variation in measurements from this group is nearly 1 cm, almost 3 times more than any other group. (read about average deviation)
==============
5) Group C: While they are the most consistent set presented, they are consistently far away from the accepted value.
6) Group D: Precision refers to the data set itself, not to the comparison between the data and the accepted value. The values for Group D do not agree with each other very well.
7) Group A: This data shows a pretty wide scatter of values but the average is closer to the accepted value than for any other group.
8) Group C: Uncertainty is not changed by knowledge of the accepted value. This group has the least variation so the least uncertainty. Here you see a clear difference between uncertainty and error.Slide16
In a ballistic pendulum experiment, suppose the digital timer shows 0.02 s for the time of flight of the projectile. The manufacturer information about the precision of the timer is nowhere to be found. What error would you quote on your measurement?
0.002 s
0.005 s
0.01 s
In a projectile motion experiment suppose you have the following series of measurements of the distance x traveled by the projectile: 30 cm, 32 cm, 29 cm, 28 cm, 31 cm. The mean value is therefore 30 cm. What is the error (standard deviation) of the result?
0.8 cm
1 cm
1.4 cm
2 cm
PracticeSlide17Slide18
Error Propagation
Spirit Travel Example: Length = 4825 +/- 5 m Stop at 3260 +/- 10 mHow far to go? 1565 m, +/- ??
Can calculate extremes: 1580 and 1550 m
Or add uncertainty
Either way, get 1565 +/- 15 m
General rules
For sum and diff:
add
absolute
errors
For Product/Quotient:
add
relative
errors
For Powers:
relative
error of the original quantity
times
the power. Slide19
Practice
You measure the following quantities:A = 1.0 m ± 0.2 m, B = 2.0 m ± 0.2 m, C = 2.5 m/s ± 0.5 m/s, D = 0.10 s ± 0.01 s.Choose the correct answers for the following expressions:
A + B =
3.0 m ± 0.0 m 3.0 m ± 0.2 m 3.0 m ± 0.4 m
B − A =
1.0 m ± 0.0 m 1.0 m ± 0.2 m 1.0 m ± 0.4 m
C × D =
0.25 m ± 0.05 m 0.25 m ± 0.08 m 0.25 m ± 0.51 m
B / D =
20. m/s ± 4 m/s 20. m/s ± 10 m/s 20. m/s ± 20 m/s
3 × A =
3.0 m ± 0.2 m 3.0 m ± 0.3 m 3.0 m ± 0.6 m
The square root of (A × B) =
1.4 m ± 0.1 m 1.4 m ± 0.2 m 1.4 m ± 0.4 m
Answers:
________________________________________
A + B = 3.0 m ± 0.4 m B − A = 1.0 m ± 0.4 m C × D =0.25 m ± 0.08 m B / D = 20. m/s ± 4 m/s
3 × A = 3.0 m ± 0.6 m The square root of (A × B) = 1.4 m ± 0.2 m