Form s imple and periphrastic modals - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Formsimple and periphrastic modalsmodal verbs v main verbs(2) Meaningepistemic and root modalitypossibility, necessitycore meanings and interpretations(3) Focuscanuse of past formsmustnegation(4) Summary & Conclusions

Modals

Adapted from Yule, 1998Slide2

Form: simple and periphrasticSimple modals (Past forms)Periphrastic modalscan (could)may (might)must shall (should)will (would)be able tobe allowed tohave (got) to

be supposed tobe going to

He

may

have to

pay a fine.Slide3

Form: modal verbs v main verbsLearner errorModalMain verbCategory

He mays

He may to leave

He may

He hopes

Third person present singular

He may leave

He hopes to leave

To infinitive

He is

maying

He has

mayed

He is hoping

Progressive

He has hoped

Perfect

Does he may…?

May he…?

Does he hope…?

Do auxiliary

t

hird person singular –s, to infinitive, aspect, auxiliarySlide4

Meaning: epistemic and rootepistemic modalityModals convey the speaker’s perspective/attitude to a situation.root modalitystrong conclusion- necessityShe must get a bus to work.b

ased on speaker’s deductions from what is known

necessity

or

possibility

of something happening

o

bligation- necessity

You must wear a life jacket.

b

ased on speaker’s awareness of what is socially determined

c

ontext of relationship of social power

o

bligation/permission

for something to happen

permission- possibility

You may help yourself to some wine.

w

eak conclusion- possibility

Our flight may be delayed.Slide5

Meaning: core meaningsnecessity / possibilitySpecific circumstances influence interpretations of modal verbs.ModalInterpretationsExponentCore meaningcan

abilitypermissionpossibility

He can fly a helicopter.

You can call

me ‘Dave.’

It can get hot this time of year.

potential

may

permission

possibility

concession

May

I take another?

Our flight may be delayed.

He may be old, but he’s still fit.

possibility

must

obligationconclusion

You must stop at a red light.She must be hungry.

necessitywill

intention

willingnessprediction

I’ll call you tonight.I’ll help you tidy up.It’ll be the last time he tries that.

likelihood

should

(weak) obligation probability

You should exercise more often.We should be finished soon.

requirementSlide6

Focus: Cancanpotentialnecessity/possibilityabilitypermission

possibilitySlide7

Focus: CanExponentInterpretationSource of potentialModality

Child: Can I leave the table now?Parent: I’m sure you can, but you may not.

He can fly a helicopter.

You can call me ‘Dave.’

It can get hot this time of year.

ability

permission

possibility

a

nimate agent

epistemic

s

ocial relationship (power dynamic)

potential for something to occur (neither an animate agent, nor a social relationship)

epistemic

rootSlide8

Focus: Can / Be able toBe allowed to can be applied for any functions of can.Functioncanbe able toabilityJim can speak Spanish.Jim is able to speak Spanish.permission

The teacher says you can leave.

The teacher says you

are able to

leave.

possibility

Grammar

can

be fun!

Grammar

is able to

be fun!

However:

We

were able to

repair the car.We could repair the car.

-

past event

- r

emote potentialSlide9

Past Forms: RemotenessCould adds remoteness. Events are interpreted by the speaker as being either distant in time, less likely or more polite.InterpretationExponentFunctionability

I could eat more in the past.With the right tools,

I could fix it myself.

permission

Could I leave early today if we aren’t too busy?

Well, you could, but there’s a lot of work to be done.

possibility

The

reaction could be worse than expected.

m

ay / might They

may

have a break after lunch.

They

might

have a break after lunch.

will / would I

will

lend you the money.

I would lend you the money.

remote in time

r

emote in likelihoodr

emote imposition/more polite

remote likelihood of permission being granted

r

emote in likelihoodSlide10

Past Forms: SubjunctivePast forms are also used when the speaker is referring to hypothetical situations.I could become president (if I were to study hard at school).You might win the lottery one of these days.And pigs might fly!She would have won the gold medal (had she been fit to compete).Slide11

Focus: Mustmustnecessitynecessity/possibilityobligationconclusionSlide12

Focus: MustExponentInterpretationModalityCharacteristics

You must wear a hard hat.

obligation (strong)

obligation (weak)

conclusion

root

epistemic

Visitors must not feed the animals.

I must remember to feed the cat later.

It must be lonely in there without anyone to talk to.

Animate subjects. Present/Future actions.

Aspect is rare.

Negation is common.

Past/Present states (some actions).

Can occur with non-animate subjects.

Perfect/Progressive aspect.

Negation is rare.Slide13

Focus: Must / Have toI must sneeze.I have to sneeze.- obligation comes from uncontrollable external source that compels actionPast tense uses:Must has no past form.

Have to used to refer to past necessity.

Have to can be used as an alternative to must in the present tense.

He

must

wear a hard hat.

He

has to

wear a hard hat.

She

must

work at the bank.

She

has to

work at the bank.

I had to finish the report before lunch.

Negation:

You

mustn’t do it.

You

don’t have to do it.Slide14

Negation: Internal/Externalmain verbTwo elements available for negationmodal verbWhat is known is not being negated, but the action is.modality (NOT action)

epistemic modality

Some socially determined requirements can be negated.

(NOT modality) action

He can’t smoke here.

(NOT permit) smoke here

r

oot modality

e

xternal negation

i

nternal negation

It won’t rain.

p

redict (NOT rain)Slide15

Negation: ExceptionsExceptions:You mustn’t do it.obligation (NOT do)You don’t have to do it.(NOT obligation) do

root obligation of

mustn’t

e

pistemic possibility

of

can’t

It

can’t

work.

(NOT possibility) workSlide16

Negation: Periphrastic Modalsmodality negatedaction/state negateddoesn’t have to go(NOT obligation) goisn’t able to go(NOT possibility) goisn’t allowed to go(NOT permission) goisn’t going to goprediction (NOT go)isn’t supposed to goobligation (NOT go)Slide17

Summary Epistemic and root meanings for each modalConvey speaker’s perception/attitude towards a situationCore meanings exist, but specific circumstances influence interpretation.Simple modals and periphrastic models of similar meaning function differently.

Past forms are used to convey

remoteness

.

Internal/external

negation depends on the interpretation

of the modal.Slide18

ConclusionsThe meaning and function of modals arise from the speaker’s perception of a situation.The appropriate use of modals are therefore reliant on context and the speaker’s orientation.To acquire competent use, learners require experiential practice that is highly contextualised.Modals ought to be revisited

by learners in a variety of contexts over time in order to build an understanding of the appropriacy and limitations of their use. Learners need to engage in exploration to develop an awareness of the intricacies of their use.

Learners should be

scaffolded

in developing their own

internal system

of modal use through recognition and system-building exercises.

(Methodological approaches advocated by Willis, 2003)Slide19

ReferencesWillis, D. A. (2003). Rules, Patterns and Words: Grammar and lexis in English language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Yule, G. (1998). Explaining English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Slide20

Learning Modals Target Modals: CanTarget Students: -Age: Elementary School 1st grade -English Level: RudimentaryAgenda: Students understand how to use the modal verb ‘can’ and make sentences by themselves.Slide21

Learning Modals Lessons (10-15min.)Warming Up (2 min)Practice Main verbs (2 min)Interview Game (3 min)Closing Bingo Game (3min)Slide22

Learning Modals Slide23

Learning Modals SwimSlide24

Learning Modals JumpSlide25

Learning Modals CookSlide26

Learning Modals ReadSlide27

Learning Modals Play the pianoSlide28

Learning Modals Ride a bikeSlide29

Learning Modals Slide30

Learning Modals Slide31

Learning Modals Slide32

Learning Modals Target Modals: Requirement, Permission modalsTarget Students: -Age: Middle School, 2nd grade -English Level: low intermediateAgenda: Students can use requirement or permission modals in a right form.Slide33

Learning Modals Lessons (10 min.)Warming Up (2 min)Reviewing of modals(3 min)(should, shouldn’t, might, mightn’t, may, may not, must, mustn’t, can, can’t, have to, don’t have to, will, won’t)Filling the Blank (3 min)Closing(2 min)-Checking the answer togetherSlide34

Learning Modals Slide35

ReferencesAnglomaniacy.plhttp://www.anglomaniacy.pl/verbsPrintables.htmBusyteacherhttp://busyteacher.org/