LATEX:Anunocialreferencemanual - PDF document

LATEX2e:Anunocialreferencemanual October2018 https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman ThisdocumentisanunocialreferencemanualforLATEX,adocumentpreparationsystem,versionofOctober2018.ThismanualwasoriginallytranslatedfromLATEX.HLPv1.0aintheVMSHelpLibrary.Thepre-translationversionwaswrittenbyGeorgeD.GreenwadeofSamHoustonStateUniversity.TheLATEX2.09versionwaswrittenbyStephenGilmore.TheLATEX2eversionwasadaptedfromthisbyTorstenMartinsen.KarlBerrymadefurtherupdatesandaddi-tions,andgratefullyacknowledgesusingHypertextHelpwithLATEX,bySheldonGreen,andLATEXCommandSummary(forLATEX2.09)byL.BotwayandC.Biemesderfer(publishedbytheTEXUsersGroupasTEXniquesnumber10),asreferencematerial.Wealsogratefullyacknowledgeadditionalmaterialappearinginlatex2e-referencebyMartinHerbertDietze.(Fromthesereferencesnotextwasdirectlycopied.)Copyright2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018KarlBerry.Copyright1988,1994,2007StephenGilmore.Copyright1994,1995,1996TorstenMartinsen.Permissionisgrantedtomakeanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthismanualprovidedthecopyrightnoticeandthispermissionnoticearepreservedonallcopies.Permissionisgrantedtocopyanddistributemodiedversionsofthismanualunderthecon-ditionsforverbatimcopying,providedthattheentireresultingderivedworkisdistributedunderthetermsofapermissionnoticeidenticaltothisone.Permissionisgrantedtocopyanddistributetranslationsofthismanualintoanotherlan-guage,undertheaboveconditionsformodiedversions. i ShortContentsLATEX2e:Anunocialreferencemanual::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1Aboutthisdocument:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 2OverviewofLATEX:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 3Documentclasses:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 4Fonts:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 5Layout::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 6Sectioning:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 30 7Crossreferences:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 41 8Environments:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 44 9Linebreaking:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 90 10Pagebreaking::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 95 11Footnotes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 98 12Denitions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 103 13Counters::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 116 14Lengths::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 120 15Makingparagraphs:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 125 16Mathformulas:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 129 17Modes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 151 18Pagestyles::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 153 19Spaces::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 157 20Boxes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 169 21Color::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 175 22Graphics::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 179 23Specialinsertions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 24Splittingtheinput::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 198 25Front/backmatter::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 202 26Letters:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 213 27Terminalinput/output::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 218 28Commandline:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 220 ADocumenttemplates::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 224 Index::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 229 ii TableofContentsLATEX2e:Anunocialreferencemanual::::::::::: 1 1Aboutthisdocument::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 2OverviewofLATEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 2.1Startingandending:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 2.2Outputles:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 2.3TEXengines:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 2.4LATEXcommandsyntax::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2.5Environment::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2.6CTAN:theComprehensiveTEXArchiveNetwork::::::::::::::: 6 3Documentclasses:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 3.1Documentclassoptions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 3.2Additionalpackages:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 3.3Classandpackageconstruction::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 3.3.1Classandpackagestructure:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 3.3.2Classandpackagecommands::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 4Fonts:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 4.1Fontstyles:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 4.2Fontsizes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 4.3Low-levelfontcommands:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 5Layout:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 5.1\onecolumn::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 5.2\twocolumn::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 5.3\flushbottom::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 24 5.4\raggedbottom:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 24 5.5Pagelayoutparameters:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 24 5.6Floats::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 26 6Sectioning::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 30 6.1\part::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 6.2\chapter:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 32 6.3\section:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 33 6.4\subsection:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 34 6.5\subsubsection,\paragraph,\subparagraph:::::::::::::::: 35 6.6\appendix:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 36 6.7\frontmatter,\mainmatter,\backmatter:::::::::::::::::::: 37 6.8\@startsection:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 37 iii 7Crossreferences:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 41 7.1\label:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 41 7.2\pageref:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 42 7.3\ref:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 42 8Environments::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 44 8.1abstract:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 44 8.2array::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 45 8.3center:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 8.3.1\centering:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47 8.4description:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47 8.5displaymath:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 48 8.6document:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 8.6.1\AtBeginDocument::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 8.6.2\AtEndDocument:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 8.7enumerate:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 8.8eqnarray:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 8.9equation:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 8.10figure::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 52 8.11filecontents:Writeanexternalle::::::::::::::::::::::::: 53 8.12flushleft::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 53 8.12.1\raggedright::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 54 8.13flushright:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 54 8.13.1\raggedleft:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 55 8.14itemize:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 55 8.15letterenvironment:writingletters:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 56 8.16list::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 8.16.1\item:Anentryinalist:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 61 8.16.2trivlist:Arestrictedformoflist::::::::::::::::::::: 62 8.17math::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 62 8.18minipage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 63 8.19picture:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 65 8.19.1\put:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 67 8.19.2\multiput:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 67 8.19.3\qbezier:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 68 8.19.4\graphpaper:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 68 8.19.5\line::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 68 8.19.6\linethickness:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 69 8.19.7\thinlines::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 69 8.19.8\thicklines:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 69 8.19.9\circle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 69 8.19.10\oval:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 8.19.11\shortstack::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 8.19.12\vector:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 71 8.19.13\makebox(picture)::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 71 8.19.14\framebox(picture):::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 72 8.19.15\frame::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 72 8.19.16\dashbox:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 72 iv 8.20quotation"e:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 73 8.21tabbing:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 73 8.22table:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 8.23tabular:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 77 8.23.1\multicolumn::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 80 8.23.2\vline:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 81 8.23.3\cline:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 81 8.23.4\hline:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 82 8.24thebibliography:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 82 8.24.1\bibitem:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 83 8.24.2\cite::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 84 8.24.3\nocite::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 84 8.24.4UsingBibTEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 85 8.25theorem:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 8.26titlepage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 8.27verbatim:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87 8.27.1\verb::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87 8.28verse:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 9Linebreaking::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 90 9.1\\::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 90 9.2\obeycr&\restorecr:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 91 9.3\newline:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 92 9.4\-(discretionaryhyphen):::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 92 9.5\discretionary(generalizedhyphenationpoint):::::::::::::: 92 9.6\fussy&\sloppy:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 9.6.1sloppypar::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 9.7\hyphenation::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 94 9.8\linebreak&\nolinebreak:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 94 10Pagebreaking::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 95 10.1\clearpage&\cleardoublepage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 95 10.2\newpage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 96 10.3\enlargethispage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 96 10.4\pagebreak&\nopagebreak::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 97 11Footnotes:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 98 11.1\footnote::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 98 11.2\footnotemark:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 99 11.3\footnotetext::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 100 11.4Footnotesinsectionheadings:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 100 11.5Footnotesinatable::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 100 11.6Footnotesoffootnotes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 102 v 12Denitions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 103 12.1\newcommand&\renewcommand::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 103 12.2\providecommand::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 105 12.3\makeatletter&\makeatother:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 105 12.4\@ifstar::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 106 12.5\newcounter:Allocatingacounter:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 107 12.6\newlength::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 107 12.7\newsavebox:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 108 12.8\newenvironment&\renewenvironment:::::::::::::::::::: 108 12.9\newtheorem:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 110 12.10\newfont:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 112 12.11\protect:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 113 12.12\ignorespaces&\ignorespacesafterend::::::::::::::::: 113 13Counters::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 116 13.1\alph\Alph\arabic\roman\Roman\fnsymbol:Printingcounters::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 116 13.2\usecounter:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 117 13.3\value:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 117 13.4\setcounter:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 118 13.5\addtocounter::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 118 13.6\refstepcounter::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 118 13.7\stepcounter::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 13.8\day&\month&\year:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 14Lengths::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 120 14.1Unitsoflength:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 121 14.2\setlength::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 122 14.3\addtolength::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 122 14.4\settodepth:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 123 14.5\settoheight::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 123 14.6\settowidth:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 123 15Makingparagraphs:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 125 15.1\par:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 125 15.2\indent&\noindent::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 126 15.3\parindent&\parskip:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 127 15.4Marginalnotes:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 127 16Mathformulas::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 129 16.1Subscripts&superscripts:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 130 16.2Mathsymbols::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 131 16.2.1Blackboardbold:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 142 16.2.2Calligraphic:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 142 16.2.3\boldmath&\unboldmath::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 142 16.2.4Dots,horizontalorvertical::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 vi 16.3Mathfunctions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 144 16.4Mathaccents:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 145 16.5Over-andUnderlining::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 16.6Spacinginmathmode::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 16.6.1\smash::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 147 16.6.2\phantom&\vphantom&\hphantom::::::::::::::::::: 148 16.7Mathmiscellany::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 149 16.7.1Coloncharacter:&\colon:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 149 16.7.2\*:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 149 16.7.3\frac:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 149 16.7.4\left&\right:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 150 16.7.5\sqrt:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 150 16.7.6\stackrel::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 150 17Modes:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 151 17.1\ensuremath:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 151 18Pagestyles::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 153 18.1\maketitle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 153 18.2\pagenumbering:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 154 18.3\pagestyle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 155 18.4\thispagestyle:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 156 19Spaces:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 157 19.1\enspace&\quad&\qquad:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 157 19.2\hspace:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 157 19.3\hfill:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 158 19.4\hss:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 158 19.5\spacefactor::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 159 19.5.1\@:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 160 19.5.2\frenchspacing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 160 19.5.3\normalsfcodes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 161 19.6Backslash-space,\:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 161 19.7~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 161 19.8\thinspace&\negthinspace:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 162 19.9\/:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 163 19.10\hrulefill&\dotfill::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 163 19.11\bigskip&\medskip&\smallskip:::::::::::::::::::::: 164 19.12\bigbreak&\medbreak&\smallbreak::::::::::::::::::: 165 19.13\strut:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 165 19.14\vspace::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 166 19.15\vfill:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 167 19.16\addvspace:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 168 vii 20Boxes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 169 20.1\mbox&\makebox:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 169 20.2\fbox&\framebox::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 170 20.3\parbox:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 171 20.4\raisebox:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 172 20.5\sbox&\savebox:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 173 20.6lrbox::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 174 20.7\usebox:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 174 21Color::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 175 21.1colorpackageoptions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 175 21.2Colormodels:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 175 21.3Commandsforcolor::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 176 21.3.1Denecolors::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 176 21.3.2Coloredtext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 176 21.3.3Coloredboxes:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 178 21.3.4Coloredpages:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 178 22Graphics:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 179 22.1graphicspackageoptions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 179 22.2graphicspackageconguration::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 180 22.2.1\graphicspath::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 180 22.2.2\DeclareGraphicsExtensions::::::::::::::::::::::::: 181 22.2.3\DeclareGraphicsRule:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 182 22.3Commandsforgraphics::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 183 22.3.1\includegraphics::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 183 22.3.2\rotatebox:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 22.3.3\scalebox::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 22.3.4\resizebox:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 23Specialinsertions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 23.1Reservedcharacters::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 23.2Upperandlowercase:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 23.3Symbolsbyfontposition:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 23.4Textsymbols:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 23.5Accents::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 194 23.6AdditionalLatinletters::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 195 23.7\rule::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 196 23.8\today:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 197 24Splittingtheinput::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 198 24.1\endinput:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 198 24.2\include&\includeonly:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 199 24.3\input:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 201 viii 25Front/backmatter::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 202 25.1Tableofcontentsetc.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 202 25.1.1\addcontentsline::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 203 25.1.2\addtocontents::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 204 25.1.3\nofiles:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 205 25.2Indexes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 205 25.2.1\index::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 206 25.2.2makeindex::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 207 25.2.3\printindex::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 210 25.3Glossaries::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 210 25.3.1\newglossaryentry:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 211 25.3.2\gls::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 212 26Letters:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 213 26.1\address::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 214 26.2\cc::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 214 26.3\closing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 214 26.4\encl::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 215 26.5\location:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 215 26.6\makelabels:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 215 26.7\name::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 216 26.8\opening::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 216 26.9\ps::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 216 26.10\signature:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 217 26.11\telephone:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 217 27Terminalinput/output:::::::::::::::::::::: 218 27.1\typein:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 218 27.2\typeout::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 218 28Commandline::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 220 28.1Commandlineoptions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 220 28.2Commandlineinput:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 222 28.3Recoveringfromerrors:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 222 AppendixADocumenttemplates::::::::::::: 224 A.1beamertemplate::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 224 A.2articletemplate:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 224 A.3booktemplate::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 225 A.4Largerbooktemplate:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 225 A.5tugboattemplate:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 226 Index:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 229 1 LATEX2e:AnunocialreferencemanualThisdocumentisanunocialreferencemanual(versionofOctober2018)forLATEX2e,adocumentpreparationsystem. 2 1AboutthisdocumentThisisanunocialreferencemanualfortheLATEX2edocumentpreparationsystem,whichisamacropackagefortheTEXtypesettingprogram(see Chapter2[Overview],page3 ).Thisdocument'shomepageis https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman .Thereyoucangetthesources,subscribetothemailinglistorreaditsarchives,seeotherinfrastructure,andgetthecurrentoutputinvariousformats.Inparticular,theoutputcomesintwowebformats.Probablythemostconvenientone,shownat http://latexref.xyz/ ,haspagesforeachtopicandsoisgoodforaquicklookup;seealsothenotethereabouteasy-to-rememberlinks.Theother,shownat http://svn.gnu.org.ua/viewvc/latexrefman/trunk/latex2e.html?view=co ,hasalltheinformationonsinglepage.Inthisdocument,wewillmostlyjustuse`LATEX'ratherthan`LATEX2e',sincethepreviousversionofLATEX(2.09)wasfrozendecadesago.LATEXiscurrentlymaintainedbyagroupofvolunteers( http://latex-project.org ).TheocialdocumentationwrittenbytheLATEXprojectisavailablefromtheirwebsite.ThisdocumentiscompletelyunocialandhasnotbeenreviewedbytheLATEXmaintainers.Donotsendbugreportsoranythingelseaboutthisdocumenttothem.Instead,pleasesendallcommentsto latexrefman@tug.org .Thisdocumentisareference.ThereisavastarrayofothersourcesofinformationaboutLATEX,atalllevels.Hereareafewintroductions. http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr TwopagesofrecommendedreferencestoLATEXdocumentation. http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc Writingyourrstdocument,withabitofbothtextandmath. http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide TheguidefordocumentauthorsthatismaintainedaspartofLATEX.Manyotherguidesbymanyotherpeoplearealsoavailable,independentofLATEXitself;onesuchisthenextitem: http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort AshortintroductiontoLATEX,translatedtomanylanguages. http://tug.org/begin.html IntroductiontotheTEXsystem,includingLATEX,withfurtherreferences. 3 2OverviewofLATEXLATEXisasystemfortypesettingdocuments.ItwasoriginallycreatedbyLeslieLamportandisnowmaintainedbyagroupofvolunteers( http://latex-project.org ).Itiswidelyused,particularlyforcomplexandtechnicaldocuments,suchasthoseinvolvingmathematics.ALATEXuserwritesaninputlecontainingtextalongwithinterspersedcommands,forinstancecommandsdescribinghowthetextshouldbeformatted.ItisimplementedasasetofrelatedcommandsthatinterfacewithDonaldE.Knuth'sTEXtypesettingprogram(thetechnicaltermisthatLATEXisamacropackagefortheTEXengine).TheuserproducestheoutputdocumentbygivingthatinputletotheTEXengine.ThetermLATEXisalsosometimesusedtomeanthelanguageinwhichthedocumentismarkedup,thatis,tomeanthesetofcommandsavailabletoaLATEXuser.ThenameLATEXisshortfor\LamportTEX".ItispronouncedLAH-teckorLAY-teck,orsometimesLAY-tecks.Insideadocument,producethelogowith\LaTeX.Whereuseofthelogoisnotsensible,suchasinplaintext,writeitas`LaTeX'.2.1StartingandendingLATEXleshaveasimpleglobalstructure,withastandardbeginningandending.Thisisasmallexample.\documentclass{article}\begin{document}Hello,\LaTeX\world.\end{document}EveryLATEXdocumenthasa\begin{document}lineandan\end{document}line.Here,the`article'isthedocumentclass.Itisimplementedinalearticle.cls.Youcanuseanydocumentclassonyoursystem.AfewdocumentclassesaredenedbyLATEXitself,andvastarrayofothersarewidelyavailable.See Chapter3[Documentclasses],page7 .YoucanincludeotherLATEXcommandsbetweenthe\documentclassandthe\begin{document}commands.Thisareaiscalledthepreamble.The\begin{document},\end{document}pairdenesanenvironment;the`document'environment(andnoothers)isrequiredinallLATEXdocuments(see Section8.6[document],page49 ).LATEXmakeavailabletoyoumanyenvironmentsthataredocumentedhere(see Chapter8[Environments],page44 ).Manymoreareavailabletoyoufromexternalpackages,mostimportantlythoseavailableatCTAN(see Section2.6[CTAN],page6 ).ThefollowingsectionsdiscusshowtoproducePDForotheroutputfromaLATEXinputle.2.2OutputlesLATEXproducesamainoutputleandatleasttwoauxiliaryles.Themainoutputle'snameendsineither.dvior.pdf..dviIfLATEXisinvokedwiththesystemcommandlatexthenitproducesaDeViceIndependentle,withextension.dvi.Youcanviewthislewithacommand Chapter2:OverviewofLATEX4 suchasxdvi,orconvertittoaPostScript.pslewithdvipsortoaPortableDocumentFormat.pdflewithdvipdfmx.Thecontentsofthelecanbedumpedinhuman-readableformwithdvitype.AvastarrayofotherDVIutilityprogramsareavailable( http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware )..pdfIfLATEXisinvokedviathesystemcommandpdflatex,amongothercommands(see Section2.3[TEXengines],page4 ),thenthemainoutputisaPortableDocumentFormat(PDF)le.Typicallythisisaself-containedle,withallfontsandimagesincluded.LATEXalsoproducesatleasttwoadditionalles..logThistranscriptlecontainssummaryinformationsuchasalistofloadedpack-ages.Italsoincludesdiagnosticmessagesandperhapsadditionalinformationforanyerrors..auxAuxiliaryinformationisusedbyLATEXforthingssuchascrossreferences.Forexample,thersttimethatLATEXndsaforwardreference|acrossreferencetosomethingthathasnotyetappearedinthesource|itwillappearintheoutputasadoubledquestionmark??.Whenthereferred-tospotdoeseventuallyappearinthesourcethenLATEXwritesitslocationinformationtothis.auxle.Onthenextinvocation,LATEXreadsthelocationinformationfromthisleandusesittoresolvethereference,replacingthedoublequestionmarkwiththerememberedlocation.LATEXmayproduceyetmoreles,characterizedbythelenameending.Theseincludea.loflethatisusedtomakealistofgures,a.lotleusedtomakealistoftables,anda.tocleusedtomakeatableofcontents(see Section25.1[Tableofcontentsetc.],page202 ).Aparticularclassmaycreateothers;thelistisopen-ended.2.3TEXenginesLATEXisdenedtobeasetofcommandsthatarerunbyaTEXimplementation(see Chapter2[Overview],page3 ).Thissectiongivesaterseoverviewofthemainprograms(seealso Chapter28[Commandline],page220 ).latexpdflatexInTEXLive( http://tug.org/texlive ),ifLATEXisinvokedviaeitherthesystemcommandlatexorpdflatex,thenthepdfTEXengineisrun( http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex ).Wheninvokedaslatex,themainoutputisa.dvile;aspdflatex,themainoutputisa.pdfle.pdfTEXincorporatesthee-TEXextensionstoKnuth'soriginalprogram( http://ctan.org/pkg/etex ),includingadditionalprogrammingfeaturesandbi-directionaltypesetting,andhasplentyofextensionsofitsown.e-TEXisavailableonitsownasthesystemcommandetex,butthisisplainTEX(andproduces.dvi).InotherTEXdistributions,latexmayinvokee-TEXratherthanpdfTEX.Inanycase,thee-TEXextensionscanbeassumedtobeavailableinLATEX.lualatexIfLATEXisinvokedviathesystemcommandlualatex,theLuaTEXengineisrun( http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex ).Thisprogramallowscodewritten Chapter2:OverviewofLATEX5 inthescriptinglanguageLua( http://luatex.org )tointeractwithTEX'stypesetting.LuaTEXhandlesUTF-8Unicodeinputnatively,canhandleOpen-TypeandTrueTypefonts,andproducesa.pdflebydefault.Thereisalsodvilualatextoproducea.dvile,butthisisrarelyused.xelatexIfLATEXisinvokedwiththesystemcommandxelatex,theXeTEXengineisrun( http://tug.org/xetex ).LikeLuaTEX,XeTEXnativelysupportsUTF-8UnicodeandTrueTypeandOpenTypefonts,thoughtheimplementationiscompletelydierent,mainlyusingexternallibrariesinsteadofinternalcode.XeTEXproducesa.pdfleasoutput;itdoesnotsupportDVIoutput.Internally,XeTEXcreatesan.xdvle,avariantofDVI,andtranslatesthattoPDFusingthe(x)dvipdfmxprogram,butthisprocessisautomatic.The.xdvleisonlyusefulfordebugging.OthervariantsofLATEXandTEXexist,e.g.,toprovideadditionalsupportforJapaneseandotherlanguages([u]pTEX, http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex , http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex ).2.4LATEXcommandsyntaxIntheLATEXinputle,acommandnamestartswithabackslashcharacter,\.Thenameitselfthenconsistsofeither(a)astringoflettersor(b)asinglenon-letter.LATEXcommandsnamesarecasesensitivesothat\pagebreakdiersfrom\Pagebreak(thelatterisnotastandardcommand).Mostcommandsarelowercase,butinanyeventyoumustenterallcommandsinthesamecaseastheyaredened.Acommandmaybefollowedbyzero,one,ormorearguments.Theseargumentsmaybeeitherrequiredoroptional.Requiredargumentsarecontainedincurlybraces,{...}.Optionalargumentsarecontainedinsquarebrackets,[...].Generally,butnotuniversally,ifthecommandacceptsanoptionalargument,itcomesrst,beforeanyrequiredarguments.Insideofanoptionalargument,tousethecharacterclosesquarebracket(])hideitinsidecurlybraces,asin\item[closingbracket{]}].Similarly,ifanoptionalargumentcomeslast,withnorequiredargumentafterit,thentomaketherstcharacterofthefollowingtextbeanopensquarebracket,hideitinsidecurlybraces.SomeofLATEX'scommandsareadeclaration.Suchacommandchangesthevaluethemeaningofsomeothercommandorparameter.Forinstance,the\mainmatterdeclarationchangesthetypesettingofpagenumbersfromromannumeralstoarabic(see Section6.7[\frontmatter&\mainmatter&\backmatter],page37 ).LATEXhastheconventionthatsomecommandshavea*formthatisrelatedtotheformwithouta*,suchas\chapterand\chapter*.Theexactdierenceinbehaviorvariesfromcommandtocommand.Thismanualdescribesallacceptedoptionsand*-formsforthecommandsitcovers(barringunintentionalomissions,a.k.a.bugs).2.5EnvironmentSynopsis:\begin{environmentname} Chapter2:OverviewofLATEX6 ...\end{environmentname}AnareaofLATEXsource,insideofwhichthereisadistinctbehavior.Forinstance,forpoetryinLATEXputthelinesbetween\begin{verse}and\end{verse}.\begin{verse}ThereoncewasamanfromNantucket\\...\end{verse}See Chapter8[Environments],page44, foralistofenvironments.ParticularlynotableisthateveryLATEXdocumentmusthaveadocumentenvironment,a\begin{document}...\end{document}pair.Theenvironmentnameatthebeginningmustexactlymatchthatattheend.Thisincludesthecasewhereenvironmentnameendsinastar(*);boththe\beginand\endtextsmustincludethestar.Environmentsmayhavearguments,includingoptionalarguments.Thisexamplepro-ducesatable.Therstargumentisoptional(andcausesthetabletobealignedonitstoprow)whilethesecondargumentisrequired(itspeciestheformattingofcolumns).\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}...rowsoftable...\end{tabular}2.6CTAN:theComprehensiveTEXArchiveNetworkTheComprehensiveTEXArchiveNetwork,CTAN,istheTEXandLATEXcommunity'srepositoryoffreematerial.ItisasetofInternetsitesaroundtheworldthatoermaterialrelatedtoLATEXfordownload.VisitCTANonthewebat https://ctan.org .Thismaterialisorganizedintopackages,discretebundlesthattypicallyoersomeco-herentfunctionalityandaremaintainedbyonepersonorasmallnumberofpeople.Forinstance,manypublishershaveapackagethatallowsauthorstoformatpaperstothatpublisher'sspecications.Inadditiontothemassiveholdings,thewebsiteoersfeaturessuchassearchbynameorbyfunctionality.CTANisnotasinglesite,butinsteadisasetofsites.Oneofthesitesisthecore.Thissiteactivelymanagesthematerial,forinstance,byacceptinguploadsofneworupdatedpackages.ItishostedbytheGermanTEXgroupDANTEe.V.Othersitesaroundtheworldhelpoutbymirroring,thatis,automaticallysyncingtheircollectionswiththecoresiteandtheninturnmakingtheircopiespubliclyavailable.Thisgivesusersclosetotheirlocationbetteraccessandrelievestheloadonthecoresite.Thelistofmirrorsisat https://ctan.org/mirrors . 7 3DocumentclassesThedocument'soverallclassisdenedwiththiscommand,whichisnormallytherstcommandinaLATEXsourcele.\documentclass[options]{class}ThefollowingdocumentclassnamesarebuiltintoLATEX.(Manyotherdocumentclassesareavailableasseparatepackages;see Chapter2[Overview],page3 .)articleForajournalarticle,apresentation,andmiscellaneousgeneraluse.bookFull-lengthbooks,includingchaptersandpossiblyincludingfrontmatter,suchasapreface,andbackmatter,suchasanappendix(see Chapter25[Front/backmatter],page202 ).letterMail,optionallyincludingmailinglabels(see Chapter26[Letters],page213 ).reportFordocumentsoflengthbetweenanarticleandabook,suchastechnicalreportsortheses,whichmaycontainseveralchapters.slidesForslidepresentations|rarelyusedtoday.Initsplacethebeamerpackageisperhapsthemostprevalent(see SectionA.1[beamertemplate],page224 ).Standardoptionsaredescribedinthenextsection.3.1DocumentclassoptionsYoucanspecifyglobaloptionsorclassoptionstothe\documentclasscommandbyen-closingtheminsquarebrackets.Tospecifymorethanoneoption,separatethemwithacomma.\documentclass[option1,option2,...]{class}Hereisthelistofthestandardclassoptions.Allofthestandardclassesexceptslidesacceptthefollowingoptionsforselectingthetypefacesize(defaultis10pt):10pt11pt12ptAllofthestandardclassesaccepttheseoptionsforselectingthepapersize(theseshowheightbywidth):a4paper210by297mm(about8.25by11.75inches)a5paper148by210mm(about5.8by8.3inches)b5paper176by250mm(about6.9by9.8inches)executivepaper7.25by10.5incheslegalpaper8.5by14inchesletterpaper8.5by11inches(thedefault) Chapter3:Documentclasses8 WhenusingoneoftheenginespdfLATEX,LuaLATEX,orXeLATEX(see Section2.3[TEXengines],page4 ),optionsotherthanletterpapersettheprintareabutyoumustalsosetthephysicalpapersize.Onewaytodothatistoput\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidthand\pdfpageheight=\paperheightinyourdocument'spreamble.Thegeometrypackageprovides exiblewaysofsettingtheprintareaandphysicalpagesize.Miscellaneousotheroptions:draftfinalMark(draft)ordonotmark(final)overfullboxeswithablackboxinthemargin;defaultisfinal.fleqnPutdisplayedformulas ushleft;defaultiscentered.landscapeSelectslandscapeformat;defaultisportrait.leqnoPutequationnumbersontheleftsideofequations;defaultistherightside.openbibUse\open"bibliographyformat.titlepagenotitlepageSpecieswhetherthereisaseparatepageforthetitleinformationandfortheabstractalso,ifthereisone.Thedefaultforthereportclassistitlepage,fortheotherclassesitisnotitlepage.Thefollowingoptionsarenotavailablewiththeslidesclass.onecolumntwocolumnTypesetinoneortwocolumns;defaultisonecolumn.onesidetwosideSelectsone-ortwo-sidedlayout;defaultisoneside,exceptthatinthebookclassthedefaultistwoside.Forone-sidedprinting,thetextiscenteredonthepage.Fortwo-sidedprint-ing,the\evensidemargin(\oddsidemargin)parameterdeterminesthedis-tanceoneven(odd)numberedpagesbetweentheleftsideofthepageandthetext'sleftmargin,with\oddsidemarginbeing40%ofthedierencebetween\paperwidthand\textwidth,and\evensidemarginistheremainder.openrightopenanyDeterminesifachaptershouldstartonaright-handpage;defaultisopenrightforbook,andopenanyforreport.Theslidesclassoerstheoptionclockforprintingthetimeatthebottomofeachnote.3.2AdditionalpackagesLoadapackagepkg,withthepackageoptionsgiveninthecomma-separatedlistoptions,ashere.\usepackage[options]{pkg}. Chapter3:Documentclasses9 Tospecifymorethanonepackageyoucanseparatethemwithacomma,asin\usepackage{pkg1,pkg2,...},orusemultiple\usepackagecommands.Anyoptionsgiveninthe\documentclasscommandthatareunknowntotheselecteddocumentclassarepassedontothepackagesloadedwith\usepackage.3.3ClassandpackageconstructionYoucancreatenewdocumentclassesandnewpackages.Forinstance,ifyourmemosmustsatisfysomelocalrequirements,suchasastandardheaderforeachpage,thenyoucouldcre-ateanewclasssmcmemo.clsandbeginyourdocumentswith\documentclass{smcmemo}.Whatseparatesapackagefromadocumentclassisthatthecommandsinapackageareusefulacrossclasseswhilethoseinadocumentclassarespecictothatclass.Thus,acommandtosetpageheadersisforapackagewhileacommandtomakethepageheaderssayMemofromtheSMCMathDepartmentisforaclass.Insideofaclassorpackageleyoucanusetheat-sign@asacharacterincommandnameswithouthavingtosurroundthecodecontainingthatcommandwith\makeatletterand\makeatother.See Section12.3[\makeatletter&\makeatother],page105 .Thisallowyoutocreatecommandsthatuserswillnotaccidentallyredene.Anothertechniqueistoprefaceclass-orpackage-speciccommandswithsomestringtopreventyourclassorpackagefrominterferingwithothers.Forinstance,theclasssmcmemomighthavecommands\smc@tolist,\smc@fromlist,etc.3.3.1ClassandpackagestructureAclassleorpackageletypicallyhasfourparts.1.Intheidenticationpart,thelesaysthatitisaLATEXpackageorclassandde-scribesitself,usingthe\NeedsTeXFormatand\ProvidesClassor\ProvidesPackagecommands.2.Thepreliminarydeclarationspartdeclaressomecommandsandcanalsoloadotherles.Usuallythesecommandswillbethoseneededforthecodeusedinthenextpart.Forexample,ansmcmemoclassmightbecalledwithanoptiontoreadinalewithalistofpeoplefortheto-head,as\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo},andthereforeneedstodeneacommand\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}usedinthatle.3.Inthehandleoptionsparttheclassorpackagedeclaresandprocessesitsoptions.Classoptionsallowausertostarttheirdocumentas\documentclass[optionlist]{classname},tomodifythebehavioroftheclass.Anexampleiswhenyoudeclare\documentclass[11pt]{article}tosetthedefaultdocumentfontsize.4.Finally,inthemoredeclarationsparttheclassorpackageusuallydoesmostofitswork:declaringnewvariables,commandsandfonts,andloadingotherles.Hereisastartingclassle,whichshouldbesavedasstub.clswhereLATEXcanndit,forexampleinthesamedirectoryasthe.texle.\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}\ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06stubtostartbuildingclassesfrom]\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}\ProcessOptions\relax\LoadClass{article} Chapter3:Documentclasses10 Itidentiesitself,handlestheclassoptionsviathedefaultofpassingthemalltothearticleclass,andthenloadsthearticleclasstoprovidethebasisforthisclass'scode.Formore,seetheocialguideforclassandpackagewriters,theClassGuide,at http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf (muchofthedescriptionsherederivefromthisdocument),orthetutorial https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf .3.3.2ClassandpackagecommandsThesearethecommandsdesignedtohelpwritersofclassesorpackages.\AtBeginDvi{specials}Saveinaboxregisterthingsthatarewrittentothe.dvileatthebeginningoftheshipoutoftherstpageofthedocument.\AtEndOfClass{code}\AtEndOfPackage{code}HooktoinsertcodetobeexecutedwhenLATEXnishesprocessingthecurrentclassorpackage.Youcanusethesehooksmultipletimes;thecodewillbeexecutedintheorderthatyoucalledit.Seealso Section8.6.1[\AtBeginDoc-ument],page49 .\CheckCommand{cmd}[num][default]{definition}\CheckCommand*{cmd}[num][default]{definition}Like\newcommand(see Section12.1[\newcommand&\renewcommand],page103 )butdoesnotdenecmd;insteaditchecksthatthecurrentdenitionofcmdisexactlyasgivenbydenitionandisorisnotlongasexpected.Alongcommandisacommandthataccepts\parwithinanargument.Thecmdcommandisexpectedtobelongwiththeunstarredversionof\CheckCommand.Raisesanerrorwhenthecheckfails.Thisallowsyoutocheckbeforeyoustartredeningcmdyourselfthatnootherpackagehasalreadyredenedthiscommand.\ClassError{classname}{errortext}{helptext}\PackageError{packagename}{errortext}{helptext}\ClassWarning{classname}{warningtext}\PackageWarning{packagename}{warningtext}\ClassWarningNoLine{classname}{warningtext}\PackageWarningNoLine{packagename}{warningtext}\ClassInfo{classname}{infotext}\PackageInfo{packagename}{infotext}\ClassInfoNoLine{classname}{infotext}\PackageInfoNoLine{packagename}{infotext}Produceanerrormessage,orwarningorinformationalmessages.For\ClassErrorand\PackageErrorthemessageiserrortext,followedbyTEX's?errorprompt.Iftheuserthenasksforhelpbytypingh,theyseethehelptext.Thefourwarningcommandsaresimilarexceptthattheywritewarningtextonthescreenwithnoerrorprompt.Thefourinfocommandswriteinfotext Chapter3:Documentclasses11 onlyinthetranscriptle.TheNoLineversionsdonotshowthenumberofthelinegeneratingthemessage,whiletheotherversionsdoshowthatnumber.Toformatthemessages,includingthehelptext:use\protecttostopacom-mandfromexpanding,getalinebreakwith\MessageBreak,andgetaspacewith\spacewhenaspacecharacterdoesnotallowit,likeafteracommand.NotethatLATEXappendsaperiodtothemessages.\CurrentOptionExpandstothenameofthecurrently-being-processedoption.Canonlybeusedwithinthecodeargumentofeither\DeclareOptionor\DeclareOption*.\DeclareOption{option}{code}\DeclareOption*{code}Makeanoptionavailabletoausertoinvokeintheir\documentclasscommand.Forexample,thesmcmemoclasscouldhaveanoption\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}allowinguserstoputtheinstitutionallogoontherstpage.Theclasslemustcontain\DeclareOption{logo}{code}(andlater,\ProcessOptions).Ifyourequestanoptionthathasnotbeendeclared,bydefaultthiswillproduceawarninglikeUnusedglobaloption(s):[badoption].Changethisbehaviourwiththestarredversion\DeclareOption*{code}.Forexample,manyclassesextendanexistingclass,usingadeclarationsuchas\LoadClass{article},andforpassingextraoptionstotheunderlyingclassusecodesuchasthis.\DeclareOption*{%\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%}Anotherexampleisthattheclasssmcmemomayallowuserstokeeplistsofmemorecipientsinexternalles.Thentheusercouldinvoke\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}anditwillreadthelemath.memo.Thiscodehandlestheleifitexistsandotherwisepassestheoptiontothearticleclass.\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}\DeclareRobustCommand{cmd}[num][default]{definition}\DeclareRobustCommand*{cmd}[num][default]{definition}Like\newcommandand\newcommand*(see Section12.1[\newcommand&\re-newcommand],page103 )butthesedeclarearobustcommand,evenifsomecodewithinthedenitionisfragile.(Foradiscussionofrobustandfragilecommandssee Section12.11[\protect],page113 .)Usethiscommandtode-nenewrobustcommandsortoredeneexistingcommandsandmakethemrobust.Unlike\newcommandthesedonotgiveanerrorifmacrocmdalreadyexists;instead,alogmessageisputintothetranscriptleifacommandisredened.Commandsdenedthiswayareabitlessecientthanthosedenedusing\newcommandsounlessthecommand'sdataisfragileandthecommandisusedwithinamovingargument,use\newcommand. Chapter3:Documentclasses12 Theetoolboxpackageoersthecommands\newrobustcmd,\newrobustcmd*,aswellasthecommands\renewrobustcmd,\renewrobustcmd*,andthecommands\providerobustcmd,and\providerobustcmd*.Thesearesimilarto\newcommand,\newcommand*,\renewcommand,\renewcommand*,\providecommand,and\providecommand*,butdenearobustcmdwithtwoadvantagesascomparedto\DeclareRobustCommand:1.Theyusethelow-levele-TEXprotectionmechanismratherthanthehigherlevelLATEX\protectmechanism,sotheydonotincurtheslightlossofperformancementionedabove,and2.Theymakethesamedistinctionbetween\new...,\renew...,and\provide...,asthestandardcommands,sotheydonotjustmakealogmessagewhenyouredenecmdthatalreadyexists,inthatcaseyouneedtouseeither\renew...or\provide...oryougetanerror.\IfFileExists{filename}{truecode}{falsecode}\InputIfFileExists{filename}{truecode}{falsecode}ExecutetruecodeifLATEXndsthelefilenameorfalsecodeotherwise.Intherstcaseitexecutingtruecodeandtheninputsthele.Thusthecommand\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{%\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{!!img.pdfnotfound}willincludethegraphicimg.pdfifitisfoundandotherwisegiveawarning.ThiscommandlooksfortheleinallsearchpathsthatLATEXuses,notonlyinthecurrentdirectory.Tolookonlyinthecurrentdirectorydosomethinglike\IfFileExists{./filename}{truecode}{falsecode}.Ifyouaskforalenamewithouta.texextensionthenLATEXwillrstlookforthelebyap-pendingthe.tex;formoreonhowLATEXhandlesleextensionssee Section24.3[\input],page201 .\LoadClass[optionslist]{classname}[releasedate]\LoadClassWithOptions{classname}[releasedate]Loadaclass,aswith\documentclass[optionslist]{classname}[releaseinfo].Anexampleis\LoadClass[twoside]{article}.Theoptionslist,ifpresent,isacomma-separatedlist.Thereleasedateisoptional.IfpresentitmusthavetheformYYYY/MM/DD.Ifyourequestareleasedateandthedateofthepackageinstalledonyoursystemisearlier,thenyougetawarningonthescreenandintheloglikethis.Youhaverequested,oninputline4,version`2038/01/19'ofdocumentclassarticle,butonlyversion`2014/09/29v1.4hStandardLaTeXdocumentclass'isavailable.Thecommandversion\LoadClassWithOptionsusesthelistofoptionsforthecurrentclass.Thismeansitignoresanyoptionspassedtoitvia\PassOptionsToClass.Thisisaconveniencecommandthatletsyoubuildclassesonexistingones,suchasthestandardarticleclass,withouthavingtotrackwhichoptionswerepassed. Chapter3:Documentclasses13 \ExecuteOptions{options-list}Foreachoptionoptionintheoptions-list,inorder,thiscommandexecutesthecommand\ds@option.Ifthiscommandisnotdenedthenthatoptionissilentlyignored.Itcanbeusedtoprovideadefaultoptionlistbefore\ProcessOptions.Forexample,ifinaclassleyouwantthedefaulttobe11ptfontsthenyoucouldspecify\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax.\NeedsTeXFormat{format}[formatdate]Speciestheformatthatthisclassmustberununder.Oftenissuedastherstlineofaclassle,andmostoftenusedas:\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}.Whenadocumentusingthatclassisprocessed,theformatnamegivenheremustmatchtheformatthatisactuallybeingrun(includingthattheformatstringiscasesensitive).Ifitdoesnotmatchthenexecutionstopswithanerrorlike`Thisfileneedsformat`LaTeX2e'butthisis`xxx'.'Tospecifyaversionoftheformatthatyouknowtohavecertainfeatures,includetheoptionalformatdateonwhichthosefeatureswereimplemented.IfpresentitmustbeintheformYYYY/MM/DD.Iftheformatversioninstalledonyoursystemisearlierthanformatdatethenyougetawarninglikethis.Youhaverequestedrelease`2038/01/20'ofLaTeX,butonlyrelease`2016/02/01'isavailable.\OptionNotUsedAddsthecurrentoptiontothelistofunusedoptions.Canonlybeusedwithinthecodeargumentofeither\DeclareOptionor\DeclareOption*.\PassOptionsToClass{optionlist}{classname}\PassOptionsToPackage{optionlist}{packagename}Addstheoptionsinthecomma-separatedlistoptionlisttotheoptionsusedbyanyfuture\RequirePackageor\usepackagecommandforpackagepackagenameortheclassclassname.Thereasonforthesecommandsis:youmayloadapackageanynumberoftimeswithnooptionsbutifyouwantoptionsthenyoumayonlysupplythemwhenyourstloadthepackage.LoadingapackagewithoptionsmorethanoncewillgetyouanerrorlikeOptionclashforpackagefoo.(LATEXthrowsanerrorevenifthereisnocon ictbetweentheoptions.)Ifyourowncodeisbringinginapackagetwicethenyoucancollapsethattoonce,forexamplereplacingthetwo\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}and\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}withthesinglecommand\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}.However,imaginethatyouareloadingfirstpkgandinsidethatpackageitloadssecondpkg,andyouneedthesecondpackagetobeloadedwithoptiondraft.Thenbeforedoingtherstpackageyoumustqueueuptheoptionsforthesecondpackage,likethis.\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{secondpkg}\RequirePackage{firstpkg} Chapter3:Documentclasses14 (Iffirstpkg.styloadsanoptionincon ictwithwhatyouwantthenyoumayhavetoalteritssource.)Thesecommandsareusefulforgeneralusersaswellasclassandpackagewrit-ers.Forinstance,supposeauserwantstoloadthegraphicxpackagewiththeoptiondraftandalsowantstouseaclassfoothatloadsthegraphicxpackage,butwithoutthatoption.TheusercouldstarttheirLATEXlewith\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}.\ProcessOptions\ProcessOptions*\@optionsExecutethecodeforeachoptionthattheuserhasinvoked.Includeitintheclassleas\ProcessOptions\relax(becauseoftheexistenceofthestarredcommand).Optionscomeintwotypes.Localoptionshavebeenspeciedforthispartic-ularpackageintheoptionsargumentof\PassOptionsToPackage{options},\usepackage[options],or\RequirePackage[options].Globaloptionsarethosegivenbytheclassuserin\documentclass[options](Ifanoptionisspeciedbothlocallyandgloballythenitislocal.)When\ProcessOptionsiscalledforapackagepkg.sty,thefollowinghappens:1.Foreachoptionoptionsofardeclaredwith\DeclareOption,itlookstoseeifthatoptioniseitheraglobaloralocaloptionforpkg.Ifsothenitexecutesthedeclaredcode.Thisisdoneintheorderinwhichtheseoptionsweregiveninpkg.sty.2.Foreachremaininglocaloption,itexecutesthecommand\ds@optionifithasbeendenedsomewhere(otherthanbya\DeclareOption);otherwise,itexecutesthedefaultoptioncodegivenin\DeclareOption*.Ifnodefaultoptioncodehasbeendeclaredthenitgivesanerrormessage.Thisisdoneintheorderinwhichtheseoptionswerespecied.When\ProcessOptionsiscalledforaclassitworksinthesamewayex-ceptthatalloptionsarelocal,andthedefaultcodefor\DeclareOption*is\OptionNotUsedratherthananerror.Thestarredversion\ProcessOptions*executestheoptionsintheorderspeci-edinthecallingcommands,ratherthanintheorderofdeclarationintheclassorpackage.Forapackagethismeansthattheglobaloptionsareprocessedrst.\ProvidesClass{classname}[releasedatebriefadditionalinformation]\ProvidesClass{classname}[releasedate]\ProvidesPackage{packagename}[releasedatebriefadditionalinformation]\ProvidesPackage{packagename}[releasedate]Identiestheclassorpackage,printingamessagetothescreenandthelogle.Whenyouloadaclassorpackage,forexamplewith\documentclass{smcmemo}or\usepackage{test},LATEXinputsale.Ifthenameoftheledoesnotmatchtheclassorpackagenamedeclaredinitthenyougetawarning.Thus,ifyouinvoke\documentclass{smcmemo},andthelesmcmemo.clshasthestate-ment\ProvidesClass{xxx}thenyougetawarninglikeYouhaverequesteddocumentclass`smcmemo',butthedocumentclassprovides'xxx'.This Chapter3:Documentclasses15 warningdoesnotpreventLATEXfromprocessingtherestoftheclasslenor-mally.Ifyouincludetheoptionalargumentthenyoumustincludeadate,beforeanyspaces,oftheformYYYY/MM/DD.Therestoftheoptionalargumentisfree-form,althoughittraditionallyidentiestheclass,andiswrittentothescreenduringcompilationandtothelogle.Thus,ifyourlesmcmemo.clscontainstheline\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01v1.0SMCmemoclass]andyourdocument'srstlineis\documentclass{smcmemo}thenyouwillseeDocumentClass:smcmemo2008/06/01v1.0SMCmemoclass.Thedateintheoptionalargumentallowsclassandpackageuserstoasktobewarnediftheversionoftheclassorpackageisearlierthanreleasedate.Forinstance,ausercouldenter\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]or\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]torequireaclassorpackagewithcertainfeaturesbyspecifyingthatitmustbereleasednoearlierthanthegivendate.(Although,inpracticepackageusersonlyrarelyincludeadate,andclassusersalmostneverdo.)\ProvidesFile{filename}[additionalinformation]Declarealeotherthanthemainclassandpackageles,suchascongurationlesorfontdenitionles.PutthiscommandinthatleandyougetinthelogastringlikeFile:test.config2017/10/12configfilefortest.clsforlenameequalto`test.config'andadditionalinformationequalto`2017/10/12configfilefortest.cls'.\RequirePackage[optionlist]{packagename}[releasedate]\RequirePackageWithOptions{packagename}[releasedate]Loadapackage,likethecommand\usepackage(see Section3.2[Additionalpackages],page8 ).TheLATEXdevelopmentteamstronglyrecommendsuseofthesecommandsoverPlainTEX's\input;seetheClassGuide.Anexampleis\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}.Theoptionlist,ifpresent,isacomma-separatedlist.Thereleasedate,ifpresent,musthavetheformYYYY/MM/DD.Ifthereleasedateofthepack-ageasinstalledonyoursystemisearlierthanreleasedatethenyougetawarninglikeYouhaverequested,oninputline9,version`2017/07/03'ofpackagejhtest,butonlyversion`2000/01/01'isavailable.The\RequirePackageWithOptionsversionusesthelistofoptionsforthecurrentclass.Thismeansitignoresanyoptionspassedtoitvia\PassOptionsToClass.Thisisaconveniencecommandtoalloweasilybuildingclassesonexistingoneswithouthavingtotrackwhichoptionswerepassed.Thedierencebetween\usepackageand\RequirePackageissmall.The\usepackagecommandisintendedforthedocumentlewhile\RequirePackageisintendedforpackageandclassles.Thus,using\usepackagebeforethe\documentclasscommandcausesLATEXtogiveerrorlike\usepackagebefore\documentclass,butyoucanuse\RequirePackagethere. 16 4FontsTwoimportantaspectsofselectingafontarespecifyingasizeandastyle.TheLATEXcommandsfordoingthisaredescribedhere.4.1FontstylesThefollowingtypestylecommandsaresupportedbyLATEX.Inthetablebelowthelistedcommands,the\text...commands,isusedwithanargu-ment,asin\textit{text}.Thisisthepreferredform.Butshownafterit,inparenthesis,isthecorrespondingdeclarationform,whichissometimesuseful.Thisformtakesnoargu-ments,asin{\itshapetext}.Thescopeofthedeclarationformlastsuntilthenexttypestylecommandortheendofthecurrentgroup.Inaddition,eachhasanenvironmentformsuchas\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}.Thesecommands,inboththeargumentformandthedeclarationform,arecumula-tive;forinstanceyoucangetboldsansserifbysayingeitherof\sffamily\bfseriesor\bfseries\sffamily.Oneadvantageofthesecommandsisthattheyautomaticallyinsertitaliccorrectionsifneeded(see Section19.9[\/],page163 ).Specically,theyinserttheitaliccorrectionunlessthefollowingcharacterisinthelist\nocorrlist,whichbydefaultconsistsofaperiodandacomma.Tosuppresstheautomaticinsertionofitaliccorrection,use\nocorratthestartorendofthecommandargument,suchas\textit{\nocorrtext}or\textsc{text\nocorr}.\textrm(\rmfamily)Roman.\textit(\itshape)Italics.\textmd(\mdseries)Mediumweight(default).\textbf(\bfseries)Boldface.\textup(\upshape)Upright(default).\textsl(\slshape)Slanted.\textsf(\sffamily)Sansserif.\textsc(\scshape)Smallcaps.\texttt(\ttfamily)Typewriter.\textnormal(\normalfont)Maindocumentfont. Chapter4:Fonts17 Althoughitalsochangesfonts,the\emph{text}commandissemantic,fortexttobeemphasized,andshouldnotbeusedasasubstitutefor\textit.Forexample,\emph{starttext\emph{middletext}endtext}willresultinthestarttextandendtextinitalics,butmiddletextwillbeinroman.LATEXalsoprovidesthefollowingcommands,whichunconditionallyswitchtothegivenstyle,thatis,arenotcumulative.Theyareusedasdeclarations:{\cmd...}insteadof\cmd{...}.(Theunconditionalcommandsbelowareanolderversionoffontswitching.Theearliercommandsareanimprovementinmostcircumstances.Butsometimesanunconditionalfontswitchispreciselywhatyouwant.)\bfSwitchtoboldface.\calSwitchtocalligraphiclettersformath.\itItalics.\rmRoman.\scSmallcaps.\sfSansserif.\slSlanted(oblique).\ttTypewriter(monospace,xed-width).The\emcommandistheunconditionalversionof\emph.Thefollowingcommandsareforuseinmathmode.Theyarenotcumulative,so\mathbf{\mathit{symbol}}doesnotcreateaboldfaceanditalicsymbol;instead,itwilljustbeinitalics.Thisisbecausetypicallymathsymbolsneedconsistenttypographictreatment,regardlessofthesurroundingenvironment.\mathrmRoman,foruseinmathmode.\mathbfBoldface,foruseinmathmode.\mathsfSansserif,foruseinmathmode.\mathttTypewriter,foruseinmathmode.\mathit(\mit)Italics,foruseinmathmode.\mathnormalForuseinmathmode,e.g.,insideanothertypestyledeclaration.\mathcalCalligraphicletters,foruseinmathmode.Inaddition,thecommand\mathversion{bold}canbeusedforswitchingtoboldlettersandsymbolsinformulas.\mathversion{normal}restoresthedefault.Finally,thecommand\oldstylenums{numerals}willtypesetso-called\old-style"nu-merals,whichhavedieringheightsanddepths(andsometimeswidths)fromthestandard\lining"numerals,whichallhavethesameheightasuppercaseletters.LATEX'sdefaultfontssupportthis,andwillrespect\textbf(butnototherstyles;therearenoitalicold-stylenumeralsinComputerModern).Manyotherfontshaveold-stylenumeralsalso;sometimesthetextcomppackagemustbeloaded,andsometimespackageoptionsareprovidedtomakethemthedefault.FAQentry: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf . Chapter4:Fonts18 4.2FontsizesThefollowingstandardtypesizecommandsaresupportedbyLATEX.Thetableshowsthecommandnameandthecorrespondingactualfontsizeused(inpoints)withthe`10pt',`11pt',and`12pt'documentsizeoptions,respectively(see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 ).Command10pt11pt12pt\tiny566\scriptsize788\footnotesize8910\small91010.95\normalsize(default)1010.9512\large121214.4\Large14.414.417.28\LARGE17.2817.2820.74\huge20.7420.7424.88\Huge24.8824.8824.88Thecommandsarelistedhereindeclarationforms.Youusethembydeclaringthem,aswiththisexample.\begin{quotation}\smallTheTaothatcanbenamedisnottheeternalTao.\end{quotation}Thescopeofthe\smalllastsuntiltheendofthequotationenvironment.Itwouldalsoendatthenexttypestylecommandortheendofthecurrentgroup,soyoucouldencloseitinextracurlybraces{\smallWearehere,wearehere,wearehere!}.Youcaninsteadusetheenvironmentformofthesecommands;forinstance,\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}.4.3Low-levelfontcommandsThesecommandsareprimarilyintendedforwritersofmacrosandpackages.Thecommandslistedhereareonlyasubsetoftheavailableones.\fontencoding{encoding}Selectthefontencoding,theencodingoftheoutputfont.Therearealargenum-berofvalidencodings.ThemostcommonareOT1,Knuth'soriginalencodingforComputerModern(thedefault),andT1,alsoknownastheCorkencoding,whichhassupportfortheaccentedcharactersusedbythemostwidespreadEuropeanlanguages(German,French,Italian,Polishandothers),whichallowsTEXtohyphenatewordscontainingaccentedletters.Formore,see https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide .\fontfamily{family}Selectthefontfamily.Thewebpage http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/ providesonewaytobrowsethroughmanyofthefontseasilyusedwithLATEX.Hereareexamplesofsomecommonfamilies.pagAvantGardefvsBitstreamVeraSans Chapter4:Fonts19 pbkBookmanbchCharterccrComputerConcretecmrComputerModerncmssComputerModernSansSerifcmttComputerModernTypewriterpcrCourierphvHelveticafi4InconsolatalmrLatinModernlmssLatinModernSanslmttLatinModernTypewriterpncNewCenturySchoolbookpplPalatinoptmTimesunclUncialputUtopiapzcZapfChancery\fontseries{series}Selectthefontseries.Aseriescombinesaweightandawidth.Typically,afontsupportsonlyafewofthepossiblecombinations.Somecommoncombinedseriesvaluesinclude:mMedium(normal)bBoldcCondensedbcBoldcondensedbxBoldextendedThepossiblevaluesforweight,individually,are:ulUltralightelExtralightlLightslSemilightmMedium(normal)sbSemiboldbBoldebExtraboldubUltraboldThepossiblevaluesforwidth,individually,are(themeaningandrelationshipofthesetermsvarieswithindividualtypefaces):ucUltracondensedecExtracondensedcCondensedscSemicondensedmMediumsxSemiexpanded Chapter4:Fonts20 xExpandedexExtraexpandeduxUltraexpandedWhenformingtheseriesstringfromtheweightandwidth,dropthemthatstandsformediumweightormediumwidth,unlessbothweightandwidtharem,inwhichcaseusejustone(`m').\fontshape{shape}Selectfontshape.Validshapesare:nUpright(normal)itItalicslSlanted(oblique)scSmallcapsuiUprightitalicsolOutlineThetwolastshapesarenotavailableformostfontfamilies,andsmallcapsareoftenmissingaswell.\fontsize{size}{skip}Setthefontsizeandthelinespacing.Theunitofbothparametersdefaultstopoints(pt).Thelinespacingisthenominalverticalspacebetweenlines,baselinetobaseline.Itisstoredintheparameter\baselineskip.Thedefault\baselineskipfortheComputerModerntypefaceis1.2timesthe\fontsize.Changing\baselineskipdirectlyisinadvisablesinceitsvalueisreseteverytimeasizechangehappens;see\baselinestretch,next.\baselinestretchLATEXmultipliesthelinespacingbythevalueofthe\baselinestretchparam-eter;thedefaultfactoris1.Achangetakeseectwhen\selectfont(seebe-low)iscalled.Youcanmakealineskipchangehappenfortheentiredocument,forinstancedoublingit,bydoing\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}inthepreamble.However,thebestwaytodouble-spaceadocumentistousethesetspacepackage.Inadditiontooeringanumberofspacingoptions,thispackagekeepsthelinespacingsingle-spacedinplaceswherethatistypicallydesirable,suchasfootnotesandgurecaptions.Seethepackagedocumentation.\linespread{factor}Equivalentto\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor},andthereforemustbefollowedby\selectfonttohaveanyeect.Bestspeciedinthepreamble,orusethesetspacepackage,asjustdescribed.\selectfontTheeectsofthefontcommandsdescribedabovedonothappenuntil\selectfontiscalled,asin\fontfamily{familyname}\selectfont.Itisoftenusefultoputthisinamacro:\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{familyname}\selectfont}(see Section12.1[\newcommand&\renewcommand],page103 ). 21 \usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}Thesameasinvoking\fontencoding,\fontfamily,\fontseriesand\fontshapewiththegivenparameters,followedby\selectfont.Forexample:\usefont{ot1}{cmr}{m}{n} 22 5LayoutCommandsforcontrollingthegeneralpagelayout.5.1\onecolumnSynopsis:\onecolumnStartanewpageandproducesingle-columnoutput.Ifthedocumentisgiventheclassoptiononecolumnthenthisisthedefaultbehavior(see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 ).Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).5.2\twocolumnSynopses:\twocolumn\twocolumn[prelimonecolumntext]Startanewpageandproducetwo-columnoutput.Ifthedocumentisgiventheclassoptiontwocolumnthenthisisthedefault(see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 ).Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Iftheoptionalprelimonecolumntextargumentispresent,itistypesetinone-columnmodebeforethetwo-columntypesettingstarts.Theseparameterscontroltypesettingintwo-columnoutput:\columnsepThedistancebetweencolumns.Thedefaultis35pt.Changeitwithacommandsuchas\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}Youmustchangeitbeforethetwocolumnenvironmentstarts;inthepreambleisagoodplace.\columnsepruleThewidthoftherulebetweencolumns.Theruleappearshalfwaybetweenthetwocolumns.Thedefaultis0pt,meaningthatthereisnorule.Changeitwithacommandsuchas\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt},beforethetwo-columnenvironmentstarts.\columnwidthThewidthofasinglecolumn.Inone-columnmodethisisequalto\textwidth.Intwo-columnmodebydefaultLATEXsetsthewidthofeachofthetwocolumnstobehalfof\textwidthminus\columnsep.Inatwo-columndocument,thestarredenvironmentstable*andfigure*aretwocolumnswide,whereastheunstarredenvironmentstableandfiguretakeuponlyonecolumn(see Section8.10[gure],page52, andsee Section8.22[table],page76 ).LATEXplacesstarred oatsatthetopofapage.Thefollowingparameterscontrol oatbehavioroftwo-columnoutput.\dbltopfractionThemaximumfractionatthetopofatwo-columnpagethatmaybeoccupiedbytwo-columnwide oats.Thedefaultis0.7,meaningthattheheightofa Chapter5:Layout23 table*orfigure*environmentmustnotexceed0.7\textheight.Iftheheightofyourstarred oatenvironmentexceedsthisthenyoucantakeoneofthefollowingactionstopreventitfrom oatingallthewaytothebackofthedocument:Usethe[tp]locationspeciertotellLaTeXtotrytoputthebulky oatonapagebyitself,aswellasatthetopofapage.Usethe[t!]locationspeciertooverridetheeectof\dbltopfractionforthisparticular oat.Increasethevalueof\dbltopfractiontoasuitablylargenumber,toavoidgoingto oatpagessosoon.Youcanredeneit,aswith\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}.\dblfloatpagefractionFora oatpageoftwo-columnwide oats,thisistheminimumfractionthatmustbeoccupiedby oats,limitingtheamountofblankspace.LATEX'sdefaultis0.5.Changeitwith\renewcommand.\dblfloatsepOna oatpageoftwo-columnwide oats,thislengthisthedistancebetween oats,atboththetopandbottomofthepage.Thedefaultis12ptplus2ptminus2ptforadocumentsetat10ptor11pt,and14ptplus2ptminus4ptforadocumentsetat12pt.\dbltextfloatsepThislengthisthedistancebetweenamulti-column oatatthetoporbottomofapageandthemaintext.Thedefaultis20ptplus2ptminus4pt.\dbltopnumberOna oatpageoftwo-columnwide oats,thiscountergivesthemaximumnumberof oatsallowedatthetopofthepage.TheLATEXdefaultis2.Thisexampleuses\twocolumn'soptionalargumentoftocreateatitlethatspansthetwo-columnarticle:\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}\newcommand{\authormark}[1]{\textsuperscript{#1}}\begin{document}\twocolumn[{%insidethisoptionalargumentgoesone-columntext\centering\LARGETheTitle\\[1.5em]\largeAuthorOne\authormark{1},AuthorTwo\authormark{2},AuthorThree\authormark{1}\\[1em]\normalsize\begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}@{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}}\authormark{1}Departmentone&\authormark{2}Departmenttwo\\Schoolone&Schooltwo\end{tabular}\\[3em]%spacebelowtitlepart}] Chapter5:Layout24 Twocolumntexthere.5.3\flushbottomMakeallpagesinthedocumentsafterthisdeclarationhavethesameheight,bystretchingtheverticalspacewherenecessarytolloutthepage.Thisismostoftenusedwhenmakingtwo-sideddocumentssincethedierencesinfacingpagescanbeglaring.IfTEXcannotsatisfactorilystretchtheverticalspaceinapagethenyougetamessagelike`Underfull\vbox(badness10000)hasoccurredwhile\outputisactive'.Ifyougetthat,oneoptionistochangeto\raggedbottom(see Section5.4[\raggedbottom],page24 ).Alternatively,youcanadjustthetextheighttomakecompatiblepages,oryoucanaddsomeverticalstretchgluebetweenlinesorbetweenparagraphs,asin\setlength{\parskip}{0explus0.1ex}.Yourlastoptionisto,inanaleditingstage,adjusttheheightofindividualpages(see Section10.3[\enlargethispage],page96 ).The\flushbottomstateisthedefaultonlyifyouselectthetwosidedocumentclassoption(see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 ).5.4\raggedbottomMakealllaterpagesthenaturalheightofthematerialonthatpage;norubberverticallengthswillbestretched.Thus,inatwo-sideddocumentthefacingpagesmaybedier-entheights.Thiscommandcangoatanypointinthedocumentbody.See Section5.3[\ ushbottom],page24 .Thisisthedefaultunlessyouselectthetwosidedocumentclassoption(see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 ).5.5Pagelayoutparameters\columnsep\columnseprule\columnwidthThedistancebetweenthetwocolumns,thewidthofarulebetweenthecolumns,andthewidthofthecolumns,whenthedocumentclassoptiontwocolumnisineect(see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 ).See Section5.2[\twocolumn],page22 .\headheightHeightoftheboxthatcontainstherunninghead.Thedefaultinthearticle,report,andbookclassesis`12pt',atalltypesizes.\headsepVerticaldistancebetweenthebottomoftheheaderlineandthetopofthemaintext.Thedefaultinthearticleandreportclassesis`25pt'.Inthebookclassthedefaultis:ifthedocumentissetat10ptthenitis`0.25in',andat11ptand12ptitis`0.275in'.\footskipDistancefromthebaselineofthelastlineoftexttothebaselineofthepagefooter.Thedefaultinthearticleandreportclassesis`30pt'.Inthebook Chapter5:Layout25 classthedefaultis:whenthetypesizeis10ptthedefaultis`0.35in',whileat11ptitis`0.38in',andat12ptitis`30pt'.\linewidthWidthofthecurrentline,decreasedforeachnestedlist(see Section8.16[list],page57 ).Thatis,thenominalvaluefor\linewidthistoequal\textwidthbutforeachnestedlistthe\linewidthisdecreasedbythesumofthatlist's\leftmarginand\rightmargin(see Section8.14[itemize],page55 ).\marginparpush\marginsep\marginparwidthTheminimumverticalspacebetweentwomarginalnotes,thehorizontalspacebetweenthetextbodyandthemarginalnotes,andthehorizontalwidthofthenotes.Normallymarginalnotesappearontheoutsideofthepage,butthedeclaration\reversemarginparchangesthat(and\normalmarginparchangesitback).Thedefaultsfor\marginparpushinbothbookandarticleclassesare:`7pt'ifthedocumentissetat12pt,and`5pt'ifthedocumentissetat11ptor10pt.For\marginsep,inarticleclassthedefaultis`10pt'exceptifthedocumentissetat10ptandintwo-columnmodewherethedefaultis`11pt'.For\marginsepinbookclassthedefaultis`10pt'intwo-columnmodeand`7pt'inone-columnmode.For\marginparwidthinbothbookandarticleclasses,intwo-columnmodethedefaultis60%of\paperwidth�\textwidth,whileinone-columnmodeitis50%ofthatdistance.\oddsidemargin\evensidemarginThe\oddsidemarginistheextradistancebetweentheleftsideofthepageandthetext'sleftmargin,onodd-numberedpageswhenthedocumentclassoptiontwosideischosenandonallpageswhenonesideisineect.Whentwosideisineect,oneven-numberedpagestheextradistanceontheleftisevensidemargin.LATEX'sdefaultisthat\oddsidemarginis40%ofthedierencebetween\paperwidthand\textwidth,and\evensidemarginistheremainder.\paperheightTheheightofthepaper,asdistinctfromtheheightoftheprintarea.Normallysetwithadocumentclassoption,asin\documentclass[a4paper]{article}(see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 ).\paperwidthThewidthofthepaper,asdistinctfromthewidthoftheprintarea.Normallysetwithadocumentclassoption,asin\documentclass[a4paper]{article}(see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 ).\textheightThenormalverticalheightofthepagebody.Ifthedocumentissetatanominaltypesizeof10ptthenforanarticleorreportthedefaultis Chapter5:Layout26 `43\baselineskip',whileforabookitis`41\baselineskip'.Atatypesizeof11ptthedefaultis`38\baselineskip'foralldocumentclasses.At12ptitis`36\baselineskip'forallclasses.\textwidthThefullhorizontalwidthoftheentirepagebody.Foranarticleorreportdocument,thedefaultis`345pt'whenthechosentypesizeis10pt,thedefaultis`360pt'at11pt,anditis`390pt'at12pt.Forabookdocument,thedefaultis`4.5in'atatypesizeof10pt,and`5in'at11ptor12pt.Inmulti-columnoutput,\textwidthremainsthewidthoftheentirepagebody,while\columnwidthisthewidthofonecolumn(see Section5.2[\twocolumn],page22 ).Inlists(see Section8.16[list],page57 ),\textwidthremainsthewidthoftheentirepagebody(and\columnwidththewidthoftheentirecolumn),while\linewidthmaydecreasefornestedlists.Insideaminipage(see Section8.18[minipage],page63 )or\parbox(see Section20.3[\parbox],page171 ),allthewidth-relatedparametersaresettothespeciedwidth,andreverttotheirnormalvaluesattheendoftheminipageor\parbox.\hsizeThisentryisincludedforcompleteness:\hsizeistheTEXprimitiveparameterusedwhentextisbrokenintolines.ItshouldnotbeusedinnormalLATEXdocuments.\topmarginSpacebetweenthetopoftheTEXpage(oneinchfromthetopofthepa-per,bydefault)andthetopoftheheader.Thevalueiscomputedbasedonmanyotherparameters:\paperheight�2in�\headheight�\headsep�\textheight�\footskip,andthendividedbytwo.\topskipMinimumdistancebetweenthetopofthepagebodyandthebaselineoftherstlineoftext.Forthestandardclasses,thedefaultisthesameasthefontsize,e.g.,`10pt'atatypesizeof10pt.5.6FloatsSometypographicelements,suchasguresandtables,cannotbebrokenacrosspages.Theymustbetypesetoutsideofthenormal owoftext,forinstance oatingtothetopofalaterpage.LATEXcanhaveanumberofdierentclassesof oatingmaterial.Thedefaultisthetwoclasses,figure(see Section8.10[gure],page52 )andtable(see Section8.22[table],page76 ),butyoucancreateanewclasswiththepackagefloat.Withinanyone oatclassLATEXalwaysrespectstheorder,sothattherstgureinadocumentsourcemustbetypesetbeforethesecondgure.However,LATEXmaymixtheclasses,soitcanhappenthatwhilethersttableappearsinthesourcebeforetherstgure,itappearsintheoutputafterit.Theplacementof oatsissubjecttoparameters,givenbelow,thatlimitthenumberof oatsthatcanappearatthetopofapage,andthebottom,etc.Ifsomany oatsare Chapter5:Layout27 queuedthatthelimitspreventthemallfromttingonapagethenLATEXplaceswhatitcananddeferstheresttothenextpage.Inthisway, oatsmayendupbeingtypesetfarfromtheirplaceinthesource.Inparticular,a oatthatisbigmaymigratetotheendofthedocument.Inwhichevent,becauseall oatsinaclassmustappearinsequentialorder,everyfollowing oatinthatclassalsoappearsattheend.Inadditiontochangingtheparameters,foreach oatyoucantweakwherethe oatplacementalgorithmtriestoplaceitbyusingitsplacementargument.Thepossiblevaluesareasequenceofthelettersbelow.Thedefaultforbothfigureandtable,inbotharticleandbookclasses,istbp.t(Top)|atthetopofatextpage.b(Bottom)|atthebottomofatextpage.(However,bisnotallowedforfull-width oats(figure*)withdouble-columnoutput.Toamelioratethis,usethestfloatsordblfloatfixpackage,butseethediscussionatcaveatsintheFAQ: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat .h(Here)|atthepositioninthetextwherethefigureenvironmentappears.However,hisnotallowedbyitself;tisautomaticallyadded.Toabsolutelyforcea oattoappear\here",youcan\usepackage{float}andusetheHspecierwhichitdenes.Forfurtherdiscussion,seetheFAQentryat http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere .p(Pageof oats)|onaseparate oatpage,whichisapagecontainingnotext,only oats.!Usedinadditiontooneoftheabove;forthis oatonly,LATEXignoresthere-strictionsonboththenumberof oatsthatcanappearandtherelativeamountsof oatandnon- oattextonthepage.The!specierdoesnotmean\putthe oathere";seeabove.Note:theorderinwhichlettersappearintheplacementargumentdoesnotchangetheorderinwhichLATEXtriestoplacethe oat;forinstance,btphasthesameeectastbp.Allthatplacementdoesisthatifaletterisnotpresentthenthealgorithmdoesnottrythatlocation.Thus,LATEX'sdefaultoftbpistotryeverylocationexceptplacingthe oatwhereitoccursinthesource.TopreventLATEXfrommoving oatstotheendofthedocumentorachapteryoucanusea\clearpagecommandtostartanewpageandinsertallpending oats.Ifapagebreakisundesirablethenyoucanusetheafterpagepackageandissue\afterpage{\clearpage}.Thiswillwaituntilthecurrentpageisnishedandthen ushalloutstanding oats.LATEXcantypeseta oatbeforewhereitappearsinthesource(althoughonthesameoutputpage)ifthereisatspecierintheplacementparameter.Ifthisisnotdesired,anddeletingthetisnotacceptableasitkeepsthe oatfrombeingplacedatthetopofthenextpage,thenyoucanpreventitbyeitherusingtheflafterpackageorusingthecommand\suppressfloats[t],whichcauses oatsforthetoppositiononthispagetomovedtothenextpage.Parametersrelatingtofractionsofpagesoccupiedby oatandnon- oattext(changethemwith\renewcommand{parameter}{decimalbetween0and1}): Chapter5:Layout28 \bottomfractionThemaximumfractionofthepageallowedtobeoccupiedby oatsatthebottom;default`.3'.\floatpagefractionTheminimumfractionofa oatpagethatmustbeoccupiedby oats;default`.5'.\textfractionMinimumfractionofapagethatmustbetext;if oatstakeuptoomuchspacetopreservethismuchtext, oatswillbemovedtoadierentpage.Thedefaultis`.2'.\topfractionMaximumfractionatthetopofapagethatmaybeoccupiedbefore oats;default`.7'.Parametersrelatingtoverticalspacearound oats(changethemwithacommandoftheform\setlength{parameter}{lengthexpression}):\floatsepSpacebetween oatsatthetoporbottomofapage;default`12ptplus2ptminus2pt'.\intextsepSpaceaboveandbelowa oatinthemiddleofthemaintext;default`12ptplus2ptminus2pt'for10pointand11pointdocuments,and`14ptplus4ptminus4pt'for12pointdocuments.\textfloatsepSpacebetweenthelast(rst) oatatthetop(bottom)ofapage;default`20ptplus2ptminus4pt'.Countersrelatingtothenumberof oatsonapage(changethemwithacommandoftheform\setcounter{ctrname}{naturalnumber}):bottomnumberMaximumnumberof oatsthatcanappearatthebottomofatextpage;default1.dbltopnumberMaximumnumberoffull-sized oatsthatcanappearatthetopofatwo-columnpage;default2.topnumberMaximumnumberof oatsthatcanappearatthetopofatextpage;default2.totalnumberMaximumnumberof oatsthatcanappearonatextpage;default3.TheprincipalTEXFAQentryrelatingto oats http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats containssuggestionsforrelaxingLATEX'sdefaultparameterstoreducetheproblemof oatsbeingpushedtotheend.Afullexplanationofthe oat Chapter5:Layout29 placementalgorithmisinFrankMittelbach'sarticle\Howtoin uencethepositionof oatenvironmentslikegureandtableinLATEX?"( http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf ). 30 6SectioningStructureyourtextintodivisions:parts,chapters,sections,etc.Allsectioningcommandshavethesameform,oneof:sectioning-command{title}sectioning-command*{title}sectioning-command[toc-title]{title}Forinstance,declarethestartofasubsectionaswith\subsection{Motivation}.Thetablehaseachsectioning-commandinLATEX.AllareavailableinallofLATEX'sstan-darddocumentclassesbook,report,andarticle,exceptthat\chapterisnotavailableinarticle.SectioningunitCommandLevelPart\part-1(book,report),0(article)Chapter\chapter0Section\section1Subsection\subsection2Subsubsection\subsubsection3Paragraph\paragraph4Subparagraph\subparagraph5Allthesecommandshavea*-formthatprintstitleasusualbutisnotnumberedanddoesnotmakeanentryinthetableofcontents.Anexampleofusingthisisforanappendixinanarticle.Theinput\appendix\section{Appendix}givestheoutput`AAppendix'(see Section6.6[\appendix],page36 ).Youcanlosethenumbering`A'byinsteadentering\section*{Appendix}(articlesoftenomitatableofcontentsandhavesimplepageheaderssotheotherdierencesfromthe\sectioncommandmaynotmatter).Thesectiontitletitleprovidestheheadinginthemaintext,butitmayalsoappearinthetableofcontentsandintherunningheadorfoot(see Chapter18[Pagestyles],page153 ).Youmaynotwantthesametextintheseplacesasinthemaintext.Allofthesecommandshaveanoptionalargumenttoc-titlefortheseotherplaces.Thelevelnumberinthetableabovedetermineswhichsectionalunitsarenumbered,andwhichappearinthetableofcontents.Ifthesectioningcommand'slevelislessthanorequaltothevalueofthecountersecnumdepththenthetitlesforthissectioningcommandwillbenumbered(see [Sectioning/secnumdepth],page30 ).And,iflevelislessthanorequaltothevalueofthecountertocdepththenthetableofcontentswillhaveanentryforthissectioningunit(see [Sectioning/tocdepth],page31 ).LATEXexpectsthatbeforeyouhavea\subsectionyouwillhavea\sectionand,inabook,thatbeforea\sectionyouwillhavea\chapter.Otherwiseyoucangetasomethinglikeasubsectionnumbered`3.0.1'.Twocountersrelatetotheappearanceofsectioningcommands.secnumdepthControlswhichsectioningcommandsarenumbered.Suppressnumberingofsectioningatanydepthgreaterthanlevel\setcounter{secnumdepth}{level}(see Section13.4[\setcounter],page118 ).Seetheabovetableforthe Chapter6:Sectioning31 levelnumbers.Forinstance,ifthesecnumdepthis1inanarticlethena\section{Introduction}commandwillproduceoutputlike`1Introduction'while\subsection{Discussion}willproduceoutputlike`Discussion',withoutthenumber.LATEX'sdefaultsecnumdepthis3inarticleclassand2inthebookandreportclasses.tocdepthControlswhichsectioningunitsarelistedinthetableofcontents.Thesetting\setcounter{tocdepth}{level}makesthesectioningunitsatlevelbethesmallestoneslisted(see Section13.4[\setcounter],page118 ).Seetheabovetableforthelevelnumbers.Forinstance,iftocdepthis1thenthetableofcontentswilllistsectionsbutnotsubsections.LATEX'sdefaultsecnumdepthis3inarticleclassand2inthebookandreportclasses.6.1\partSynopsis,oneof:\part{title}\part*{title}\part[toc-title]{title}Startadocumentpart.ThestandardLATEXclassesbook,report,andarticle,allhavethiscommand.Thisproducesadocumentpart,inabook.\part{VOLUMEI\\PERSONALMEMOIRSOFU.\S.\GRANT}\chapter{ANCESTRY--BIRTH--BOYHOOD.}MyfamilyisAmerican,andhasbeenforgenerations,inallitsbranches,directandcollateral.Ineachstandardclassthe\partcommandoutputsapartnumbersuchas`PartI',aloneonitsline,inboldface,andinlargetype.ThenLATEXoutputstitle,alsoaloneonitsline,inboldandinevenlargertype.Inclassbook,theLATEXdefaultputseachpartaloneonitsownpage.Ifthebookistwo-sidedthenLATEXwillskipapageifneededtohavethenewpartonanodd-numberedpage.Inreportitisagainaloneonapage,butLATEXwon'tforceitontoanodd-numberedpage.InanarticleLATEXdoesnotputitonafreshpage,butinsteadoutputsthepartnumberandparttitleontothemaindocumentpage.The*formshowstitlebutitdoesnotshowthepartnumber,doesnotincrementthepartcounter,andproducesnotableofcontentsentry.Theoptionalargumenttoc-titlewillappearastheparttitleinthetableofcontents(see Section25.1[Tableofcontentsetc.],page202 )andinrunningheaders(see Chapter18[Pagestyles],page153 ).Ifitisnotpresentthentitlewillbethere.Thisexampleputsalinebreakintitlebutleavesoutthebreakinthetableofcontents.\part[Upfromthebottom;mylife]{Upfromthebottom\\mylife}Fordeterminingwhichsectionalunitsarenumberedandwhichappearinthetableofcontents,thelevelnumberofapartis-1(see [Sectioning/secnumdepth],page30, andsee [Sectioning/tocdepth],page31 ).Intheclassarticle,ifaparagraphimmediatelyfollowstheparttitlethenitisnotindented.Togetanindentyoucanusethepackageindentfirst. Chapter6:Sectioning32 Onepackagetochangethebehaviorof\partistitlesec.SeeitsdocumentationonCTAN.6.2\chapterSynopsis,oneof:\chapter{title}\chapter*{title}\chapter[toc-title]{title}Startachapter.ThestandardLATEXclassesbookandreporthavethiscommandbutarticledoesnot.Thisproducesachapter.\chapter{Loomings}CallmeIshmael.Someyearsago---nevermindhowlongprecisely---havinglittleornomoneyinmypurse,andnothingparticulartointerestmeonshore,IthoughtIwouldsailaboutalittleandseethewaterypartoftheworld.TheLATEXdefaultstartseachchapteronafreshpage,anodd-numberedpageifthedocumentistwo-sided.Itproducesachapternumbersuchas`Chapter1'inlargeboldfacetype(thesizeis\huge).Itthenputstitleonafreshline,inboldfacetypethatisstilllarger(size\Huge).Italsoincrementsthechaptercounter,addsanentrytothetableofcontents(see Section25.1[Tableofcontentsetc.],page202 ),andsetstherunningheaderinformation(see Chapter18[Pagestyles],page153 ).The*formshowstitleonafreshline,inboldface.Butitdoesnotshowthechapternumber,doesnotincrementthechaptercounter,producesnotableofcontentsentry,anddoesnotaecttherunningheader.(Ifyouusethepagestyleheadingsinatwo-sideddocumentthentheheaderwillbefromthepriorchapter.)Thisexampleillustrates.\chapter*{Preamble}Theoptionalargumenttoc-titlewillappearasthechaptertitleinthetableofcontents(see Section25.1[Tableofcontentsetc.],page202 )andinrunningheaders(see Chapter18[Pagestyles],page153 ).Ifitisnotpresentthentitlewillbethere.Thisshowsthefullnameinthechaptertitle,\chapter[Weyl]{HermannKlausHugo(Peter)Weyl(1885--1955)}butonly`Weyl'onthecontentspage.Thisputsalinebreakinthetitlebutthatdoesn'tworkwellwithrunningheaderssoitomitsthebreakinthecontents\chapter[Givenitall\\mystory]{Givenitall\\mystory}Fordeterminingwhichsectionalunitsarenumberedandwhichappearinthetableofcontents,thelevelnumberofachapteris0(see [Sectioning/secnumdepth],page30, andsee [Sectioning/tocdepth],page31 ).Theparagraphthatfollowsthechaptertitleisnotindented,asisastandardtypograph-icalpractice.Togetanindentusethepackageindentfirst. Chapter6:Sectioning33 Youcanchangewhatisshownforthechapternumber.Tochangeittosomethinglike`Lecture1',putinthepreambleeither\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture}orthis(see Section12.3[\makeatletter&\makeatother],page105 ).\makeatletter\renewcommand{\@chapapp}{Lecture}\makeatotherTomakethischangebecauseoftheprimarylanguageforthedocument,seethepackagebabel.Inatwo-sideddocumentLATEXputsachapteronodd-numberedpage,ifnecessaryleavinganeven-numberedpagethatisblankexceptforanyrunningheaders.Tomakethatpagecompletelyblank,see Section10.1[\clearpage&\cleardoublepage],page95 .Tochangethebehaviorofthe\chaptercommand,youcancopyitsdenitionfromtheLATEXformatleandmakeadjustments.ButtherearealsomanypackagesonCTANthataddressthis.Oneistitlesec.Seeitsdocumentation,buttheexamplebelowgivesasenseofwhatitcando.\usepackage{titlesec}%inpreamble\titleformat{\chapter}{\Huge\bfseries}%formatoftitle{}%label,suchas1.2forasubsection{0pt}%lengthofseparationbetweenlabelandtitle{}%before-codehookThisomitsthechapternumber`Chapter1'fromthepagebutunlike\chapter*itkeepsthechapterinthetableofcontentsandtherunningheaders.6.3\sectionSynopsis,oneof:\section{title}\section*{title}\section[toc-title]{title}Startasection.ThestandardLATEXclassesarticle,book,andreportallhavethiscommand.Thisproducesasection.InthisPartwetendtobemoreinterestedinthefunction,intheinput-outputbehavior,thaninthedetailsofimplementingthatbehavior.\section{Turingmachines}Despitethisdesiretodownplayimplementation,wefollowtheapproachofA~Turingthatthefirststeptowarddefiningthesetofcomputablefunctionsistoreflectonthedetailsofwhatmechanismscando.ForthestandardLATEXclassesbookandreportthedefaultoutputislike`1.2title'(forchapter1,section2),aloneonitslineand ushleft,inboldfaceandalargertype(the Chapter6:Sectioning34 typesizeis\Large).Thesameholdsinarticleexceptthattherearenochaptersinthatclasssoitlookslike`2title'.The*formshowstitle.Butitdoesnotshowthesectionnumber,doesnotincrementthesectioncounter,producesnotableofcontentsentry,anddoesnotaecttherunningheader.(Ifyouusethepagestyleheadingsinatwo-sideddocumentthentheheaderwillbefromthepriorsection.)Theoptionalargumenttoc-titlewillappearasthesectiontitleinthetableofcontents(see Section25.1[Tableofcontentsetc.],page202 )andinrunningheaders(see Chapter18[Pagestyles],page153 ).Ifitisnotpresentthentitlewillbethere.Thisshowsthefullnameinthetitleofthesection,\section[Elizabeth~II]{ElizabeththeSecond,bytheGraceofGodoftheUnitedKingdom,CanadaandHerotherRealmsandTerritoriesQueen,HeadoftheCommonwealth,DefenderoftheFaith.}butonly`ElizabethII'onthecontentspageandintheheaders.Thishasalinebreakintitlebutthatdoesnotworkwithheaderssoitisomittedfromthecontentsandheaders.\section[Truthis,Icheated;mylifestory]{Truthis,Icheated\\mylifestory}Fordeterminingwhichsectionalunitsarenumberedandwhichappearinthetableofcontents,thelevelnumberofasectionis1(see [Sectioning/secnumdepth],page30, andsee [Sectioning/tocdepth],page31 ).Theparagraphthatfollowsthesectiontitleisnotindented,asisastandardtypograph-icalpractice.Onewaytogetanindentistousethepackageindentfirst.Ingeneral,tochangethebehaviorofthe\sectioncommand,thereareanumberofoptions.Oneisthe\@startsectioncommand(see Section6.8[\@startsection],page37 ).TherearealsomanypackagesonCTANthataddressthis,includingtitlesec.Seethedocumentationbuttheexamplebelowgivesasenseofwhattheycando.\usepackage{titlesec}%inpreamble\titleformat{\section}{\normalfont\Large\bfseries}%formatoftitle{\makebox[1pc][r]{\thesection\hspace{1pc}}}%label{0pt}%lengthofseparationbetweenlabelandtitle{}%before-codehook\titlespacing*{\section}{-1pc}{18pt}{10pt}[10pc]Thatputsthesectionnumberinthemargin.6.4\subsectionSynopsis,oneof:\subsection{title}\subsection*{title}\subsection[toc-title]{title}Startasubsection.ThestandardLATEXclassesarticle,book,andreportallhavethiscommand. Chapter6:Sectioning35 Thisproducesasubsection.WewillshowthattherearemorefunctionsthanTuringmachinesandthatthereforesomefunctionshavenoassociatedmachine.\subsection{Cardinality}Wewillbeginwithtwoparadoxesthatdramatizethechallengetoourintuitionposedbycomparingthesizesofinfinitesets.ForthestandardLATEXclassesbookandreportthedefaultoutputislike`1.2.3title'(forchapter1,section2,subsection3),aloneonitslineand ushleft,inboldfaceandalargertype(thetypesizeis\large).Thesameholdsinarticleexceptthattherearenochaptersinthatclasssoitlookslike`2.3title'.The*formshowstitle.Butitdoesnotshowthesectionnumber,doesnotincrementthesectioncounter,andproducesnotableofcontentsentry.Theoptionalargumenttoc-titlewillappearasthesectiontitleinthetableofcontents(see Section25.1[Tableofcontentsetc.],page202 ).Ifitisnotpresentthentitlewillbethere.Thisshowsthefullnameinthetitleofthesection,\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$paper]{\textit{TheOriginofChemicalElements}byR.A.~Alpher,H.~Bethe,andG.~Gamow}butonly`,, paper'onthecontentspage.Fordeterminingwhichsectionalunitsarenumberedandwhichappearinthetableofcontents,thelevelnumberofasubsectionis2(see [Sectioning/secnumdepth],page30, andsee [Sectioning/tocdepth],page31 ).Theparagraphthatfollowsthesubsectiontitleisnotindented,asisastandardtypo-graphicalpractice.Onewaytogetanindentistousethepackageindentfirst.Thereareanumberofwaystochangethebehaviorofthe\subsectioncommand.Oneisthe\@startsectioncommand(see Section6.8[\@startsection],page37 ).TherearealsomanypackagesonCTANthataddressthis,includingtitlesec.Seethedocumentationbuttheexamplebelowgivesasenseofwhattheycando.\usepackage{titlesec}%inpreamble\titleformat{\subsection}[runin]{\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}%formatofthetitle{\thesubsection}%label{0.6em}%spacebetweenlabelandtitle{}%before-codehookThatputsthesubsectionnumberandtitleintherstlineoftext.6.5\subsubsection,\paragraph,\subparagraphSynopsis,oneof:\subsubsection{title}\subsubsection*{title}\subsubsection[toc-title]{title}oroneof:\paragraph{title} Chapter6:Sectioning36 \paragraph*{title}\paragraph[toc-title]{title}oroneof:\subparagraph{title}\subparagraph*{title}\subparagraph[toc-title]{title}Startasubsubsection,paragraph,orsubparagraph.ThestandardLATEXclassesarticle,book,andreportallhavethesecommands,althoughtheyarenotcommonlyused.Thisproducesasubsubsection.\subsubsection{Pistonringcompressors:structuralperformance}Provideexterior/interiorwallcladdingassembliescapableofwithstandingtheeffectsofloadandstressesfromconsumer-gradegasolineenginepistonrings.ThedefaultoutputofeachofthethreedoesnotchangeoverthestandardLATEXclassesarticle,book,andreport.For\subsubsectionthetitleisaloneonitsline,inboldfaceandnormalsizetype.For\paragraphthetitleisinlinewiththetext,notindented,inboldfaceandnormalsizetype.For\subparagraphthetitleisinlinewiththetext,withaparagraphindent,inboldfaceandnormalsizetype(Becauseanarticlehasnochaptersitssubsubsectionsarenumberedandsoitlookslike`1.2.3title',forsection1,subsection2,andsubsubsection3.Theothertwodivisionsarenotnumbered.)The*formshowstitle.Butitdoesnotincrementtheassociatedcounterandproducesnotableofcontentsentry(anddoesnotshowthenumberfor\subsubsection).Theoptionalargumenttoc-titlewillappearasthedivisiontitleinthetableofcontents(see Section25.1[Tableofcontentsetc.],page202 ).Ifitisnotpresentthentitlewillbethere.Fordeterminingwhichsectionalunitsarenumberedandwhichappearinthetableofcontents,thelevelnumberofasubsubsectionis3,ofaparagraphis4,andofasubparagraphis5(see [Sectioning/secnumdepth],page30, andsee [Sectioning/tocdepth],page31 ).Theparagraphthatfollowsthesubsubsectiontitleisnotindented,asisastandardtypographicalpractice.Onewaytogetanindentistousethepackageindentfirst.Thereareanumberofwaystochangethebehaviorofthethesecommands.Oneisthe\@startsectioncommand(see Section6.8[\@startsection],page37 ).TherearealsomanypackagesonCTANthataddressthis,includingtitlesec.SeethedocumentationonCTAN.6.6\appendixSynopsis:\appendixThisdoesnotdirectlyproduceanyoutput.Butinabookorreportitdeclaresthatsubsequent\chaptercommandsstartanappendix.Inanarticleitdoesthesame,for\sectioncommands.Italsoresetsthechapterandsectioncountersto0inabookorreport,andinanarticleresetsthesectionandsubsectioncounters. Chapter6:Sectioning37 Inthisbook\chapter{One}...\chapter{Two}......\appendix\chapter{Three}...\chapter{Four}...thersttwowillgenerateoutputnumbered`Chapter1'and`Chapter2'.Afterthe\appendixthenumberingwillbe`AppendixA'and`AppendixB'.See SectionA.4[Largerbooktemplate],page225, foranotherexample.Theappendixpackageaddsthecommand\appendixpagetoputaseparate`Appendices'inthedocumentbodybeforetherstappendix,andthecommand\addappheadtotoctodothesameinthetableofcontents.Youcanresetthename`Appendix'withacommandlike\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification},aswellasanumberofotherfeatures.SeethedocumentationonCTAN.6.7\frontmatter,\mainmatter,\backmatterSynopsis,oneof:\frontmatter\mainmatter\backmatterFormatabookclassdocumentdierentlyaccordingtowhichpartofthedocumentisbeingproduced.Allthreecommandsareoptional.Traditionally,abook'sfrontmattercontainssuchthingsasthetitlepage,anabstract,atableofcontents,apreface,alistofnotations,alistofgures,andalistoftables.(Someofthesefrontmatterpages,suchasthetitlepage,aretraditionallynotnumbered.)Thebackmattermaycontainsuchthingsasaglossary,notes,abibliography,andanindex.The\frontmatterdeclarationmakesthepagesnumberedinlowercaseroman,andmakeschaptersnotnumbered,althougheachchapter'stitleappearsinthetableofcontents;ifyouuseothersectioningcommandshere,usethe*-version(see Chapter6[Sectioning],page30 ).The\mainmatterchangesthebehaviorbacktotheexpectedversion,andresetsthepagenumber.The\backmatterleavesthepagenumberingalonebutswitchesthechaptersbacktobeingnotnumbered.See SectionA.4[Largerbooktemplate],page225, foranexampleusingthethree.6.8\@startsectionSynopsis:\@startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style}Usedtohelpredenethebehaviorofcommandsthatstartsectioningdivisionssuchas\sectionor\subsection.Notethatthetitlesecpackagemakesmanipulationofsectioningeasier.Further,whilemostrequirementsforsectioningcommandscanbesatisedwith\@startsection,somecannot.Forinstance,inthestandardLATEXbookandreportclassesthecommands Chapter6:Sectioning38 \chapterand\reportarenotconstructedinthisway.Tomakesuchacommandyoumaywanttousethe\secdefcommand.Technically,\@startsectionhastheform\@startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style}*[toctitle]{title}sothatissuing\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style}}redenes\sectiontohavetheform\section*[toctitle]{title}(heretoo,thestar*isoptional).See Chapter6[Sectioning],page30 .Thisimpliesthatwhenyouwriteacommandlike\renewcommand{section}{...},the\@startsection{...}mustcomelastinthedenition.Seetheexamplesbelow.nameNameofthecounterusedtonumberthesectioningheader.Thiscountermustbedenedseparately.Mostcommonlythisiseithersection,subsection,orparagraph.Althoughinthosecasesthecounternameisthesameasthesectioningcommanditself,youdon'thavetousethesamename.Then\thenamedisplaysthetitlenumberand\namemarkisforthepagehead-ers.Seethethirdexamplebelow.levelAnintegergivingthedepthofthesectioningcommand.See Chapter6[Sec-tioning],page30, forthelistofstandardlevelnumbers.Iflevelislessthanorequaltothevalueofthecountersecnumdepththentitlesforthissectioningcommandwillbenumbered(see [Sectioning/secnumdepth],page30 ).Forinstance,ifsecnumdepthis1inanarticlethenthecommand\section{Introduction}willproduceoutputlike\1Introduction"while\subsection{Discussion}willproduceoutputlike\Discussion",withoutthenumberprex.Iflevelislessthanorequaltothevalueofthecountertocdepththenthetableofcontentswillhaveanentryforthissectioningunit(see [Sectioning/tocdepth],page31 ).Forinstance,inanarticle,iftocdepthis1thenthetableofcontentswilllistsectionsbutnotsubsections.indentAlengthgivingtheindentationofallofthetitlelineswithrespecttotheleftmargin.Tohavethetitle ushwiththemarginuse0pt.Anegativeindentationsuchas-\parindentwillmovethetitleintotheleftmargin.beforeskipTheabsolutevalueofthislengthistheamountofverticalspacethatisinsertedbeforethissectioningunit'stitle.Thisspacewillbediscardedifthesectioning Chapter6:Sectioning39 unithappenstostartatthetopofafreshpage.Ifthisnumberisnegativethentherstparagraphfollowingtheheaderisnotindented,ifitisnon-negativethentherstparagraphisindented.(Notethatthenegativeof1ptplus2ptminus3ptis-1ptplus-2ptminus-3pt.)Forexample,ifbeforeskipis-3.5explus-1exminus-0.2exthentostartthenewsectioningunit,LATEXwilladdabout3.5timestheheightofaletterxinverticalspace,andtherstparagraphinthesectionwillnotbeindented.Usingarubberlength,withplusandminus,isgoodpracticeheresinceitgivesLATEXmore exibilityinmakingupthepage(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Thefullaccountingoftheverticalspacebetweenthebaselineofthelinepriortothissectioningunit'sheaderandthebaselineoftheheaderisthatitisthesumofthe\parskipofthetextfont,the\baselineskipofthetitlefont,andtheabsolutevalueofthebeforeskip.Thisspaceistypicallyrubbersoitmaystretchorshrink.(IfthesectioningunitstartsonafreshpagesothattheverticalspaceisdiscardedthenthebaselineoftheheadertextwillbewhereLATEXwouldputthebaselineofthersttextlineonthatpage.)afterskipThisisalength.Ifafterskipisnon-negativethenthisistheverticalspaceinsertedafterthesectioningunit'stitleheader.Ifitisnegativethenthetitleheaderbecomesarun-inheader,sothatitbecomespartofthenextparagraph.Inthiscasetheabsolutevalueofthelengthgivesthehorizontalspacebetweentheendofthetitleandthebeginningofthefollowingparagraph.(Notethatthenegativeof1ptplus2ptminus3ptis-1ptplus-2ptminus-3pt.)Aswithbeforeskip,usingarubberlength,withplusandminuscomponents,isgoodpracticeheresinceitgivesLATEXmore exibilityinputtingtogetherthepage.Ifafterskipisnon-negativethenthefullaccountingoftheverticalspacebetweenthebaselineofthesectioningunit'sheaderandthebaselineoftherstlineofthefollowingparagraphisthatitisthesumofthe\parskipofthetitlefont,the\baselineskipofthetextfont,andthevalueofafter.Thatspaceistypicallyrubbersoitmaystretchorshrink.(Notethatbecausethesignofafterskipchangesthesectioningunitheader'sfromstandalonetorun-in,youcannotuseanegativeafterskiptocancelpartofthe\parskip.)styleControlsthestylingofthetitle.Seetheexamplesbelow.Typicalcommandstousehereare\centering,\raggedright,\normalfont,\hrule,or\newpage.Thelastcommandinstylemaybeonethattakesoneargument,suchas\MakeUppercaseor\fboxthattakesoneargument.Thesectiontitlewillbesuppliedastheargumenttothiscommand.Forinstance,settingstyleto\bfseries\MakeUppercasewouldproducetitlesthatareboldanduppercase.TheseareLATEX'sdefaultsfortherstthreesectioningunitsthataredenedwith\@startsection,forthearticle,book,andreportclasses.Forsection,thelevelis1,theindentis0pt,thebeforeskipis-3.5explus-1exminus-0.2ex,theafterskipis2.3explus0.2ex,andthestyleis\normalfont\Large\bfseries.Forsubsection,thelevelis2,theindentis0pt,thebeforeskipis-3.25explus-1exminus-0.2ex,theafterskipis1.5explus0.2ex,andthestyleis\normalfont\large\bfseries.Forsubsubsection,thelevel Chapter6:Sectioning40 is3,theindentis0pt,thebeforeskipis-3.25explus-1exminus-0.2ex,theafterskipis1.5explus0.2ex,andthestyleis\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries.Hereareexamples.TheygoeitherinapackageorclassleorinthepreambleofaLATEXdocument.Ifyouputtheminthepreambletheymustgobetweena\makeatlettercommandanda\makeatother.(ProbablytheerrormessageYoucan'tuse`\spacefactor'inverticalmode.meansthatyouforgotthis.)See Section12.3[\makeatletter&\makeatother],page105 .Thiswillputsectiontitlesinlargeboldfacetype,centered.Itsays\renewcommandbecauseLATEX'sstandardclasseshavealreadydeneda\section.Forthesamereasonitdoesnotdeneasectioncounter,orthecommands\thesectionand\l@section.\renewcommand\section{%\@startsection{section}% [name],page38 {1}% [level],page38 {0pt}% [indent],page38 {-3.5explus-1exminus-.2ex}% [beforeskip],page38 {2.3explus.2ex}% [afterskip],page39 {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% [style],page39 }Thiswillputsubsectiontitlesinsmallcapstype,inlinewiththeparagraph.\renewcommand\subsection{%\@startsection{subsection}% [name],page38 {2}% [level],page38 {0em}% [indent],page38 {-1explus0.1exminus-0.05ex}% [beforeskip],page38 {-1emplus0.2em}% [afterskip],page39 {\scshape}% [style],page39 }Thepriorexamplesredenedexistingsectionalunittitlecommands.Thisdenesanewone,illustratingtheneededcounterandmacrostodisplaythatcounter.\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}%showcountersthisfardown\newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]%counterfornumbering\renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}%howtodisplay{\thesubparagraph.\@arabic\c@subsubparagraph}%numbering\newcommand{\subsubparagraph}{\@startsection{subsubparagraph}%{6}%{0em}%{\baselineskip}%{0.5\baselineskip}%{\normalfont\normalsize}}\newcommand*\l@subsubparagraph{\@dottedtocline{6}{10em}{5em}}%fortoc\newcommand{\subsubparagraphmark}[1]{}%forpageheaders 41 7CrossreferencesWeoftenwantsomethinglike`SeeTheorem~31'.Butby-handtypingthe31ispoorpractice.Insteadyoushouldwritealabelsuchas\label{eq:GreensThm}andthenreferenceit,aswithSeeequation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}.LATEXwillautomaticallyworkoutthenumber,putitintotheoutput,andwillchangethatnumberlaterifneeded.WewillseethiswithTheorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}.%forwardreference...\begin{theorem}\label{th:GreensThm}...\end{theorem}...SeeTheorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}onpage~\pageref{th:GreensThm}.LATEXtrackscrossreferenceinformationinalehavingtheextension.auxandwiththesamebasenameasthelecontainingthe\label.Soif\labelisincalculus.texthentheinformationisincalculus.aux.LATEXputstheinformationinthatleeverytimeitrunsacrossa\label.Thebehaviordescribedinthepriorparagraphresultsinaquirkthathappenswhenyourdocumenthasaforwardreference,a\refthatappearsbeforetheassociated\label.Ifthisisthersttimethatyouarecompilingthedocumentthenyouwillget`LaTeXWarning:Label(s)mayhavechanged.Reruntogetcrossreferencesright'andintheoutputtheforwardreferencewillappearastwoquestionmarks`??',inboldface.Asimilarthinghappensifyouchangesomethingssothereferenceschanges;yougetthesamewarningandtheoutputcontainstheoldreferenceinformation.Inbothcases,resolvethisbycompilingthedocumentasecondtime.ThecleverefpackageenhancesLATEX'scrossreferencingfeatures.Youcanarrangethatifyouenter\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}then\cref{th:Nerode}willoutput`Theorem3.21',withoutyouhavingtoenterthe\Theorem."7.1\labelSynopsis:\label{key}Assignareferencenumbertokey.Inordinarytext\label{key}assignstokeythenumberofthecurrentsectionalunit.Insideanenvironmentwithnumbering,suchasatableortheoremenvironment,\label{key}assignstokeythenumberofthatenviron-ment.Retrievetheassignednumberwiththe\ref{key}command(see Section7.3[\ref],page42 ).Akeynamecanconsistofanysequenceofletters,digits,orcommonpunctuationchar-acters.Upperandlowercaselettersaredistinguished,asusual.Acommonconventionistouselabelsconsistingofaprexandasuxseparatedbyacolonorperiod.Thus,\label{fig:Post}isalabelforagurewithaportraitofEmilPost.Thishelpstoavoidaccidentallycreatingtwolabelswiththesamename,andmakesyoursourcemorereadable.Somecommonly-usedprexes:chforchapters Chapter7:Crossreferences42 secsubsecforlower-levelsectioningcommandsfigforgurestabfortableseqforequationsIntheauxiliarylethereferenceinformationiskeptasthetextofacommandoftheform\newlabel{label}{{currentlabel}{pagenumber}}.Herecurrentlabelisthecurrentvalueofthemacro\@currentlabelthatisusuallyupdatedwheneveryoucall\refstepcounter{counter}.Below,thekeysec:testwillgetthenumberofthecurrentsectionandthekeyfig:testwillgetthenumberofthegure.(Incidentally,putlabelsaftercaptionsinguresandtables.)\section{sectionname}\label{sec:test}ThisisSection~\ref{sec:test}.\begin{figure}...\caption{captiontext}\label{fig:test}\end{figure}SeeFigure~\ref{fig:test}.7.2\pagerefSynopsis:\pageref{key}Producethepagenumberoftheplaceinthetextwherethecorresponding\labelfkeygcommandappears.Ifthereisno\label{key}thenyougetsomethinglike`LaTeXWarning:Reference`th:GrensThm'onpage1undefinedoninputline11.'Below,the\label{eq:main}isusedbothfortheformulanumberandforthepagenumber.(Notethatthetworeferencesareforwardreferencessothisdocumentwouldneedtobecompiledtwicetoresolvethose.)Themainresultisformula~\ref{eq:main}onpage~\pageref{eq:main}....\begin{equation}\label{eq:main}\mathbf{P}=\mathbf{NP}\end{equation}7.3\refSynopsis:\ref{key} Chapter7:Crossreferences43 Producesthenumberofthesectionalunit,equation,footnote,gure,...,ofthecor-responding\labelcommand(see Section7.1[\label],page41 ).Itdoesnotproduceanytext,suchastheword`Section'or`Figure',justthebarenumberitself.Ifthereisno\label{key}thenyougetsomethinglike`LaTeXWarning:Reference`th:GrensThm'onpage1undefinedoninputline11.'Inthisexamplethe\ref{popular}produces`2'.Notethatitisaforwardreferencesinceitcomesbefore\label{popular}sothisdocumentwouldhavetobecompiledtwice.Themostwidely-usedformatisitemnumber~\ref{popular}.\begin{enumerate}\itemPlain\TeX\item\label{popular}\LaTeX\itemCon\TeXt\end{enumerate}Thecleverefpackageincludestextsuchas`Theorem'inthereference.Seethedocu-mentationonCTAN. 44 8EnvironmentsLATEXprovidesmanyenvironmentsfordelimitingcertainbehavior.Anenvironmentbeginswith\beginandendswith\end,likethis:\begin{environment-name}...\end{environment-name}Theenvironment-nameatthebeginningmustexactlymatchthatattheend.Forinstance,theinput\begin{table*}...\end{table}willcauseanerrorlike:`!LaTeXError:\begin{table*}oninputline5endedby\end{table}.'Environmentsareexecutedwithinagroup.8.1abstractSynopsis:\begin{abstract}...\end{abstract}Produceanabstract,possiblyofmultipleparagraphs.Thisenvironmentisonlydenedinthearticleandreportdocumentclasses(see Chapter3[Documentclasses],page7 ).Usingtheexamplebelowinthearticleclassproducesadisplayedparagraph.Docu-mentclassoptiontitlepagecausestheabstracttobeonaseparatepage(see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 );thisisthedefaultonlyinthereportclass.\begin{abstract}WecompareallknownaccountsoftheproposalmadebyPorterAlexandertoRobertELeeattheAppomattoxCourtHousethatthearmycontinueinaguerrillawar,whichLeerefused.\end{abstract}Thenextexampleproducesaonecolumnabstractinatwocolumndocument(foramore exiblesolution,usethepackageabstract).\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}...\begin{document}\title{BabeRuthasCulturalProgenitor:aAtavisticApproach}\author{Smith\\Jones\\Robinson\thanks{Railroadtrackinggrant.}}\twocolumn[\begin{@twocolumnfalse}\maketitle\begin{abstract}RuthwasnotjusttheSultanofSwat,hewastheentireswatteam.\end{abstract}\end{@twocolumnfalse}]{%by-handinsertafootnoteatpagebottom Chapter8:Environments45 \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}\footnotetext[1]{Thanksforallthefish.}}8.2arraySynopsis:\begin{array}{cols}column1entry&column2entry...&columnnentry\\...\end{array}or:\begin{array}[pos]{cols}column1entry&column2entry...&columnnentry\\...\end{array}Produceamathematicalarray.Thisenvironmentcanonlybeusedinmathmode,andnormallyappearswithinadisplayedmathematicsenvironmentsuchasequation(see Section8.9[equation],page51 ).Insideofeachrowthecolumnentriesareseparatedbyanampersand,(&).Rowsareterminatedwithdouble-backslashes(see Section9.1[\\],page90 ).Thisexampleshowsathreebythreearray.\begin{equation*}\chi(x)=\left|%verticalbarfence\begin{array}{ccc}x-a&-b&-c\\-d&x-e&-f\\-g&-h&x-i\end{array}\right|\end{equation*}Therequiredargumentcolsdescribesthenumberofcolumns,theiralignment,andtheformattingoftheintercolumnregions.Forinstance,\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array}givesthreecolumns:therst ushright,thesecondcentered,andthethird ushleft.See Section8.23[tabular],page77, forthecompletedescriptionofcolsandoftheothercommonfeaturesofthetwoenvironments,includingtheoptionalposargument.Therearetwowaysthatarraydivergesfromtabular.Therstisthatarrayentriesaretypesetinmathmode,intextstyle(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 )exceptifthecolsdenitionspeciesthecolumnwithp{...},whichcausestheentrytobetypesetintextmode.Thesecondisthat,insteadoftabular'sparameter\tabcolsep,LATEX'sintercolumnspaceinanarrayisgovernedby\arraycolsep,whichgiveshalfthewidthbetweencolumns.Thedefaultforthisis`5pt'sothatbetweentwocolumnscomes10ptofspace.Toobtainarrayswithbracesthestandardistousetheamsmathpackage.Itcomeswithenvironmentspmatrixforanarraysurroundedbyparentheses(...),bmatrixfor Chapter8:Environments46 anarraysurroundedbysquarebrackets[...],Bmatrixforanarraysurroundedbycurlybraces{...},vmatrixforanarraysurroundedbyverticalbars|...|,andVmatrixforanarraysurroundedbydoubleverticalbars||...||,alongwithanumberofotherarrayconstructs.Thenextexampleusestheamsmathpackage.\usepackage{amsmath}%inpreamble\begin{equation}\begin{vmatrix}{cc}%arraywithvertlinesa&b\\c&d\end{vmatrix}=ad-bc\end{equation}Therearemanypackagesconcerningarrays.Thearraypackagehasmanyusefulexten-sions,includingmorecolumntypes.Thedcolumnpackageaddsacolumntypetocenteronadecimalpoint.ForbothseethedocumentationonCTAN.8.3centerSynopsis:\begin{center}line1\\line2\\...\end{center}Createanewparagraphconsistingofasequenceoflinesthatarecenteredwithintheleftandrightmargins.Usedouble-backslash,\\,togetalinebreak(see Section9.1[\\],page90 ).IfsometextistoolongtotonalinethenLATEXwillinsertlinebreaksthatavoidhyphenationandavoidstretchingorshrinkinganyinterwordspace.Thisenvironmentinsertsspaceaboveandbelowthetextbody.See Section8.3.1[\cen-tering],page47, toavoidsuchspace,forexampleinsideafigureenvironment.Thisexampleproducesthreecenteredlines.Thereisextraverticalspacebetweenthelasttwolines.\begin{center}AThesisSubmittedinPartialFufillment\\oftheRequirementsof\\[0.5ex]theSchoolofEnvironmentalEngineering\end{center}Inthisexample,dependingonthepage'slinewidth,LATEXmaychoosealinebreakforthepartbeforethedoublebackslash.Ifso,itwillcentereachofthetwolinesandifnotitwillcenterthesingleline.ThenLATEXwillbreakatthedoublebackslash,andwillcentertheending.\begin{center}Myfatherconsideredthatanyonewhowenttochapelanddidn'tdrinkalcoholwasnottobetolerated.\\ Chapter8:Environments47 Igrewupinthatbelief.--RichardBurton\end{center}Adoublebackslashafterthenallineisoptional.Ifpresentitdoesn'taddanyverticalspace.Inatwo-columndocumentthetextiscenteredinacolumn,notintheentirepage.8.3.1\centeringSynopsis:{\centering...}or\begin{group}\centering...\end{group}Centerthematerialinitsscope.Itismostoftenusedinsideanenvironmentsuchasfigure,orinaparbox.Thisexample's\centeringdeclarationcausesthegraphictobehorizontallycentered.\begin{figure}\centering\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{ctan_lion.png}\caption{CTANLion}\label{fig:CTANLion}\end{figure}Thescopeofthis\centeringendswiththe\end{figure}.Unlikethecenterenvironment,the\centeringcommanddoesnotaddverticalspaceaboveandbelowthetext.That'sitsadvantageintheaboveexample;thereisnotanexcessofspace.Italsodoesnotstartanewparagraph;itsimplychangeshowLATEXformatsparagraphunits.Ifww{\centeringxx\\yy}zzissurroundedbyblanklinesthenLATEXwillcreateaparagraphwhoserstline`wwxx'iscenteredandwhosesecondline,notcentered,contains`yyzz'.Usuallywhatisdesiredisforthescopeofthedeclarationtocontainablanklineorthe\endcommandofanenvironmentsuchasfigureortablethatendstheparagraphunit.Thus,if{\centeringxx\\yy\par}zzissurroundedbyblanklinesthenitmakesanewparagraphwithtwocenteredlines`xx'and`yy',followedbyanewparagraphwith`zz'thatisformattedasusual.8.4descriptionSynopsis:\begin{description}\item[labeloffirstitem]textoffirstitem\item[labelofseconditem]textofseconditem...\end{description}Environmenttomakealistoflabeleditems.Eachitem'slabelistypesetinboldandis ushleft,sothatlonglabelscontinueintotherstlineoftheitemtext.Theremust Chapter8:Environments48 beatleastoneitem;havingnonecausestheLATEXerror`Something'swrong--perhapsamissing\item'.Thisexampleshowstheenvironmentusedforasequenceofdenitions.\begin{definition}\item[lama]Apriest.\item[llama]Abeast.\end{definition}Thelabels`lama'and`llama'areoutputinboldface,withtheleftedgeontheleftmargin.Startlistitemswiththe\itemcommand(see Section8.16.1[\item],page61 ).Usetheoptionallabels,asin\item[Mainpoint],becausethereisnosensibledefault.Followingthe\itemisoptionaltext,whichmaycontainmultipleparagraphs.Sincethelabelsareinboldstyle,ifthelabeltextcallsforafontchangegiveninargumentstyle(see Section4.1[Fontstyles],page16 )thenitwillcomeoutbold.Forinstance,ifthelabeltextcallsfortypewriterwith\item[\texttt{labeltext}]thenitwillappearinboldtypewriter,ifthatisavailable.Thesimplestwayaroundthis,inthisexampletogetnon-boldtypewriter,istousedeclarativestyle:\item[{\ttlabeltext}].Similarly,getthestandardromanfontwith\item[{\rmlabeltext}].ForothermajorLATEXlabelledlistenvironments,see Section8.14[itemize],page55, and Section8.7[enumerate],page49 .Unlikethoseenvironments,nestingdescriptionenvironmentsdoesnotchangethedefaultlabel;itisboldfaceand ushleftatalllevels.Forinformationaboutlistlayoutparameters,includingthedefaultvalues,andforinfor-mationaboutcustomizinglistlayout,see Section8.16[list],page57 .Thepackageenumitemisusefulforcustomizinglists.Thisexamplechangesthedescriptionlabelstosmallcaps.\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{%{\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}}8.5displaymathSynopsis:\begin{displaymath}mathematicaltext\end{displaymath}Environmenttotypesetthemathtextonitsownline,indisplaystyleandcentered.Tomakethetextbe ush-leftusetheglobaloptionfleqn;see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 .Inthedisplaymathenvironmentnoequationnumberisaddedtothemathtext.Onewaytogetanequationnumberistousetheequationenvironment(see Section8.9[equa-tion],page51 ).LATEXwillnotbreakthemathtextacrosslines.Notethattheamsmathpackagehassignicantlymoreextensivedisplayedequationfacil-ities.Forexample,thereareanumberofwaysinthatpackageforhavingmathtextbrokenacrosslines. Chapter8:Environments49 Theconstruct\[mathtext\]isessentiallyasynonymfor\begin{displaymath}mathtext\end{displaymath}butthelatteriseasiertoworkwithinthesourcele;forinstance,searchingforasquarebracketmaygetfalsepositivesbuttheworddisplaymathwilllikelybeunique.(Theconstruct$$mathtext$$fromPlainTEXissometimesmistakenlyusedasasynonymfordisplaymath.Itisnotasynonym,becausethedisplaymathenvironmentchecksthatitisn'tstartedinmathmodeandthatitendsinmathmodebegunbythematchingenvironmentstart,becausethedisplaymathenvironmenthasdierentverticalspacing,andbecausethedisplaymathenvironmenthonorsthefleqnoption.)Theoutputfromthisexampleiscenteredandaloneonitsline.\begin{displaymath}\int_1^2x^2\,dx=7/3\end{displaymath}Also,theintegralsignislargerthantheinlineversion\(\int_1^2x^2\,dx=7/3\)pro-duces.8.6documentThedocumentenvironmentenclosestheentirebodyofadocument.ItisrequiredineveryLATEXdocument.See Section2.1[Startingandending],page3 .8.6.1\AtBeginDocumentSynopsis:\AtBeginDocument{code}Savecodeandexecuteitwhen\begin{document}isexecuted,attheveryendofthepreamble.Thecodeisexecutedafterthefontselectiontableshavebeensetup,sothenormalfontforthedocumentisthecurrentfont.However,thecodeisexecutedaspartofthepreamblesoyoucannotdoanytypesettingwithit.Youcanissuethiscommandmorethanonce;thesuccessivecodelineswillbeexecutedintheorderthatyougavethem.8.6.2\AtEndDocumentSynopsis:\AtEndDocument{code}Savecodeandexecuteitneartheendofthedocument.Specically,itisexecutedwhen\end{document}isexecuted,beforethenalpageisnishedandbeforeanyleftover oatingenvironmentsareprocessed.Ifyouwantsomeofthecodetobeexecutedafterthesetwoprocessesthenincludea\clearpageattheappropriatepointincode.Youcanissuethiscommandmorethanonce;thesuccessivecodelineswillbeexecutedintheorderthatyougavethem.8.7enumerateSynopsis:\begin{enumerate}\item[optionallabeloffirstitem]textoffirstitem Chapter8:Environments50 \item[optionallabelofseconditem]textofseconditem...\end{enumerate}Environmenttoproduceanumberedlistofitems.Theformatofthelabelnumberingdependsonthenestinglevelofthisenvironment;seebelow.Thedefaulttop-levelnumberingis`1.',`2.',etc.Eachenumeratelistenvironmentmusthaveatleastoneitem;havingnonecausestheLATEXerror`Something'swrong--perhapsamissing\item'.Thisexamplegivesthersttwonishersinthe1908Olympicmarathon.Asatop-levellistthelabelswouldcomeoutas`1.'and`2.'.\begin{enumerate}\itemJohnnyHayes(USA)\itemCharlesHefferon(RSA)\end{enumerate}Startlistitemswiththe\itemcommand(see Section8.16.1[\item],page61 ).Ifyougive\itemanoptionalargumentbyfollowingitwithsquarebrackets,asin\item[Interstitiallabel],thenthenextitemwillcontinuetheinterruptedsequence(see Section8.16.1[\item],page61 ).Thatis,youwillgetlabelslike`1.',then`Interstitiallabel',then`2.'.Followingthe\itemisoptionaltext,whichmaycontainmultipleparagraphs.Enumerationsmaybenestedwithinotherenumerateenvironments,orwithinanyparagraph-makingenvironmentsuchasitemize(see Section8.14[itemize],page55 ),uptofourlevelsdeep.ThisgivesLATEX'sdefaultfortheformatateachnestinglevel,where1isthetoplevel,theoutermostlevel.1.arabicnumberfollowedbyaperiod:`1.',`2.',...2.lowercaseletterinsideparentheses:`(a)',`(b)'...3.lowercaseromannumeralfollowedbyaperiod:`i.',`ii.',...4.uppercaseletterfollowedbyaperiod:`A.',`B.',...Theenumerateenvironmentusesthecounters\enumithrough\enumiv(see Chapter13[Counters],page116 ).ForothermajorLATEXlabeledlistenvironments,see Section8.4[description],page47, and Section8.14[itemize],page55 .Forinformationaboutlistlayoutparameters,includingthedefaultvalues,andforinformationaboutcustomizinglistlayout,see Section8.16[list],page57 .Thepackageenumitemisusefulforcustomizinglists.Tochangetheformatofthelabeluse\renewcommand(see Section12.1[\newcommand&\renewcommand],page103 )onthecommands\labelenumithrough\labelenumiv.Forinstance,thisrstlevellistwillbelabelledwithuppercaseletters,inboldface,andwithoutatrailingperiod.\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}}\begin{enumerate}\itemShowsasboldfaceA\itemShowsasboldfaceB\end{enumerate}Foralistofcounter-labelingcommandssee Section13.1[\alph\Alph\arabic\roman\Roman\fnsymbol],page116 . Chapter8:Environments51 8.8eqnarrayTheeqnarrayenvironmentisobsolete.Ithasinfelicities,includingspacingthatisin-consistentwithothermathematicselements.(See\Avoideqnarray!"byLarsMadsen http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf ).Newdocumentsshouldincludetheamsmathpackageandusethedisplayedmathematicsenvironmentsprovidedthere,suchasthealignenvironment.Weincludeadescriptiononlyforcompletenessandforworkingwitholddocuments.Synopsis:\begin{eqnarray}firstformulaleft&firstformulamiddle&firstformularight\\...\end{eqnarray}or\begin{eqnarray*}firstformulaleft&firstformulamiddle&firstformularight\\...\end{eqnarray*}Displayasequenceofequationsorinequalities.Theleftandrightsidesaretypesetindisplaymode,whilethemiddleistypesetintextmode.Itissimilartoathree-columnarrayenvironment,withitemswithinarowseparatedbyanampersand(&),andwithrowsseparatedbydoublebackslash\\).Thestarredformoflinebreak(\\*)canalsobeusedtoseparateequations,andwilldisallowapagebreakthere(see Section9.1[\\],page90 ).Theunstarredformeqnarrayplacesanequationnumberoneveryline(usingtheequationcounter),unlessthatlinecontainsa\nonumbercommand.Thestarredformeqnarray*omitsequationnumbering,whileotherwisebeingthesame.Thecommand\lefteqnisusedforsplittinglongformulasacrosslines.Ittypesetsitsargumentindisplaystyle ushleftinaboxofzerowidth.Thisexampleshowsthreelines.Thersttwolinesmakeaninequality,whilethethirdlinehasnotentryontheleftside.\begin{eqnarray*}\lefteqn{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n}\\&\leq&y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_n\\&=&z+y_3+\cdots+y_n\end{eqnarray*}8.9equationSynopsis:\begin{equation}mathematicaltext\end{equation}Thesameasadisplaymathenvironment(see Section8.5[displaymath],page48 )exceptthatLATEXputsanequationnumber ushtotherightmargin.Theequationnumberisgeneratedusingtheequationcounter. Chapter8:Environments52 Youshouldhavenoblanklinesbetween\begin{equation}and\begin{equation},orLATEXwilltellyouthatthereisamissingdollarsign.Thepackageamsmathpackagehasextensivedisplayedequationfacilities.Newdocu-mentsshouldincludethispackage.8.10figureSynopsis:\begin{figure}[placement]figurebody\caption[loftitle]{title}%optional\label{label}%optional\end{figure}or:\begin{figure*}[placement]figurebody\caption[loftitle]{title}%optional\label{label}%optional\end{figure*}Figuresareformaterialthatisnotpartofthenormaltext.Anexampleismaterialthatyoucannothavesplitbetweentwopages,suchasagraphic.Becauseofthis,LATEXdoesnottypesetguresinsequencewithnormaltextbutinstead\ oats"themtoaconvenientplace,suchasthetopofafollowingpage(see Section5.6[Floats],page26 ).Thegurebodycanconsistofimportedgraphics(see Chapter22[Graphics],page179 ),ortext,LATEXcommands,etc.Itistypesetinaparboxofwidth\textwidth.Thepossiblevaluesofplacementarehfor`here',tfor`top',bfor`bottom',andpfor`onaseparatepageoffloats'.Fortheeectoftheseoptionsonthe oatplacementalgorithm,see Section5.6[Floats],page26 .Thestarredformfigure*isusedwhenadocumentisindouble-columnmode(see Section5.2[\twocolumn],page22 ).Itproducesagurethatspansbothcolumns,atthetopofthepage.Toaddthepossibilityofplacingatapagebottomseethediscussionofplacementbin Section5.6[Floats],page26 .Thelabelisoptional;itisusedforcrossreferences(see Chapter7[Crossreferences],page41 ).Theoptional\captioncommandspeciescaptiontextforthegure.Bydefaultitisnumbered.Ifloftitleispresent,itisusedinthelistofguresinsteadoftitle(see Section25.1[Tableofcontentsetc.],page202 ).Thisexamplemakesagureoutofagraphic.LATEXwillplacethatgraphicanditscaptionatthetopofapageor,ifitispushedtotheendofthedocument,onapageof oats.\usepackage{graphicx}%inpreamble...\begin{figure}[t]\centering\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{CTANlion.png}\caption{TheCTANlion,byDuaneBibby} Chapter8:Environments53 \end{figure}8.11filecontents:WriteanexternalleSynopsis:\begin{filecontents}{filename}text\end{filecontents}or\begin{filecontents*}{filename}text\end{filecontents*}Createalenamedlenameandllitwithtext.Theunstarredversionoftheenviron-mentfilecontentsprexesthecontentofthecreatedlewithaheader;seetheexamplebelow.Thestarredversionfilecontents*doesnotincludetheheader.Thisenvironmentcanbeusedanywhereinthepreamble,althoughitoftenappearsbeforethe\documentclasscommand.Itistypicallyusedwhenasourcelerequiresanonstandardstyleorclassle.Theenvironmentwillwritethatletothedirectorycontainingthesourceandthusmakethesourceleself-contained.Anotheruseistoincludebibreferencesinthele,againtomakeitself-contained.Theenvironmentcheckswhetheraleofthatnamealreadyexistsandifso,doesnotdoanything.Thereisafilecontentspackagethatredenesthefilecontentsenvironmentsothatinsteadofdoingnothinginthatcase,itwilloverwritetheexistingle.Forexample,thisdocument\documentclass{article}\begin{filecontents}{JH.sty}\newcommand{\myname}{JimHef{}feron}\end{filecontents}\usepackage{JH}\begin{document}Articleby\myname.\end{document}producesthisleJH.sty.%%LaTeX2efile`JH.sty'%%generatedbythe`filecontents'environment%%fromsource`test'on2015/10/12.%%\newcommand{\myname}{JimHef{}feron}8.12flushleftSynopsis:\begin{flushleft}line1\\line2\\ Chapter8:Environments54 ...\end{flushleft}Anenvironmentthatcreatesaparagraphwhoselinesare ushtotheleft-handmargin,andraggedright.IfyouhavelinesthataretoolongthenLATEXwilllinebreaktheminawaythatavoidshyphenationandstretchingorshrinkingspaces.Toforceanewlineuseadoublebackslash,\\.Forthedeclarationformsee Section8.12.1[\raggedright],page54 .Thiscreatesaboxoftextthatisatmost3incheswide,withthetext ushleftandraggedright.\noindent\begin{minipage}{3in}\begin{flushleft}Alongsentencethatwillbebrokenby\LaTeX{}ataconvenientspot.\\And,afreshlineforcedbythedoublebackslash.\end{flushleft}\end{minipage}8.12.1\raggedrightSynopses:{\raggedright...}or\begin{environment}\raggedright...\end{environment}Adeclarationwhichcauseslinestobe ushtotheleftmarginandraggedright.Itcanbeusedinsideanenvironmentsuchasquoteorinaparbox.Fortheenvironmentformsee Section8.12[ ushleft],page53 .Unliketheflushleftenvironment,the\raggedrightcommanddoesnotstartanewparagraph;itonlychangeshowLATEXformatsparagraphunits.Toaectaparagraphunit'sformat,thescopeofthedeclarationmustcontaintheblanklineor\endcommandthatendstheparagraphunit.Here\raggedrightineachsecondcolumnkeepsLATEXfromdoingveryawkwardtype-settingtotthetextintothenarrowcolumn.Notethat\raggedrightisinsidethecurlybraces{...}todelimititseect.\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}}Teamalpha&{\raggedrightThisteamdoesalltherealwork.}\\Teambeta&{\raggedrightThisteamensuresthatthewatercoolerisneverempty.}\\\end{tabular}8.13flushright\begin{flushright}line1\\line2\\... Chapter8:Environments55 \end{flushright}Anenvironmentthatcreatesaparagraphwhoselinesare ushtotheright-handmarginandraggedleft.IfyouhavelinesthataretoolongtotthemarginsthenLATEXwilllinebreaktheminawaythatavoidshyphenationandstretchingorshrinkingspaces.Toforceanewlineuseadoublebackslash,\\.Forthedeclarationformsee Section8.13.1[\raggedleft],page55 .Foranexamplerelatedtothisenvironment,see Section8.12[ ushleft],page53 .8.13.1\raggedleftSynopses:{\raggedleft...}or\begin{environment}\raggedleft...\end{environment}Adeclarationwhichcauseslinestobe ushtotherightmarginandraggedleft.Itcanbeusedinsideanenvironmentsuchasquoteorinaparbox.Fortheenvironmentformsee Section8.13[ ushright],page54 .Unliketheflushrightenvironment,the\raggedleftcommanddoesnotstartanewparagraph;itonlychangeshowLATEXformatsparagraphunits.Toaectaparagraphunit'sformat,thescopeofthedeclarationmustcontaintheblanklineor\endcommandthatendstheparagraphunit.Foranexamplerelatedtothisenvironment,see Section8.12.1[\raggedright],page54 .8.14itemizeSynopsis:\begin{itemize}\item[optionallabeloffirstitem]textoffirstitem\item[optionallabelofseconditem]textofseconditem...\end{itemize}Producealistthatisunordered,sometimescalledabulletlist.Theenvironmentmusthaveatleastone\item;havingnonecausestheLATEXerror`Something'swrong--perhapsamissing\item'.Thisgivesatwo-itemlist.\begin{itemize}\itemPencilandwatercolorsketchbyCassandra\itemRiceportrait\end{itemize}Asatop-levellisteachlabelwouldcomeoutasabullet,.Theformatofthelabelingdependsonthenestinglevel;seebelow.Startlistitemswiththe\itemcommand(see Section8.16.1[\item],page61 ).Ifyougive\itemanoptionalargumentbyfollowingitwithsquarebrackets,asin\item[Optional Chapter8:Environments56 label],thenbydefaultitwillappearinboldandbe ushright,soitcouldextendintotheleftmargin.Forlabelsthatare ushleftseethe Section8.4[description],page47, environment.Followingthe\itemisoptionaltext,whichmaycontainmultipleparagraphs.Itemizedlistscanbenestedwithinoneanother,uptofourlevelsdeep.Theycanalsobenestedwithinotherparagraph-makingenvironments,suchasenumerate(see Section8.7[enumerate],page49 ).Theitemizeenvironmentusesthecommands\labelitemithrough\labelitemivtoproducethedefaultlabel(thisalsousestheconventionoflowercaseromannumeralsattheendofthecommandnamesthatsignifythenestinglevel).Thesearethedefaultmarksateachlevel.1.(bullet,from\textbullet)2.--(bolden-dash,from\normalfont\bfseries\textendash)3.*(asterisk,from\textasteriskcentered)4.
(centereddot,from\textperiodcentered)Changethelabelswith\renewcommand.Forinstance,thismakestherstlevelusediamonds.\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}Thedistancebetweentheleftmarginoftheenclosingenvironmentandtheleftmarginoftheitemizelistisdeterminedbytheparameters\leftmarginithrough\leftmarginvi.(Notetheconventionofusinglowercaseromannumeralsatheendofthecommandnametodenotethenestinglevel.)Thedefaultsare:2.5eminlevel1(2emintwo-columnmode),2.2eminlevel2,1.87eminlevel3,and1.7eminlevel4,withsmallervaluesformoredeeplynestedlevels.ForothermajorLATEXlabeledlistenvironments,see Section8.4[description],page47, and Section8.7[enumerate],page49 .Forinformationaboutlistlayoutparameters,includ-ingthedefaultvalues,andforinformationaboutcustomizinglistlayout,see Section8.16[list],page57 .Thepackageenumitemisusefulforcustomizinglists.Thisexamplegreatlyreducesthemarginspaceforoutermostitemizedlists.\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em}%default2.5emEspeciallyforlistswithshortitems,itmaybedesirabletoelidespacebetweenitems.Hereisanexampledeninganitemize*environmentwithnoextraspacingbetweenitems,orbetweenparagraphswithinasingleitem(\parskipisnotlist-specic,see Section15.3[\parindent&\parskip],page127 ):\newenvironment{itemize*}%{\begin{itemize}%\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%\setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%{\end{itemize}}8.15letterenvironment:writinglettersThisenvironmentisusedforcreatingletters.See Chapter26[Letters],page213 . Chapter8:Environments57 8.16listSynopsis:\begin{list}{labeling}{spacing}\item[optionallabeloffirstitem]textoffirstitem\item[optionallabelofseconditem]textofseconditem...\end{list}Anenvironmentforconstructinglists.Notethatthisenvironmentdoesnottypicallyappearinthedocumentbody.MostlistscreatedbyLATEXauthorsaretheonesthatcomestandard:thedescription,enumerate,anditemizeenvironments(see Section8.4[description],page47 , Section8.7[enumerate],page49 ,and Section8.14[itemize],page55 ).Instead,thelistenvironmentismostoftenusedinmacros.Forexample,manystandardLATEXenvironmentsthatdonotimmediatelyappeartobelistsareinfactconstructedusinglist,includingquotation,quote,andcenter(see Section8.20[quotation"e],page73 ,see Section8.3[center],page46 ).Thisusesthelistenvironmenttodeneanewcustomenvironment.\newcounter{namedlistcounter}%numbertheitems\newenvironment{named}{\begin{list}{Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.}%labeling{\usecounter{namedlistcounter}%setcounter\setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}}%setspacing}{\end{list}}\begin{named}\itemShowsas``Item~I.''\item[Speciallabel.]Showsas``Speciallabel.''\itemShowsas``Item~II.''\end{named}Themandatoryrstargumentlabelingspeciesthedefaultlabelingoflistitems.ItcancontaintextandLATEXcommands,asabovewhereitcontainsboth`Item'and`\Roman{...}'.LATEXformsthelabelbyputtingthelabelingargumentinaboxofwidth\labelwidth.Ifthelabeliswiderthanthat,theadditionalmaterialextendstotheright.Whenmakinganinstanceofalistyoucanoverridethedefaultlabelingbygiving\itemanoptionalargumentbyincludingsquarebracesandthetext,asintheabove\item[Speciallabel.];see Section8.16.1[\item],page61 .Themandatorysecondargumentspacinghasalistofcommands.Thislistcanbeempty.Acommandthatcangoinhereis\usecounter{countername}(see Section13.2[\usecounter],page117 ).UsethistotellLATEXtonumbertheitemsusingthegivencounter.ThecounterwillberesettozeroeachtimeLATEXenterstheenvironment,andthecounterisincrementedbyoneeachtimeLATEXencountersan\itemthatdoesnothaveanoptionalargument. Chapter8:Environments58 Anothercommandthatcangoinspacingis\makelabel,whichconstructsthela-belbox.Bydefaultitputsthecontents ushright.Itsonlyargumentisthelabel,whichittypesetsinLRmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Oneexampleofchangingitsdenitionisthattotheabovenamedexample,beforethedenitionoftheenvironmentadd\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}},andbetweenthe\setlengthcommandandtheparenthesisthatclosesthespacingargumentalsoadd\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel.Thentheitemswillbetypesetinsmallcaps.Sim-ilarly,changingthesecondcodelineto\let\makelabel\fboxputsthelabelsinsideaframedbox.Anotherexampleofthe\makelabelcommandisbelow,inthedenitionoftheredlabelenvironment.Alsoofteninspacingarecommandstoredenethespacingforthelist.Belowarethespacingparameterswiththeirdefaultvalues.(Defaultvaluesforderivedenvironmentssuchasitemizecanbedierentthanthevaluesshownhere.)Seealsothegurethatfollowsthelist.Eachisalength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Theverticalspacesarenormallyrubberlengths,withplusandminuscomponents,togiveTEX exibilityinsettingthepage.Changeeachwithacommandsuchas\setlength{itemsep}{2ptplus1ptminus1pt}.Forsomeeectstheselengthsshouldbezeroornegative.\itemindentExtrahorizontalspaceindentation,beyondleftmargin,oftherstlineeachitem.Itsdefaultvalueis0pt.\itemsepVerticalspacebetweenitems,beyondthe\parsep.ThedefaultsfortherstthreelevelsinLATEX's`article',`book',and`report'classesat10pointsizeare:4ptplus2ptminus1pt,\parsep(thatis,2ptplus1ptminus1pt),and\topsep(thatis,2ptplus1ptminus1pt).Thedefaultsat11pointare:4.5ptplus2ptminus1pt,\parsep(thatis,2ptplus1ptminus1pt),andtopsep(thatis,2ptplus1ptminus1pt).Thedefaultsat12pointare:5ptplus2.5ptminus1pt,\parsep(thatis,2.5ptplus1ptminus1pt),and\topsep(thatis,2.5ptplus1ptminus1pt).\labelsepHorizontalspacebetweenthelabelandtextofanitem.ThedefaultforLATEX's`article',`book',and`report'classesis0.5em.\labelwidthHorizontalwidth.Theboxcontainingthelabelisnominallythiswide.If\makelabelreturnstextthatiswiderthanthisthentherstlineoftheitemwillbeindentedtomakeroomforthisextramaterial.If\makelabelreturnstextofwidthlessthanorequalto\labelwidththenLATEX'sdefaultisthatthelabelistypeset ushrightinaboxofthiswidth.Theleftedgeofthelabelboxis\leftmargin+\itemindent-\labelsep-\labelwidthfromtheleftmarginoftheenclosingenvironment.ThedefaultforLATEX's`article',`book',and`report'classesatthetoplevelis\leftmargini-\labelsep,(whichis2eminonecolumnmodeand1.5emintwocolumnmode).Atthesecondlevelitis\leftmarginii-\labelsep,andatthethirdlevelitis\leftmarginiii-\labelsep.Thesedenitionsmakethelabel'sleftedgecoincidewiththeleftmarginoftheenclosingenvironment. Chapter8:Environments59 \leftmarginHorizontalspacebetweentheleftmarginoftheenclosingenvironment(ortheleftmarginofthepageifthisisatop-levellist),andtheleftmarginofthislist.Itmustbenon-negative.InthestandardLATEXdocumentclasses,atop-levellisthasthissettothevalueof\leftmargini,whilealistthatisnestedinsideatop-levellisthasthismarginsetto\leftmarginii.Moredeeplynestedlistsgetthevaluesof\leftmarginiiithrough\leftmarginvi.(Nestinggreaterthanlevelvegeneratestheerrormessage`Toodeeplynested'.)ThedefaultsfortherstthreelevelsinLATEX's`article',`book',and`report'classesare:\leftmarginiis2.5em(intwocolumnmode,2em),\leftmarginiiis2.2em,and\leftmarginiiiis1.87em.\listparindentHorizontalspaceofadditionallineindentation,beyond\leftmargin,forsecondandsubsequentparagraphswithinalistitem.Anegativevaluemakesthisan\outdent".Itsdefaultvalueis0pt.\parsepVerticalspacebetweenparagraphswithinanitem.Inthe`book'and`article'classesThedefaultsfortherstthreelevelsinLATEX's`article',`book',and`report'classesat10pointsizeare:4ptplus2ptminus1pt,2ptplus1ptminus1pt,and0pt.Thedefaultsat11pointsizeare:4.5ptplus2ptminus1pt,2ptplus1ptminus1pt,and0pt.Thedefaultsat12pointsizeare:5ptplus2.5ptminus1pt,2.5ptplus1ptminus1pt,and0pt.\partopsepVerticalspaceadded,beyond\topsep+\parskip,tothetopandbottomoftheentireenvironmentifthelistinstanceisprecededbyablankline.(AblanklineintheLATEXsourcebeforethelistchangesspacingatboththetopandbottomofthelist;whetherthelinefollowingthelistisblankdoesnotmatter.)ThedefaultsfortherstthreelevelsinLATEX's`article',`book',and`report'classesat10pointsizeare:2ptplus1minus1pt,2ptplus1ptminus1pt,and1ptplus0ptminus1pt.Thedefaultsat11pointare:3ptplus1ptminus1pt,3ptplus1ptminus1pt,and1ptplus0ptminus1pt).Thedefaultsat12pointare:3ptplus2ptminus3pt,3ptplus2ptminus2pt,and1ptplus0ptminus1pt.\rightmarginHorizontalspacebetweentherightmarginofthelistandtherightmarginoftheenclosingenvironment.Itsdefaultvalueis0pt.Itmustbenon-negative.\topsepVerticalspaceaddedtoboththetopandbottomofthelist,inadditionto\parskip(see Section15.3[\parindent&\parskip],page127 ).ThedefaultsfortherstthreelevelsinLATEX's`article',`book',and`report'classesat10pointsizeare:8ptplus2ptminus4pt,4ptplus2ptminus1pt,and2ptplus1ptminus1pt.Thedefaultsat11pointare:9ptplus3ptminus5pt,4.5ptplus2ptminus1pt,and2ptplus1ptminus1pt.Thedefaultsat12pointare:10ptplus4ptminus6pt,5ptplus2.5ptminus1pt,and2.5ptplus1ptminus1pt. Chapter8:Environments60 Thisshowsthehorizontalandverticaldistances. Thelengthsshownarelistedbelow.Thekeyrelationshipisthattherightedgeofthebracketforh1equalstherightedgeofthebracketforh4,sothattheleftedgeofthelabelboxisath3+h4-(h0+h1).v0\topsep+\parskipifthelistenvironmentdoesnotstartanewparagraph,and\topsep+\parskip+\partopsepifitdoesv1\parsepv2\itemsep+\parsepv3Sameasv0.(Thisspaceisaectedbywhetherablanklineappearsinthesourceabovetheenvironment;whetherablanklineappearsinthesourcebelowtheenvironmentdoesnotmatter.)h0\labelwidthh1\labelseph2\listparindenth3\leftmarginh4\itemindenth5\rightmarginThelist'sleftandrightmargins,shownaboveash3andh5,arewithrespecttotheonesprovidedbythesurroundingenvironment,orwithrespecttothepagemarginsforatop-levellist.Thelinewidthusedfortypesettingthelistitemsis\linewidth(see Section5.5[Pagelayoutparameters],page24 ).Forinstance,setthelist'sleftmargintobeonequarterofthedistancebetweentheleftandrightmarginsoftheenclosingenvironmentwith\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}.Pagebreakinginaliststructureiscontrolledbythethreeparametersbelow.Foreach,theLATEXdefaultis-\@lowpenalty,thatis,-51.Becauseitisnegative,itsomewhat Chapter8:Environments61 encouragesapagebreakateachspot.Changeitwith,e.g.,\@beginparpenalty=9999;avalueof10000prohibitsapagebreak.\@beginparpenaltyThepagebreakingpenaltyforbreakingbeforethelist(default-51).\@itempenaltyThepagebreakingpenaltyforbreakingbeforealistitem(default-51).\@endparpenaltyThepagebreakingpenaltyforbreakingafteralist(default-51).Thepackageenumitemisusefulforcustomizinglists.Thisexamplehasthelabelsinred.Theyarenumbered,andtheleftedgeofthelabellinesupwiththeleftedgeoftheitemtext.See Section13.2[\usecounter],page117 .\usepackage{color}\newcounter{cnt}\newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}}\newenvironment{redlabel}{\begin{list}{\arabic{cnt}}{\usecounter{cnt}\setlength{\labelwidth}{0em}\setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em}\setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em}\setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em}%equals\labelwidth+\labelsep\let\makelabel=\makeredlabel}}{\end{list}}8.16.1\item:AnentryinalistSynopsis:\itemtextofitemor\item[optional-label]textofitemAnentryinalist.Theentriesareprexedbyalabel,whosedefaultdependsonthelisttype.Becausetheoptionallabelissurroundedbysquarebrackets`[...]',ifyouhaveanitemwhosetextstartswith`[',youhavetohidethebracketinsidecurlybraces,asin:\item{[}isanopensquarebracket;otherwise,LATEXwillthinkitmarksthestartofanoptionallabel.Similarly,iftheitemdoeshavetheoptionallabelandyouneedaclosesquarebracketinsidethatlabel,youmusthideitinthesameway:\item[Closesquarebracket,{]}].See Section2.4[LATEXcommandsyntax],page5 .Inthisexampletheenumeratelisthastwoitemsthatusethedefaultlabelandonethatusestheoptionallabel.\begin{enumerate} Chapter8:Environments62 \itemMoe\item[sometimes]Shemp\itemLarry\end{enumerate}Therstitemislabelled`1.',theseconditemislabelled`sometimes',andthethirditemislabelled`2.'.Becauseoftheoptionallabelintheseconditem,thethirditemisnotlabelled`3.'.8.16.2trivlist:ArestrictedformoflistSynopsis:\begin{trivlist}...\end{trivlist}Arestrictedversionofthelistenvironment,inwhichmarginsarenotindentedandan\itemwithoutanoptionalargumentproducesnotext.Itismostoftenusedinmacros,todeneanenvironmentwherethe\itemcommandaspartoftheenvironment'sdenition.Forinstance,thecenterenvironmentisdenedessentiallylikethis:\newenvironment{center}{\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax}{\end{trivlist}}Usingtrivlistinthiswayallowsthemacrotoinheritsomecommoncode:combin-ingverticalspaceoftwoadjacentenvironments;detectingwhetherthetextfollowingtheenvironmentshouldbeconsideredanewparagraphoracontinuationofthepreviousone;adjustingtheleftandrightmarginsforpossiblenestedlistenvironments.Specically,trivlistusesthecurrentvaluesofthelistparameters(see Section8.16[list],page57 ),exceptthat\parsepissettothevalueof\parskip,and\leftmargin,\labelwidth,and\itemindentaresettozero.Thisexampleoutputstheitemsastwoparagraphs,exceptthat(bydefault)theyhavenoparagraphindentandareverticallyseparated.\begin{trivlist}\itemThe\textit{Surprise}isnotold;noonewouldcallherold.\itemShehasabluffbow,lovelylines.\end{trivlist}8.17mathSynopsis:\begin{math}math\end{math}Themathenvironmentinsertsgivenmathmaterialwithintherunningtext.\(...\)and$...$aresynonyms.See Chapter16[Mathformulas],page129 . Chapter8:Environments63 8.18minipageSynopses:\begin{minipage}{width}contents\end{minipage}or\begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width}contents\end{minipage}Putcontentsintoaboxthatiswidthwide.Thisislikeasmallversionofapage;itcancontainitsownfootnotes,itemizedlists,etc.(Therearesomerestrictions,includingthatitcannothave oats.)Thisboxwillnotbebrokenacrosspages.Sominipageissimilarto\parbox(see Section20.3[\parbox],page171 )buthereyoucanhaveparagraphs.Thisexamplewillbe3incheswide,andhastwoparagraphs.\begin{minipage}{3in}StephenKleenewasafounderoftheTheoryofComputation.HewasastudentofChurch,wrotethreeinfluentialtexts,wasPresidentoftheAssociationforSymbolicLogic,andwontheNationalMedalofScience.\end{minipage}Seebelowforadiscussionoftheparagraphindentinsideaminipage.Therequiredargumentwidthisarigidlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Itgivesthewidthoftheboxintowhichcontentsaretypeset.Therearethreeoptionalarguments,position,height,andinner-pos.Youneednotincludeallthree.Forexample,getthedefaultpositionandsettheheightwith\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]contents\end{minipage}.(Getthenaturalheightwithanemptyargument,[].)Theoptionalargumentpositiongovernshowtheminipageverticallyalignswiththesurroundingmaterial.c(synonymm)Default.Positionstheminipagesoitsverticalcenterlinesupwiththecenteroftheadjacenttextline(whatPlainTEXcalls\vcenter).tMatchthetoplineintheminipagewiththebaselineofthesurroundingtext(PlainTEX's\vtop.bMatchthebottomlineintheminipagewiththebaselineofthesurroundingtext(PlainTEX's\vbox.Toseetheeectsofthese,contrastrunningthis---\begin{minipage}[c]{0.25in}first\\second\\third\end{minipage}withtheresultsofchangingctobort. Chapter8:Environments64 Theoptionalargumentheightisarigidlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Itsetstheheightoftheminipage.Youcanenteranyvaluelargerthan,orequalto,orsmallerthantheminipage'snaturalheightandLATEXwillnotgiveanerrororwarning.Youcanalsosetittoaheightofzerooranegativevalue.Thenaloptionalargumentinner-poscontrolstheplacementofcontentinsidethebox.Thesearethepossiblevaluesare(thedefaultisthevalueofposition).tPlacecontentatthetopofthebox.cPlaceitintheverticalcenter.bPlaceitattheboxbottom.sStretchcontentsoutvertically;itmustcontainverticallystretchablespace.Theinner-posargumentmakessensewhentheheightoptionissettoavaluelargerthantheminipage'snaturalheight.Toseetheeectoftheoptions,runthisexamplewiththevariouschoicesinplaceofb.Textbefore\begin{center}---\begin{minipage}[c][3in][b]{0.25\textwidth}first\\second\\third\end{minipage}\end{center}TextafterBydefaultparagraphsarenotindentedinaminipage.Changethatwithacommandsuchas\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}atthestartofcontents.Footnotesinaminipageenvironmentarehandledinawaythatisparticularlyusefulforputtingfootnotesinguresortables.A\footnoteor\footnotetextcommandputsthefootnoteatthebottomoftheminipageinsteadofatthebottomofthepage,anditusesthe\mpfootnotecounterinsteadoftheordinaryfootnotecounter(see Chapter13[Counters],page116 ).Thisputsthefootnoteatthebottomofthetable,notthebottomofthepage.\begin{center}%centertheminipageontheline\begin{minipage}{2.5in}\begin{center}%centerthetableinsidetheminipage\begin{tabular}{ll}\textsc{Monarch}&\textsc{Reign}\\\hlineElizabethII&63years\footnote{todate}\\Victoria&63years\\GeorgeIII&59years\end{tabular}\end{center}\end{minipage}\end{center}Ifyounestminipagesthenthereisanoddnesswhenusingfootnotes.Footnotesappearatthebottomofthetextendedbythenext\end{minipage}whichmaynotbetheirlogicalplace. Chapter8:Environments65 Thisputsatablecontainingdatasidebysidewithamapgraphic.Theyareverticallycentered.\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}...\begin{center}\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{nyc.png}}\hspace{0.1\textwidth}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}\begin{tabular}{r|l}\multicolumn{1}{r}{Borough}&Pop(million)\\\hlineTheBronx&$1.5$\\Brooklyn&$2.6$\\Manhattan&$1.6$\\Queens&$2.3$\\StatenIsland&$0.5$\end{tabular}\end{minipage}\end{center}8.19pictureSynopses:\begin{picture}(width,height)picturecommands\end{picture}or\begin{picture}(width,height)(xoffset,yoffset)picturecommands\end{picture}Anenvironmenttocreatesimplepicturescontaininglines,arrows,boxes,circles,andtext.Notethatwhilethisenvironmentisnotobsolete,newdocumentstypicallyusemuchmorepowerfulgraphicscreationsystems,suchasTikZ,PSTricks,MetaPost,orAsymptote.Thesearenotcoveredinthisdocument;seeCTAN.Thisshowstheparallelogramlawforaddingvectors.\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}\begin{picture}(6,6)%pictureboxwillbe6cmwideby6cmtall\put(0,0){\vector(2,1){4}}%forevery2overthisvectorgoes1up\put(2,1){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\firstleg}}\put(4,2){\vector(1,2){2}}\put(5,4){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\secondleg}}\put(0,0){\line(1,1){6}}\put(3,3){\makebox(0,0)[r]{sum\}}\end{picture}Youcanalsousethisenvironmenttoplacearbitrarymaterialatanexactlocation.\usepackage{color,graphicx}%inpreamble Chapter8:Environments66 ...\begin{center}\setlength{\unitlength}{\textwidth}\begin{picture}(1,1)%leavespace,\textwidthwideandtall\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{desertedisland.jpg}}\put(0.25,0.35){\textcolor{red}{XTreasurehere}}\end{picture}\end{center}TheredXwillbepreciselyaquarterofthe\linewidthfromtheleftmargin,and0.35\linewidthupfromthebottom.Anotherexampleofthisusageistoputsimilarcodeinthepageheadertogetrepeatmaterialoneachofadocument'spages.Thepictureenvironmenthasonerequiredargument,apairofnumbers(width,height).Multiplythesebythevalue\unitlengthtogetthenominalsizeoftheoutput,thespacethatLATEXreservesontheoutputpage.Thisnominalsizeneednotbehowlargethepicturereallyis;LATEXwilldrawthingsfromthepictureoutsidethepicture'sbox.Thisenvironmentalsohasanoptionalargument(xoset,yoset).Itisusedtoshifttheorigin.Unlikemostoptionalarguments,thisoneisnotcontainedinsquarebrackets.Aswiththerequiredargument,itconsistsoftworealnumbers.Multiplytheseby\unitlengthtogetthepointatthelower-leftcornerofthepicture.Forexample,if\unitlengthhasbeensetto1mm,thecommand\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)producesaboxofwidth100millimetersandheight200millimeters.Thepicture'soriginisthepoint(10mm,20mm)andsothelower-leftcorneristhere,andtheupper-rightcornerisat(110mm,220mm).Whenyourstdrawapictureyoutypicallyomittheoptionalargument,leavingtheoriginatthelower-leftcorner.Ifyouthenwanttomodifyyourpicturebyshiftingeverything,youcanjustaddtheappropriateoptionalargument.EachpicturecommandtellsLATEXwheretoputsomethingbynamingitsposition.Apositionisapairsuchas(2.4,-5)givingthex-andy-coordinates.Acoordinateisanotalength,itisarealnumber(itmayhaveadecimalpointoraminussign).Itspeciesalengthinmultiplesoftheunitlength\unitlength,soif\unitlengthhasbeensetto1cm,thenthecoordinate2.54speciesalengthof2.54centimeters.LATEX'sdefaultfor\unitlengthis1pt.itisarigidlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Changeitwiththe\setlengthcommand(see Section14.2[\setlength],page122 ).Makethischangeonlyoutsideofapictureenvironment.Coordinatesaregivenwithrespecttoanorigin,whichisnormallyatthelower-leftcornerofthepicture.Notethatwhenapositionappearsasanargument,aswith\put(1,2){...},itisnotenclosedinbracessincetheparenthesesservetodelimittheargument.Also,unlikeinsomecomputergraphicssystems,largery-coordinatesarefurtherupthepage.Therearefourwaystoputthingsinapicture:\put,\multiput,\qbezier,and\graphpaper.Themostoftenusedis\put.This\put(11.3,-0.3){...}placestheobjectwithitsreferencepointatcoordinates(11:3;�0:3).Thereferencepointsforvariousobjectswillbedescribedbelow.The\putcommandcreatesanLRbox(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Anythingthatcangoinan\mbox(see Section20.1[\mbox Chapter8:Environments67 &\makebox],page169 )cangointhetextargumentofthe\putcommand.Thereferencepointwillbethelowerleftcornerofthebox.Inthispicture\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}...\begin{picture}(1,1)\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}\put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}}\end{picture}thethreedotsarejustslightlyleftofthepointoftheangleformedbythetwolines.(Also,\line(1,1){1}doesnotcallforalineoflengthone;ratherthelinehasachangeinthexcoordinateof1.)The\multiput,qbezier,andgraphpapercommandsaredescribedbelow.Thisdrawsarectanglewithawavytop,using\qbezierforthatcurve.\begin{picture}(3,1.5)\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){8}}%xaxis\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){4}}%yaxis\put(2,0){\line(0,1){3}}%leftsiderectangle\put(4,0){\line(0,1){3.5}}%rightside\qbezier(2,3)(2.5,2.9)(3,3.25)\qbezier(3,3.25)(3.5,3.6)(4,3.5)\thicklines%belowhere,linesaretwiceasthick\put(2,3){\line(4,1){2}}\put(4.5,2.5){\framebox{TrapezoidalRule}}\end{picture}8.19.1\putSynopsis:\put(xcoord,ycoord){content}Placecontentatthecoordinate(xcoord,ycoord).Seethediscussionofcoordinatesand\unitlengthin Section8.19[picture],page65 .ThecontentisprocessedinLRmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 )soitcannotcontainlinebreaks.Thisincludesthetextintothepicture.\put(4.5,2.5){Applythe\textit{unpoke}move}Thereferencepoint,thelocation(4.5,2.5),isthelowerleftofthetext,atthebottomleftofthe`A'.8.19.2\multiputSynopsis:\multiput(x,y)(delta_x,delta_y){num-copies}{obj}Copyobjatotalofnum-copiestimes,withanincrementofdelta x,delta y.Theobjrstappearsatposition(x;y),thenat(x+x;y+y),andsoon.Thisdrawsasimplegridwitheveryfthlineinbold(seealso Section8.19.4[\graphpa-per],page68 ).\begin{picture}(10,10) Chapter8:Environments68 \linethickness{0.05mm}\multiput(0,0)(1,0){10}{\line(0,1){10}}\multiput(0,0)(0,1){10}{\line(1,0){10}}\linethickness{0.5mm}\multiput(0,0)(5,0){3}{\line(0,1){10}}\multiput(0,0)(0,5){3}{\line(1,0){10}}\end{picture}8.19.3\qbezierSynopsis:\qbezier(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)\qbezier[num](x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)DrawaquadraticBeziercurvewhosecontrolpointsaregivenbythethreerequiredarguments(x1,y1),(x2,y2),and(x3,y3).Thatis,thecurverunsfrom(x1,y1)to(x3,y3),isquadratic,andissuchthatthetangentlineat(x1,y1)passesthrough(x2,y2),asdoesthetangentlineat(x3,y3).Thisdrawsacurvefromthecoordinate(1,1)to(1,0).\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0)Thecurve'stangentlineat(1,1)contains(1.25,0.75),asdoesthecurve'stangentlineat(1,0).Theoptionalargumentnumgivesthenumberofcalculatedintermediatepoints.Thedefaultistodrawasmoothcurvewhosemaximumnumberofpointsis\qbeziermax(changethisvaluewith\renewcommand).8.19.4\graphpaperSynopsis:\graphpaper(x_init,y_init)(x_dimen,y_dimen)\graphpaper[spacing](x_init,y_init)(x_dimen,y_dimen)Drawacoordinategrid.Requiresthegraphpappackage.Thegrid'soriginis(x_init,y_init).Gridlinescomeeveryspacingunits(thedefaultis10).Thegridextendsx dimenunitstotherightandy dimenunitsup.Allargumentsmustbepositiveintegers.Thismakeagridwithsevenverticallinesandelevenhorizontallines.\usepackage{graphpap}%inpreamble...\begin{picture}(6,20)%indocumentbody\graphpaper[2](0,0)(12,20)\end{picture}Thelinesarenumberedeverytenunits.8.19.5\lineSynopsis:\line(x_run,y_rise){travel}Drawaline.Itslopessuchthatitverticallyrisesy riseforeveryhorizontalx run.Thetravelisthetotalhorizontalchange|itisnotthelengthofthevector,itisthechange Chapter8:Environments69 inx.Inthespecialcaseofverticallines,where(x run,y rise)=(0,1),thetravelgivesthechangeiny.Thisdrawsalinestartingatcoordinates(1,3).\put(1,3){\line(2,5){4}}Foreveryover2,thislinewillgoup5.Becausetravelspeciesthatthisgoesover4,itmustgoup10.Thusitsendpointis(1;3)+(4;10)=(5;13).Inparticular,notethattravel=4isnotthelengthoftheline,itisthechangeinx.Theargumentsx runandy riseareintegersthatcanbepositive,negative,orzero.(Ifbothare0thenLATEXtreatsthesecondas1.)With\put(x_init,y_init){\line(x_run,y_rise){travel}},ifx runisnegativethentheline'sendingpointhasarstcoordi-natethatislessthanx init.Ify riseisnegativethentheline'sendingpointhasasecondcoordinatethatislessthany init.IftravelisnegativethenyougetLaTeXError:Bad\lineor\vectorargument.StandardLATEXcanonlydrawlineswithalimitedrangeofslopesbecausetheselinesaremadebyputtingtogetherlinesegmentsfrompre-madefonts.Thetwonumbersx runandy risemusthaveintegervaluesfrom�6through6.Also,theymustberelativelyprime,sothat(x run,y rise)canbe(2,1)butnot(4,2)(ifyouchoosethelattertheninsteadoflinesyougetsequencesofarrowheads;thesolutionistoswitchtotheformer).Togetlinesofarbitraryslopeandplentyofothershapesinasystemlikepicture,seethepackagepict2eonCTAN.Anothersolutionistouseafull-featuredgraphicssystemsuchasTikZ,orPSTricks,orMetaPost,orAsymptote8.19.6\linethicknessSynopsis:\linethickness{dim}Declaresthethicknessofsubsequenthorizontalandverticallinesinapicturetobedim,whichmustbeapositivelength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Itdiersfrom\thinlinesand\thicklinesinthatitdoesnotaectthethicknessofslantedlines,circles,orovals.8.19.7\thinlinesDeclarationtosetthethicknessofsubsequentlines,circles,andovalsinapictureenviron-menttobe0.4pt.Thisisthedefaultthickness,sothiscommandisunnecessaryunlessthethicknesshasbeenchangedwitheither Section8.19.6[\linethickness],page69, or Section8.19.8[\thicklines],page69 .8.19.8\thicklinesDeclarationtosetthethicknessofsubsequentlines,circles,andovalsinapictureenvi-ronmenttobe0.8pt.Seealso Section8.19.6[\linethickness],page69, and Section8.19.7[\thinlines],page69 .ThiscommandisillustratedintheTrapezoidalRuleexampleof Section8.19[picture],page65 .8.19.9\circleSynopsis:\circle{diameter} Chapter8:Environments70 \circle*{diameter}Producesacirclewithadiameterascloseaspossibletothespeciedone.The*formproducesalled-incircle.Thisdrawsacircleofradius6,centeredat(5,7).\put(5,7){\circle{6}}Theavailableradiiforcircleare,inpoints,theevennumbersfrom2to20,inclusive.Forcircle*theyarealltheintegersfrom1to15.8.19.10\ovalSynopsis:\oval(width,height)\oval(width,height)[portion]Producearectanglewithroundedcorners.Theoptionalargumentportionallowsyoutoproduceonlyhalforaquarteroftheoval.Forhalfanovaltakeportiontobeoneofthese.ttophalfbbottomhalfrrighthalfllefthalfProduceonlyonequarteroftheovalbysettingportiontotr,br,bl,ortl.Thisdrawsthetophalfofanovalthatis3wideand7tall.\put(5,7){\oval(3,7)[t]}The(5,7)isthecenteroftheentireoval,notjustthecenterofthetophalf.Theseshapesarenotellipses.Theyarerectangleswhosecornersaremadewithquartercircles.Thesecircleshaveamaximumradiusof20pt(see Section8.19.9[\circle],page69, forthesizes).Thuslargeovalsarejustboxeswithasmallamountofcornerrounding.8.19.11\shortstackSynopsis:\shortstack[position]{line1\\...}Produceaverticalstackofobjects.Thislabelstheyaxis.\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){4}}%xaxis\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){2}}%y\put(-0.25,2){\makebox[0][r]{\shortstack[r]{$y$\\axis}}}Forashortstack,thereferencepointisthelowerleftofthestack.Intheaboveexamplethe Section20.1[\mbox&\makebox],page169, putsthestack ushrightinazerowidthboxsointotaltheshortstacksitsslightlytotheleftoftheyaxis.Thevalidpositionsare:rMakeobjects ushrightlMakeobjects ushleft Chapter8:Environments71 cCenterobjects(default)Separateobjectsintolineswith\\.Thesestacksareshortinthat,unlikeinatabularorarrayenvironment,heretherowsarenotspacedouttobeofevenheights.Thus,in\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}therstandlastrowsaretallerthanthemiddletwo.Youcanadjustrowheightseitherbyputtingintheusualinterlinespacingwith\shortstack{X\\\struto\\o\\X},orbyhand,viaanexplicitzero-widthbox\shortstack{X\\\rule{0pt}{12pt}o\\o\\X}orbyusing\\'soptionalargument\shortstack{X\\[2pt]o\\o\\X}.The\shortstackcommandisalsoavailableoutsidethepictureenvironment.8.19.12\vectorSynopsis:\vector(x_run,y_rise){travel}Drawalineendinginanarrow.Theslopeofthatlineis:itverticallyrisesy riseforeveryhorizontalx run.Thetravelisthetotalhorizontalchange|itisnotthelengthofthevector,itisthechangeinx.Inthespecialcaseofverticalvectors,if(x run,y rise)=(0,1),thentravelgivesthechangeiny.Foranexamplesee Section8.19[picture],page65 .Forelaborationonx runandy risesee Section8.19.5[\line],page68 .Asthere,thevaluesofx runandy risearelimited.For\vectoryoumustchoosesintegersbetween�4and4,inclusive.Also,thetwoyouchoosemustberelativelyprime.Thus,\vector(2,1){4}isacceptablebut\vector(4,2){4}isnot(ifyouusethelatterthenyougetasequenceofarrowheads).8.19.13\makebox(picture)Synopsis:\makebox(rec-width,rec-height){text}\makebox(rec-width,rec-height)[position]{text}Makeaboxtoholdtext.Thiscommandtswiththepictureenvironment,althoughyoucanuseitoutsideofthere,becauserec-widthandrec-heightarenumbersspecifyingdistancesintermsofthe\unitlength(see Section8.19[picture],page65 ).Thiscommandissimilartothenormal\makeboxcommand(see Section20.1[\mbox&\makebox],page169 )exceptherethatyoumustspecifythewidthandheight.Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Thismakesaboxoflength3.5times\unitlengthandheight4times\unitlength.\put(1,2){\makebox(3.5,4){...}}Theoptionalargumentpositionspecieswhereintheboxthetextappears.Thedefaultistocenterit,bothhorizontallyandvertically.Toplaceitsomewhereelse,useastringwithoneortwooftheseletters.tPutstextthetopofthebox.bPuttextatthebottom.lPuttextontheleft.rPuttextontheright. Chapter8:Environments72 8.19.14\framebox(picture)Synopsis:\framebox(rec-width,rec-height){text}\framebox(rec-width,rec-height)[position]{text}Thisisthesameas Section8.19.13[\makebox(picture)],page71, exceptthatitputsaframearoundtheoutsideoftheboxthatitcreates.Thereferencepointisthebottomleftcorneroftheframe.Thiscommandtswiththepictureenvironment,althoughyoucanuseitoutsideofthere,becauselengthsarenumbersspecifyingthedistanceintermsofthe\unitlength(see Section8.19[picture],page65 ).Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Thisexamplecreatesaframe2.5inchesby3inchesandputsthetextinthecenter.\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}\framebox(2.5,3){testtext}Therequiredargumentsarethattherectanglehasoverallwidthrect-widthunitsandheightrect-heightunits.Theoptionalargumentpositionspeciesthepositionoftext;see Section8.19.13[\make-box(picture)],page71, forthevaluesthatitcantake.Therulehasthickness\fboxruleandthereisablankspace\fboxsepbetweentheframeandthecontentsofthebox.Forthiscommand,youmustspecifythewidthandheight.Ifyouwanttojustputaframearoundsomecontentswhosedimensionisdeterminedinsomeotherwaytheneitheruse\fbox(see Section20.2[\fbox&\framebox],page170 )or\frame(see Section8.19.15[\frame],page72 ).8.19.15\frameSynopsis:\frame{contents}Putsarectangularframearoundcontents.Thereferencepointisthebottomleftcorneroftheframe.Incontrastto\framebox(see Section8.19.14[\framebox(picture)],page72 ),thiscommandputsnoextraspaceisputbetweentheframeandtheobject.Itisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).8.19.16\dashboxSynopsis:\dashbox{dash-len}(rect-width,rect-height){text}\dashbox{dash-len}(rect-width,rect-height)[position]{text}Createadashedrectanglearoundtext.Thiscommandtswiththepictureenviron-ment,althoughyoucanuseitoutsideofthere,becauselengthsarenumbersspecifyingthedistanceintermsofthe\unitlength(see Section8.19[picture],page65 ).Therequiredargumentsare:dashesaredash-lenunitslong,withthesamelengthgap,andtherectanglehasoverallwidthrect-widthunitsandheightrect-heightunits.Theoptionalargumentpositionspeciesthepositionoftext;see Section8.19.13[\make-box(picture)],page71, forthevaluesthatitcantake. Chapter8:Environments73 Thisshowsthatyoucanusenon-integervaluefordash-len.\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){Myhovercraftisfullofeels.}}Eachdashwillbe0.1\unitlengthlong,thebox'swidthis5\unitlengthanditsheightis0.5\unitlength.Asinthatexample,adashedboxlooksbestwhenrect-widthandrect-heightaremul-tiplesofthedash-len.8.20quotation"eSynopsis:\begin{quotation}text\end{quotation}or\begin{quote}text\end{quote}Includeaquotation.Bothenvironmentsindentmarginsonbothsidesby\leftmarginandthetextisright-justied.Theydierinhowtheytreatparagraphs.Inthequotationenvironment,paragraphsareindentedby1.5emandthespacebetweenparagraphsissmall,0ptplus1pt.Inthequoteenvironment,paragraphsarenotindentedandthereisverticalspacebetweenparagraphs(itistherubberlength\parsep).\begin{quotation}\small\itFourscoreandsevenyearsago...shallnotperishfromtheearth.\hspace{1emplus1fill}---AbrahamLincoln\end{quotation}8.21tabbingSynopsis:\begin{tabbing}row1col1\=row1col2...\\row2col1�\row2col2...\\...\end{tabbing}Aligntextincolumns,bysettingtabstopsandtabbingtothemmuchaswasdoneonatypewriter.Thisislessoftenusedthantheenvironmentstabular(see Section8.23[tabular],page77 )orarray(see Section8.2[array],page45 )becauseinthosethewidthofeachcolumnneednotbeconstantandneednotbeknowninadvance.Thisexamplehasarstlinewherethetabstopsaresettoexplicitwidths,endedbya\killcommand(whichisdescribedbelow):\begin{tabbing}\hspace{0.75in}\=\hspace{0.40in}\=\hspace{0.40in}\kill Chapter8:Environments74 Ship�\Guns�\Year\\\textit{Sophie}�\14�\1800\\\textit{Polychrest}�\24�\1803\\\textit{Lively}�\38�\1804\\\textit{Surprise}�\28�\1805\\\end{tabbing}Boththetabbingenvironmentandthemorewidely-usedtabularenvironmentputtextincolumns.ThemostimportantdistinctionisthatintabularthewidthofcolumnsisdeterminedautomaticallybyLATEX,whileintabbingtheusersetsthetabstops.Anotherdistinctionisthattabulargeneratesabox,buttabbingcanbebrokenacrosspages.Finally,whiletabularcanbeusedinanymode,tabbingcanbeusedonlyinparagraphmodeanditstartsanewparagraph.Atabbingenvironmentalwaysstartsanewparagraph,withoutindentation.Moreover,asshownintheexampleabove,thereisnoneedtousethestarredformofthe\hspacecommandatthebeginningofatabbedrow.Therightmarginofthetabbingenvironmentistheendofline,sothatthewidthoftheenvironmentis\linewidth.Thetabbingenvironmentcontainsasequenceoftabbedrows.Thersttabbedrowbeginsimmediatelyafter\begin{tabbing}andeachrowendswith\\or\kill.Thelastrowmayomitthe\\andendwithjust\end{tabbing}.Atanypointthetabbingenvironmenthasacurrenttabstoppattern,asequenceofn�0tabstops,numbered0,1,etc.Thesecreatencorrespondingcolumns.Tabstop0isalwaystheleftmargin,denedbytheenclosingenvironment.Tabstopnumberiissetifitisassignedahorizontalpositiononthepage.Tabstopnumbericanonlybesetifallthestops0,...,i�1havealreadybeenset;normallylaterstopsaretotherightofearlierones.Bydefaultanytexttypesetinatabbingenvironmentistypesetraggedrightandleft-alignedonthecurrenttabstop.TypesettingisdoneinLRmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Thefollowingcommandscanbeusedinsideatabbingenvironment.Theyareallfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).\\(tabbing)Endatabbedlineandtypesetit.\=(tabbing)Setsatabstopatthecurrentposition.�\(tabbing)Advancestothenexttabstop.\Putfollowingtexttotheleftofthelocalmargin(withoutchangingthemargin).Canonlybeusedatthestartoftheline.\+Movestheleftmarginofthenextandallthefollowingcommandsonetabstoptotheright,beginningtabbedlineifnecessary.\-Movestheleftmarginofthenextandallthefollowingcommandsonetabstoptotheleft,beginningtabbedlineifnecessary. Chapter8:Environments75 \'(tabbing)Moveseverythingthatyouhavetypedsofarinthecurrentcolumn,i.e.,every-thingfromthemostrecent�\,\,\',\\,or\killcommand,tothepreviouscolumnandalignedtotheright, ushagainstthecurrentcolumn'stabstop.\`(tabbing)Allowsyoutoputtext ushrightagainstanytabstop,includingtabstop0.However,itcan'tmovetexttotherightofthelastcolumnbecausethere'snotabstopthere.The\`commandmovesallthetextthatfollowsit,uptothe\\or\end{tabbing}commandthatendstheline,totherightmarginofthetabbingenvironment.Theremustbeno&#x]TJ/;ཕ ;.9;‘ ;&#xTf 1;
.45; 0 ;&#xTd [;\or\'commandbetweenthe\`andthe\\or\end{tabbing}commandthatendstheline.\a(tabbing)Inatabbingenvironment,thecommands\=,\'and\`donotproduceaccentsasusual(see Section23.5[Accents],page194 ).Instead,usethecommands\a=,\a'and\a`.\killSetstabstopswithoutproducingtext.Worksjustlike\\exceptthatitthrowsawaythecurrentlineinsteadofproducingoutputforit.Any\=,\+or\-commandsinthatlineremainineect.\poptabsRestoresthetabstoppositionssavedbythelast\pushtabs.\pushtabsSavesallcurrenttabstoppositions.Usefulfortemporarilychangingtabstoppositionsinthemiddleofatabbingenvironment.\tabbingsepDistanceofthetextmovedby\'toleftofcurrenttabstop.ThisexampletypesetsaPascalfunction:\begin{tabbing}function\=fact(n:integer):integer;\\�\begin\=\+\\�\if\=n�1then\+\\fact:=n*fact(n-1)\-\\else\+\\fact:=1;\-\-\\end;\\\end{tabbing}Theoutputlookslikethis.functionfact(n:integer):integer;beginifn�1thenfact:=n*fact(n-1);elsefact:=1;end; Chapter8:Environments76 Thisexampleisjustforillustrationoftheenvironment.Toactuallytypesetcomputercodeintypewriterlikethis,averbatimenvironment(see Section8.27[verbatim],page87 )wouldnormallybebest.Forpretty-printedcode,therearequiteafewpackages,includingalgorithm2e,fancyvrb,listings,andminted.8.22tableSynopsis:\begin{table}[placement]tablebody\caption[loftitle]{title}%optional\label{label}%alsooptional\end{table}Aclassof oats(see Section5.6[Floats],page26 ).Theycannotbesplitacrosspagesandsotheyarenottypesetinsequencewiththenormaltextbutinsteadare oatedtoaconvenientplace,suchasthetopofafollowingpage.Thisexampletableenvironmentcontainsatabular\begin{table}\centering\small\begin{tabular}{ll}\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Author}}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Piece}}\\\hlineBach&CelloSuiteNumber1\\Beethoven&CelloSonataNumber3\\Brahms&CelloSonataNumber1\end{tabular}\caption{Topcellopieces}\label{tab:cello}\end{table}butyoucanputmanydierentkindsofcontentinatable,includingtext,LATEXcommands,etc.Forthepossiblevaluesofplacementandtheireectonthe oatplacementalgorithm,see Section5.6[Floats],page26 .Thetablebodyistypesetinaparboxofwidth\textwidth.Itcancontaintext,com-mands,graphics,etc.Thelabelisoptional;itisusedforcrossreferences(see Chapter7[Crossreferences],page41 ).The\captioncommandisalsooptional.Itspeciescaptiontextforthetable.Bydefaultitisnumbered.Ifitsoptionallottitleispresentthenthattextisusedinthelistoftablesinsteadoftitle(see Section25.1[Tableofcontentsetc.],page202 ).Inthisexamplethetableandcaptionwill oattothebottomofapage,unlessitispushedtoa oatpageattheend.\begin{table}[b]\centering\begin{tabular}{r|p{2in}}\hlineOne&Theloneliestnumber\\ Chapter8:Environments77 Two&Canbeassadasone.It'stheloneliestnumbersincethenumberone.\end{tabular}\caption{Cardinalvirtues}\label{tab:CardinalVirtues}\end{table}8.23tabularSynopsis:\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}column1entry&column2entry...&columnnentry\\...\end{tabular}or\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}column1entry&column2entry...&columnnentry\\...\end{tabular*}Produceatable,aboxconsistingofasequenceofhorizontalrows.Eachrowconsistsofitemsthatarealignedverticallyincolumns.Thisillustratesmanyofthefeatures.\begin{tabular}{l|l}\textit{Playername}&\textit{Careerhomeruns}\\\hlineHankAaron&755\\BabeRuth&714\end{tabular}Theoutputwillhavetwoleft-alignedcolumnswithaverticalbarbetweenthem.Thisisspeciedintabular'sargument{l|l}.Puttheentriesintodierentcolumnsbyseparatingthemwithanampersand,&.Theendofeachrowismarkedwithadoublebackslash,\\.Putahorizontalrulebelowarow,afteradoublebackslash,with\hline.Afterthelastrowthe\\isoptional,unlessan\hlinecommandfollowstoputarulebelowthetable.Therequiredandoptionalargumentstotabularconsistof:posOptional.Speciesthetable'sverticalposition.Thedefaultistoalignthetablesoitsverticalcentermatchesthebaselineofthesurroundingtext.Therearetwootherpossiblealignments:talignsthetablesoitstoprowmatchesthebaselineofthesurroundingtext,andbalignsonthebottomrow.Thisonlyhasaneectifthereisothertext.Inthecommoncaseofatabularaloneinacenterenvironmentthisoptionmakesnodierence.colsRequired.Speciestheformattingofcolumns.Itconsistsofasequenceofthefollowingspeciers,correspondingtothetypesofcolumnandintercolumnmaterial.lAcolumnofleft-aligneditems.rAcolumnofright-aligneditems. Chapter8:Environments78 cAcolumnofcentereditems.|Averticallinethefullheightanddepthoftheenvironment.@{textorspace}Inserttextorspaceatthislocationineveryrow.ThetextorspacematerialistypesetinLRmode.Thistextisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Ifbetweentwocolumnsthereisno@-expressionthenLATEX'sbook,article,andreportclasseswillputoneithersideofeachcolumnaspaceoflength\tabcolsep,whichbydefaultis6pt.Thatis,bydefaultadjacentcolumnsareseparatedby12pt(so\tabcolsepismisleadinglynamedsinceitisonlyhalfoftheseparationbetweentabularcolumns).Inaddition,aspaceof6ptalsocomesbeforetherstcolumnandafterthenalcolumn,unlessyouputa@{...}or|there.Ifyouoverridethedefaultandusean@-expressionthenLATEXdoesnotinsert\tabcolsepsoyoumustinsertanydesiredspaceyourself,asin@{\hspace{1em}}.Anemptyexpression@{}willeliminatethespace.Inparticular,sometimesyouwanttoeliminatethespacebeforetherstcolumnorafterthelastone,asintheexamplebelowwherethetabularlinesneedtolieontheleftmargin.\begin{flushleft}\begin{tabular}{@{}l}...\end{tabular}\end{flushleft}Thenextexampleshowstext,adecimalpointbetweenthecolumns,arrangedsothenumbersinthetablearealignedonit.\begin{tabular}{r@{$.$}l}$3$&$14$\\$9$&$80665$\end{tabular}An\extracolsep{wd}commandinan@-expressioncausesanextraspaceofwidthwdtoappeartotheleftofallsubsequentcolumns,untilcountermandedbyanother\extracolsep.Unlikeordinaryintercolumnspace,thisextraspaceisnotsuppressedbyan@-expression.An\extracolsepcommandcanbeusedonlyinan@-expressioninthecolsargument.Below,LATEXinsertstherightamountofintercolumnspacetomaketheentiretable4incheswide.\begin{tabular*}{4in}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}l}Seventimesdown,eighttimesup\ldots&suchislife!\end{tabular*} Chapter8:Environments79 Toinsertcommandsthatareautomaticallyexecutedbeforeagivencolumn,loadthearraypackageandusethe�{...}specier.p{wd}Eachiteminthecolumnistypesetinaparboxofwidthwd,asifitweretheargumentofa\parbox[t]{wd}{...}command.Alinebreakdoublebackslash\\maynotappearintheitem,exceptinsideanenvironmentlikeminipage,array,ortabular,orinsideanexplicit\parbox,orinthescopeofa\centering,\raggedright,or\raggedleftdeclaration(whenusedinap-columnelementthesedeclarationsmustappearinsidebraces,aswith{\centering..\\..}).OtherwiseLATEXwillmisinterpretthedoublebackslashasendingtherow.Instead,togetalinebreakinthereuse\newline(see Section9.3[\newline],page92 ).*{num}{cols}Equivalenttonumcopiesofcols,wherenumisapositiveintegerandcolsisalistofspeciers.Thusthespecier\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}isequivalenttothespecier\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}.Notethatcolsmaycontainanother*-expression.widthRequiredfortabular*,notallowedfortabular.Speciesthewidthofthetabular*environment.Thespacebetweencolumnsshouldberubber,aswith@{\extracolsep{\fill}},toallowthetabletostretchorshrinktomakethespeciedwidth,orelseyouarelikelytogettheUnderfull\hbox(badness10000)inalignment...warning.Parametersthatcontrolformatting:\arrayrulewidthAlengththatisthethicknessoftherulecreatedby|,\hline,and\vlineinthetabularandarrayenvironments.Thedefaultis`.4pt'.Changeitasin\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}.\arraystretchAfactorbywhichthespacingbetweenrowsinthetabularandarrayen-vironmentsismultiplied.Thedefaultis`1',fornoscaling.Changeitas\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}.\doublerulesepAlengththatisthedistancebetweentheverticalrulesproducedbythe||specier.Thedefaultis`2pt'.\tabcolsepAlengththatishalfofthespacebetweencolumns.Thedefaultis`6pt'.Changeitwith\setlength.Thefollowingcommandscanbeusedinsidethebodyofatabularenvironment,thersttwoinsideanentryandthesecondtwobetweenlines: Chapter8:Environments80 8.23.1\multicolumnSynopsis:\multicolumn{numcols}{cols}{text}Makeanarrayortabularentrythatspansseveralcolumns.Therstargumentnumcolsgivesthenumberofcolumnstospan.Thesecondargumentcolsspeciestheformattingoftheentry,withcforcentered,lfor ushleft,orrfor ushright.Thethirdargumenttextgivesthecontentsofthatentry.Inthisexample,intherstrow,thesecondandthirdcolumnsarespannedbythesingleheading`Name'.\begin{tabular}{lccl}\textit{ID}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}}&\textit{Age}\\\hline978-0-393-03701-2&O'Brian&Patrick&55\\...\end{tabular}Whatcountsasacolumnis:thecolumnformatspecierforthearrayortabularenvironmentisbrokenintoparts,whereeachpart(excepttherst)beginswithl,c,r,orp.Sofrom\begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}thepartsare|r|,c,c,andp{1.5in}|.Thecolsargumentoverridesthearrayortabularenvironment'sintercolumnareade-faultadjoiningthismulticolumnentry.Toaectthatarea,thisargumentcancontainverticalbars|indicatingtheplacementofverticalrules,and@{...}expressions.Thusifcolsis`|c|'thenthismulticolumnentrywillbecenteredandaverticalrulewillcomeintheintercolumnareabeforeitandafterit.Thistabledetailstheexactbehavior.\begin{tabular}{|cc|c|c|}\multicolumn{1}{r}{w}%entryone&\multicolumn{1}{|r|}{x}%entrytwo&\multicolumn{1}{|r}{y}%entrythree&z%entryfour\end{tabular}Beforetherstentrytheoutputwillnothaveaverticalrulebecausethe\multicolumnhasthecolsspecier`r'withnoinitialverticalbar.Betweenentryoneandentrytwotherewillbeaverticalrule;althoughtherstcolsdoesnothaveanendingverticalbar,thesecondcolsdoeshaveastartingone.Betweenentrytwoandentrythreethereisasingleverticalrule;despitethatthecolsinbothofthesurroundingmulticolumn'scallforaverticalrule,youonlygetonerule.Betweenentrythreeandentryfourthereisnoverticalrule;thedefaultcallsforonebutthecolsintheentrythree\multicolumnleavesitout,andthattakesprecedence.Finally,followingentryfourthereisaverticalrulebecauseofthedefault.Thenumberofspannedcolumnsnumcolscanbe1.Besidesgivingtheabilitytochangethehorizontalalignment,thisalsoisusefultooverrideforonerowthetabulardenition'sdefaultintercolumnareaspecication,includingtheplacementofverticalrules.Intheexamplebelow,inthetabulardenitiontherstcolumnisspeci-edtodefaulttoleftjustiedbutintherstrowtheentryiscenteredwith\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}.Alsointherstrow,thesecondandthird Chapter8:Environments81 columnsarespannedbyasingleentrywith\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}},overridingthespecicationtocenterthosetwocolumnsonthepagerangeen-dash.\begin{tabular}{l|r@{--}l}\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}&multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}}\\\hlineBaroque&1600&1760\\Classical&1730&1820\\Romantic&1780&1910\\Impressionistic&1875&1925\end{tabular}Althoughthetabularspecicationbydefaultputsaverticalrulebetweentherstandsecondcolumns,nosuchverticalruleappearsintherstrowhere.That'sbecausethereisnoverticalbarinthecolspartoftherstrow'srst\multicolumncommand.8.23.2\vlineDrawaverticallineinatabularorarrayenvironmentextendingthefullheightanddepthofanentry'srow.Canalsobeusedinan@-expression,althoughitssynonymverticalbar|ismorecommon.Thiscommandisrarelyusedinthebodyofatable;typicallyatable'sverticallinesarespeciedintabular'scolsargumentandoverriddenasneededwith\multicolumn(see Section8.23[tabular],page77 ).Theexamplebelowillustratessomepitfalls.Intherstrow'ssecondentrythe\hfillmovesthe\vlinetotheleftedgeofthecell.Butthatisdierentthanputtingithalfwaybetweenthetwocolumns,sobetweentherstandsecondcolumnstherearetwoverti-calrules,withtheonefromthe{c|cc}speciercomingbeforetheoneproducedbythe\vline\hfill.Incontrast,therstrow'sthirdentryshowstheusualwaytoputaverticalbarbetweentwocolumns.Inthesecondrow,theghiisthewidestentryinitscolumnsointhe\vline\hfillthe\hfillhasnoeectandtheverticallineinthatentryappearsimmediatelynexttotheg,withnowhitespace.\begin{tabular}{c|cc}x&\vline\hfilly&\multicolumn{1}{|r}{z}\\%row1abc&def&\vline\hfillghi%row2\end{tabular}8.23.3\clineSynopsis:\cline{i-j}Inanarrayortabularenvironment,drawahorizontalrulebeginningincolumniandendingincolumnj.Thedash,-,mustappearinthemandatoryargument.Tospanasinglecolumnusethenumbertwice,aswith\cline{2-2}.Thisexampleputstwohorizontallinesbetweentherstandsecondrows,onelineintherstcolumnonly,andtheotherspanningthethirdandfourthcolumns.Thetwolinesareside-by-side,atthesameheight.\begin{tabular}{llrr}a&b&c&d\\\cline{1-1}\cline{3-4}e&f&g&h Chapter8:Environments82 \end{tabular}8.23.4\hlineDrawahorizontallinethewidthoftheenclosingtabularorarrayenvironment.It'smostcommonlyusedtodrawalineatthetop,bottom,andbetweentherowsofatable.Inthisexamplethetopofthetablehastwohorizontalrules,oneabovetheother,thatspanbothcolumns.Thebottomofthetablehasasinglerulespanningbothcolumns.Becauseofthe\hline,thetabularsecondrow'slineendingdoublebackslash\\isrequired.\begin{tabular}{ll}\hline\hlineBaseball&RedSox\\Basketball&Celtics\\\hline\end{tabular}8.24thebibliographySynopsis:\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}\bibitem[label]{cite_key}...\end{thebibliography}Produceabibliographyorreferencelist.Therearetwowaystoproducebibliographiclists.Thisenvironmentissuitablewhenyouhaveonlyafewreferencesandcanmaintainthelistbyhand.See Section8.24.4[UsingBibTeX],page85, foramoresophisticatedapproach.Thisshowstheenvironmentwithtwoentries.Thisworkisbasedon\cite{latexdps}.Togethertheyare\cite{latexdps,texbook}....\begin{thebibliography}{9}\bibitem{latexdps}LeslieLamport.\textit{\LaTeX{}:adocumentpreparationsystem}.Addison-Wesley,Reading,Massachusetts,1993.\bibitem{texbook}DonaldErvinKnuth.\textit{The\TeXbook}.Addison-Wesley,Reading,Massachusetts,1983.\end{thebibliography}Thisstylestherstreferenceas`[1]Leslie...',andsothat\cite{latexdps}producesthematching`...basedon[1]'.Thesecond\citeproduces`[1,2]'.Youmustcompilethedocumenttwicetoresolvethesereferences.Themandatoryargumentwidest-labelistextthat,whentypeset,isaswideasthewidestitemlabelproducedbythe\bibitemcommands.Thetraditionistouse9forbibliographieswithlessthan10references,99foroneswithlessthan100,etc. Chapter8:Environments83 Thebibliographiclistisheadedbyatitlesuchas`Bibliography'.Tochangeittherearetwocases.Inthebookandreportclasses,wherethetoplevelsectioningis\chapterandthedefaulttitleis`Bibliography',thattitleisinthemacro\bibname.Forarticle,wheretheclass'stoplevelsectioningis\sectionandthedefaultis`References',thetitleisinmacro\refname.Changeitbyredeningthecommand,aswith\renewcommand{\refname}{Citedreferences}after\begin{document}.Languagesupportpackagessuchasbabelwillautomaticallyredene\refnameor\bibnametottheselectedlanguage.8.24.1\bibitemSynopsis:\bibitem{cite_key}or\bibitem[label]{cite_key}Generateanentrylabeledbylabel.ThedefaultisforLATEXtogeneratesanumberusingtheenumicounter.Thecitationkeycite keyisastringofletters,numbers,andpunctuationsymbols(butnotcomma).See Section8.24[thebibliography],page82, foranexample.Theoptionallabelchangesthedefaultlabelfromanintegertothegivenstring.Withthis\begin{thebibliography}\bibitem[Lamport1993]{latexdps}LeslieLamport.\textit{\LaTeX{}:adocumentpreparationsystem}.Addison-Wesley,Reading,Massachusetts,1993.\bibitem{texbook}DonaldErvinKnuth.\textit{The\TeXbook}.Addison-Wesley,Reading,Massachusetts,1983.\end{thebibliography}therstentrywillbestyledas`[Lamport1993]Leslie...'(Theamountofhorizon-talspacethatLATEXleavesforthelabeldependsonthewidest-labelargumentofthethebibliographyenvironment;see Section8.24[thebibliography],page82 .)Similarly,...basedon\cite{latexdps}willproduce`...basedon[Lamport1994]'.Ifyoumix\bibitementrieshavingalabelwiththosethatdonotthenLATEXwillnumbertheunlabelledonessequentially.Intheexampleabovethetexbookentrywillappearas`[1]Donald...',despitethatitisthesecondentry.Ifyouusethesamecite keytwicethenyouget`LaTeXWarning:Thereweremultiply-definedlabels'.Underthehood,LATEXremembersthecite keyandlabelinformationbecause\bibitemwritesittotheauxiliarylefilename.aux.Forinstance,theaboveexamplecauses\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport,1993}and\bibcite{texbook}{1}toappearinthatle.The.auxleisreadbythe\begin{document}commandandthentheinformationis Chapter8:Environments84 availablefor\citecommands.ThisexplainswhyyouneedtorunLATEXtwicetoresolvereferences:oncetowriteitoutandoncetoreaditin.Becauseofthistwo-passalgorithm,whenyouadda\bibitemorchangeitscite keyyoumayget`LaTeXWarning:Label(s)mayhavechanged.Reruntogetcross-referencesright'.Fixitbyrecompiling.8.24.2\citeSynopsis:\cite{keys}or\cite[subcite]{keys}Generateasoutputacitationtothereferencesassociatedwithkeys.Themandatorykeysisacitationkey,oracomma-separatedlistofcitationkeys(see Section8.24.1[\bibitem],page83 ).ThisTheultimatesourceis\cite{texbook}....\begin{thebibliography}\bibitem{texbook}DonaldErvinKnuth.\textit{The\TeXbook}.Addison-Wesley,Reading,Massachusetts,1983.\end{thebibliography}producesoutputlike`...sourceis[1]'.(Youcanchangetheappearanceofthecitationwithbibliographystyles.Moreisin Section8.24.4[UsingBibTeX],page85 .)Theoptionalargumentsubciteisappendedtothecitation.Forexample,See14.3in\cite[p.~314]{texbook}mightproduce`See14.3in[1,p.314]'.Inadditiontowhatappearsintheoutput,\citewritesinformationtotheauxiliarylefilename.aux.Forinstance,\cite{latexdps}writes`\citation{latexdps}'tothatle.ThisinformationisusedbyBibTEXtoincludeinyourreferencelistonlythoseworksthatyouhaveactuallycited;see Section8.24.3[\nocite],page84, also.Ifkeysisnotinyourbibliographyinformationthenyouget`LaTeXWarning:Therewereundefinedreferences',andintheoutputthecitationshowsasaboldfacequestionmarkbetweensquarebrackets.Therearetwopossiblecauses.Ifyouhavemistypedsomething,asin\cite{texbok}thenyouneedtocorrectthespelling.Ontheotherhand,ifyouhavejustaddedormodiedthebibliographicinformationandsochangedthe.auxle(see Section8.24.1[\bibitem],page83 )thenthexmaybetorunLATEXagain.8.24.3\nociteSynopsis:\nocite{keys}Producesnooutputbutwriteskeystotheauxiliaryledoc-filename.aux.Themandatoryargumentkeysisacomma-separatedlistofoneormorecitationkeys(see Section8.24.1[\bibitem],page83 ).ThisinformationisusedbyBibTEXtoinclude Chapter8:Environments85 theseworksinyourreferencelisteventhoughyouhavenotcitedthem(see Section8.24.2[\cite],page84 ).8.24.4UsingBibTEXAsdescribedinthebibliography(see Section8.24[thebibliography],page82 ),asophis-ticatedapproachtomanagingbibliographiesisprovidedbytheBibTEXprogram.Thisisonlyanintroduction;seethefulldocumentationonCTAN.WithBibTEX,youdon'tusethebibliography(see Section8.24[thebibliography],page82 ).Instead,includetheselines.\bibliographystyle{bibstyle}\bibliography{bibfile1,bibfile2,...}Thebibstylereferstoalebibstyle.bst,whichdeneshowyourcitationswilllook.Thestandardbibstyle'sdistributedwithBibTEXare:alphaLabelsareformedfromnameofauthorandyearofpublication.Thebiblio-graphicitemsaresortedalphabetically.plainLabelsareintegers.Sortthebibliographicitemsalphabetically.unsrtLikeplain,butentriesareinorderofcitation.abbrvLikeplain,butmorecompactlabels.Many,manyotherBibTEXstylelesexist,tailoredtothedemandsofvariouspublications.SeeCTAN'slisting http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib .The\bibliographycommandiswhatactuallyproducesthebibliography.Itsargumentisacomma-separatedlist,referringtolesnamedbibfile1.bib,bibfile2.bib,...ThesecontainyourdatabaseinBibTEXformat.Thisshowsatypicalcoupleofentriesinthatformat.@book{texbook,title={The{{\TeX}}book},author={D.E.Knuth},isbn={0201134489},series={Computers\&typesetting},year={1983},publisher={Addison-Wesley}}@book{sexbook,author={W.H.MastersandV.E.Johnson},title={HumanSexualResponse},year={1966},publisher={BantamBooks}}Onlythebibliographicentriesreferredtovia\citeand\nocitewillbelistedinthedocument'sbibliography.Thusyoucankeepallyoursourcestogetherinonele,orasmallnumberofles,andrelyonBibTEXtoincludeinthisdocumentonlythosethatyouused. Chapter8:Environments86 8.25theoremSynopsis:\begin{theorem}theorembody\end{theorem}Produces`Theoremn'inboldfacefollowedbytheorembodyinitalics.Thenumber-ingpossibilitiesfornaredescribedunder\newtheorem(see Section12.9[\newtheorem],page110 ).\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma}%inpreamble\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}...\begin{lem}%indocumentbodytextoflemma\end{lem}Thenextresultfollowsimmediately.\begin{thm}[Gauss]%put`Gauss'inparensaftertheoremheadtextoftheorem\end{thm}MostnewdocumentsusethepackagesamsthmandamsmathfromtheAmericanMathe-maticalSociety.Amongotherthingsthesepackagesincludealargenumberofoptionsfortheoremenvironments,suchasstylingoptions.8.26titlepageSynopsis:\begin{titlepage}...textandspacing...\end{titlepage}Createatitlepage,apagewithnoprintedpagenumberorheadingandwithsucceedingpagesnumberedstartingwithpageone.Inthisexampleallformatting,includingverticalspacing,islefttotheauthor.\begin{titlepage}\vspace*{\stretch{1}}\begin{center}{\huge\bfseriesThesis\\[1ex]title}\\[6.5ex]{\large\bfseriesAuthorname}\\\vspace{4ex}Thesissubmittedto\\[5pt]\textit{Universityname}\\[2cm]inpartialfulfilmentfortheawardofthedegreeof\\[2cm]\textsc{\LargeDoctorofPhilosophy}\\[2ex]\textsc{\largeMathematics}\\[12ex]\vfill Chapter8:Environments87 DepartmentofMathematics\\Address\\\vfill\today\end{center}\vspace{\stretch{2}}\end{titlepage}Toinsteadproduceastandardtitlepagewithoutatitlepageenvironment,use\maketitle(see Section18.1[\maketitle],page153 ).8.27verbatimSynopsis:\begin{verbatim}literal-text\end{verbatim}Aparagraph-makingenvironmentinwhichLATEXproducesasoutputexactlywhatyoutypeasinput.Forinstanceinsideliteral-textthebackslash\characterdoesnotstartcommands,itproducesaprinted`\',andcarriagereturnsandblanksaretakenliterally.Theoutputappearsinamonospacedtypewriter-likefont(\tt).\begin{verbatim}Symbolswearing:%&$#?!.\end{verbatim}Theonlyrestrictiononliteral-textisthatitcannotincludethestring\end{verbatim}.Youcannotusetheverbatimenvironmentintheargumenttomacros,forinstanceintheargumenttoa\section.Thisisnotthesameascommandsbeingfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ),insteaditjustcannotappearthere.(Butthecprotectpackagecanhelpwiththis.)Onecommonuseofverbatiminputistotypesetcomputercode.Therearepackagesthatareanimprovementtheverbatimenvironment.Forinstance,oneimprovementistoallowtheverbatiminclusionofexternalles,orpartsofthoseles.Suchpackagesincludelistings,andminted.Apackagethatprovidesmanymoreoptionsforverbatimenvironmentsisfancyvrb.Anotherisverbatimbox.Foralistofalltherelevantpackages,seeCTAN.8.27.1\verbSynopsis:\verbcharliteral-textchar\verb*charliteral-textcharTypesetliteral-textasitisinput,includingspecialcharactersandspaces,usingthetypewriter(\tt)font.Thisexampleshowstwodierentinvocationsof\verb.Thisis\verb!literally!thebiggestpumpkinever. Chapter8:Environments88 Andthisisthebestsquash,\verb+literally!+Therst\verbhasitsliteral-textsurroundedwithexclamationpoint,!.Thesecondinsteadusesplus,+,becausetheexclamationpointispartofliteral-text.Thesingle-characterdelimitercharsurroundsliteral-text|itmustbethesamecharac-terbeforeandafter.Nospacescomebetween\verbor\verb*andchar,orbetweencharandliteral-text,orbetweenliteral-textandthesecondoccurrenceofchar(thesynopsisshowsaspaceonlytodistinguishonecomponentfromtheother).Thedelimitermustnotappearinliteral-text.Theliteral-textcannotincludealinebreak.The*-formdiersonlyinthatspacesareprintedwithavisiblespacecharacter.(Namely, .)Theoutputfromthiswillincludeacharactershowingthespaces.Thecommands'sfirstargumentis\verb*!filenamewithextension!and...FortypesettingInternetaddresses,urls,thepackageurlprovidesanoptionthatisbetterthanthe\verbcommand,sinceitallowslinebreaks.Forcomputercodetherearemanypackageswithadvantagesover\verb.Oneislistings,anotherisminted.Youcannotuse\verbintheargumenttoamacro,forinstanceintheargumenttoa\section.Itisnotaquestionof\verbbeingfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ),insteaditjustcannotappearthere.(Butthecprotectpackagecanhelpwiththis.)8.28verseSynopsis:\begin{verse}line1\\line2\\...\end{verse}Anenvironmentforpoetry.HerearetwolinesfromShakespeare'sRomeoandJuliet.Thenplainlyknowmyheart'sdearloveisset\\OnthefairdaughterofrichCapulet.Separatethelinesofeachstanzawith\\,anduseoneormoreblanklinestoseparatethestanzas.\begin{verse}\makebox[\linewidth][c]{\textit{ShutNotYourDoors}---WaltWhitman}\\[1\baselineskip]Shutnotyourdoorstomeproudlibraries,\\Forthatwhichwaslackingonallyourwell-fill'dshelves,\\\qquadyetneededmost,Ibring,\\Forthfromthewaremerging,abookIhavemade,\\Thewordsofmybooknothing,thedriftofiteverything,\\Abookseparate,notlink'dwiththerestnorfeltbytheintellect,\\Butyouyeuntoldlatencieswillthrilltoeverypage. 89 \end{verse}Theoutputhasmarginsindentedontheleftandtheright,paragraphsarenotindented,andthetextisnotright-justied. 90 9LinebreakingTherstthingLATEXdoeswhenprocessingordinarytextistotranslateyourinputleintoasequenceofglyphsandspaces.Toproduceaprinteddocument,thissequencemustbebrokenintolines(andtheselinesmustbebrokenintopages).LATEXusuallydoestheline(andpage)breakinginthetextbodyforyoubutinsomeenvironmentsyoumanuallyforcelinebreaks.Acommonwork owistogetanalversionofthedocumentcontentbeforetakinganalpassthroughandconsideringlinebreaks(andpagebreaks).Thisdiersfromwordprocessing,whereyouareformattingtextasyouinputit.Puttingtheseountiltheendpreventsalotofddlingwithbreaksthatwillchangeanyway.9.1\\Synopsis,oneof:\\\\[morespace]oroneof:\\*\\*[morespace]Endthecurrentline.Theoptionalargumentmorespacespeciesextraverticalspacetobeinsertedbeforethenextline.Thisisarubberlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 )andcanbenegative.Thetextbeforethelinebreakissetatitsnormallength,thatis,itisnotstretchedtolloutthelinewidth.Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Thestarredform,\\*,tellsLATEXnottostartanewpagebetweenthetwolines,byissuinga\nobreak.\title{Mystory:\\[0.25in]ataleofwoe}ExplicitlinebreaksinthemaintextbodyareunusualinLATEX.Inparticular,don'tstartnewparagraphswith\\.Insteadleaveablanklinebetweenthetwoparagraphs.Anddon'tputinasequenceof\\'stomakeverticalspace.Insteaduse\vspace{length},or\leavevmode\vspace{length},or\vspace*{length}ifyouwantthespacetonotbethrownoutatthetopofanewpage(see Section19.14[\vspace],page166 ).The\\commandismostlyusedoutsideofthemain owoftextsuchasinatabularorarrayenvironmentorinanequationenvironment.The\\commandisasynonymfor\newline(see Section9.3[\newline],page92 )underordinarycircumstances(anexampleofanexceptionisthep{...}columninatabularenvironment;see Section8.23[tabular],page77 ).The\\commandisamacro,anditsdenitionchangesbycontextsothatitsdenitioninnormaltext,acenterenvironment,aflushleftenvironment,andatabulararealldierent.Innormaltextwhenitforcesalinebreakitisessentiallyashorthandfor\newline.Itdoesnotendhorizontalmodeorendtheparagraph,itjustinsertssomeglueandpenaltiessothatwhentheparagraphdoesendalinebreakwilloccuratthatpoint,withtheshortlinepaddedwithwhitespace. Chapter9:Linebreaking91 Youget`LaTeXError:There'snolineheretoend'ifyouuse\\toaskforanewline,ratherthantoendthecurrentline.Anexampleisifyouhave\begin{document}\\or,morelikely,somethinglikethis.\begin{center}\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}\\Inthatverticalspaceputyourmark.\end{minipage}\end{center}Fixitbyreplacingthedoublebackslashwithsomethinglike\vspace{\baselineskip}.9.2\obeycr&\restorecrThe\obeycrcommandmakesareturnintheinputle(`^^M',internally)thesameas\\,followedby\relax.Soeachnewlineintheinputwillalsobeanewlineintheoutput.The\restorecrcommandrestoresnormalline-breakingbehavior.Thisisnotthewaytoshowverbatimtextorcomputercode.See Section8.27[verbatim],page87, instead.WithLATEX'susualdefaults,thisaaabbb\obeycrcccdddeee\restorecrfffggghhhiiiproducesoutputlikethis.aaabbbcccdddeeefffggghhhiiiTheindentsareparagraphindents. Chapter9:Linebreaking92 9.3\newlineInordinarytext,thisendsalineinawaythatdoesnotright-justifytheline,sothepriortextisnotstretched.Thatis,inparagraphmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ),the\newlinecommandisequivalenttodouble-backslash(see Section9.1[\\],page90 ).Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).However,thetwocommandsaredierentinsideatabularorarrayenvironment.Inacolumnwithaspecierproducingaparagraphboxsuchastypicallyp{...},\newlinewillinsertalineendinsideofthecolumn;thatis,itdoesnotbreaktheentiretabularrow.Tobreaktheentirerowuse\\oritsequivalent\tabularnewline.Thiswillprint`Name:'and`Address:'astwolinesinasinglecellofthetable.\begin{tabular}{p{1in}{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}}Name:\newlineAddress:&Date:\\\hline\end{tabular}The`Date:'willbebaseline-alignedwith`Name:'.9.4\-(discretionaryhyphen)TellLATEXthatitmayhyphenatethewordatthatpoint.Whenyouinsert\-commandsinaword,thewordwillonlybehyphenatedatthosepointsandnotatanyofthehyphenationpointsthatLATEXmightotherwisehavechosen.Thiscommandisrobust(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).LATEXisgoodathyphenatingandusuallyndsmostofthecorrecthyphenationpoints,whilealmostneverusinganincorrectone.The\-commandisforexceptionalcases.Forexample,LATEXdoesnotordinarilyhyphenatewordscontainingahyphen.Below,thelongandhyphenatedwordmeansLATEXhastoputinunacceptablylargespacestosetthenarrowcolumn.\begin{tabular}{rp{1.75in}}IsaacAsimov&Thestrainofanti-intellectualism%an\-ti-in\-tel\-lec\-tu\-al\-ismhasbeenaconstantthreadwindingitswaythroughourpoliticalandculturallife,nurturedbythefalsenotionthatdemocracymeansthat`myignoranceisjustasgoodasyourknowledge'.\end{tabular}Commentingoutthethirdlineanduncommentingthefourthmakesamuchbettert.The\-commandonlyallowsLATEXtobreakthere,itdoesnotrequirethatitbreakthere.YoucaninsistonasplitwithsomethinglikeHef-\linebreakferon.Ofcourse,ifyoulaterchangethetextthenthisforcedbreakmaylookveryodd,sothisapproachrequirescare.9.5\discretionary(generalizedhyphenationpoint)Synopsis:\discretionary{pre-break}{post-break}{no-break} Chapter9:Linebreaking93 Handlewordchangesaroundhyphens.ThiscommandisnotoftenusedinLATEXdocu-ments.Ifalinebreakoccursatthepointwhere\discretionaryappearsthenTEXputspre-breakattheendofthecurrentlineandputspost-breakatthestartofthenextline.IfthereisnolinebreakherethenTEXputsno-breakIn`difficult'thethreelettersffiformaligature.ButTEXcannonethelessbreakbetweenthetwof'swiththis.di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cultNotethatusersdonothavetodothis.ItistypicallyhandledautomaticallybyTEX'shyphenationalgorithm.9.6\fussy&\sloppyDeclarationstomakeTEXmorepickyorlesspickyaboutlinebreaking.Declaring\fussyusuallyavoidstoomuchspacebetweenwords,atthecostofanoccasionaloverfullbox.Conversely,\sloppyavoidsoverfullboxeswhilesueringlooseinterwordspacing.Thedefaultis\fussy.Linebreakinginaparagraphiscontrolledbywhicheverdecla-rationiscurrentattheblankline,or\par,ordisplayedequationendingthatparagraph.Sotoaectthelinebreaks,includethatparagraph-endingmaterialinthescopeofthecommand.9.6.1sloppyparSynopsis:\begin{sloppypar}...paragraphs...\end{sloppypar}Typesettheparagraphswith\sloppyineect(see Section9.6[\fussy&\sloppy],page93 ).Usethistolocallyadjustlinebreaking,toavoid`Overfullbox'or`Underfullbox'errors.Theexampleissimple.\begin{sloppypar}Herplanforthemorningthussettled,shesatquietlydowntoherbookafterbreakfast,resolvingtoremaininthesameplaceandthesameemploymenttilltheclockstruckone;andfromhabitudeverylittleincommodedbytheremarksandejaculationsofMrs.\Allen,whosevacancyofmindandincapacityforthinkingweresuch,thatasshenevertalkedagreatdeal,soshecouldneverbeentirelysilent;and,therefore,whileshesatatherwork,ifshelostherneedleorbrokeherthread,ifsheheardacarriageinthestreet,orsawaspeckuponhergown,shemustobserveitaloud,whethertherewereanyoneatleisuretoanswerherornot.\end{sloppypar} Chapter9:Linebreaking94 9.7\hyphenationSynopsis:\hyphenation{word1...}Declaresallowedhyphenationpointswithinthewordsinthelist.Thewordsinthatlistareseparatedbyspaces.Showpermittedpointsforhyphenationwithadashcharacter,-.Hereisanexample:\hyphenation{hat-eril-lit-e-ra-titru-th-i-ness}Uselowercaseletters.TEXwillonlyhyphenateifthewordmatchesexactly.Multiple\hyphenationcommandsaccumulate.9.8\linebreak&\nolinebreakSynopses,oneof:\linebreak\linebreak[zero-to-four]oroneofthese.\nolinebreak\nolinebreak[zero-to-four]Encourageordiscouragealinebreak.Theoptionalzero-to-fourisanintegerthatallowsyoutosoftentheinstruction.Thedefaultis4,sothatwithouttheoptionalargumentthesecommandsentirelyforceorpreventthebreak.Butforinstance,\nolinebreak[1]isasuggestionthatanotherplacemaybebetter.Thehigherthenumber,themoreinsistenttherequest.Bothcommandsarefragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).HerewetellLATEXthatagoodplacetoputalinebreakisafterthestandardlegaltext.\boilerplatelegal{}\linebreak[2]Weespeciallyencourageapplicationsfrommembersoftraditionallyunderrepresentedgroups.Whenyouissue\linebreak,thespacesinthelinearestretchedoutsothatitextendstotherightmargin.See Section9.1[\\],page90, and Section9.3[\newline],page92, tohavethespacesnotstretchedout. 95 10PagebreakingOrdinarilyLATEXautomaticallytakescareofbreakingoutputintopageswithitsusualaplomb.Butifyouarewritingcommands,ortweakingthenalversionofadocument,thenyoumayneedtounderstandhowtoin uenceitsactions.LATEX'salgorithmforsplittingadocumentintopagesismorecomplexthanjustwaitinguntilthereisenoughmaterialtollapageandoutputtingtheresult.Instead,LATEXtypesetsmorematerialthanwouldtonthepageandthenchoosesabreakthatisoptimalinsomeway(ithasthesmallestbadness).Anexampleoftheadvantageofthisapproachisthatifthepagehassomeverticalspacethatcanbestretchedorshrunk,suchaswithrubberlengthsbetweenparagraphs,thenLATEXcanusethattoavoidwidowlines(whereanewpagestartswiththelastlineofaparagraph;LATEXcansqueezetheextralineontotherstpage)andorphans(wheretherstlineofparagraphisattheendofapage;LATEXcanstretchthematerialoftherstpagesotheextralinefallsonthesecondpage).AnotherexampleiswhereLATEXusesavailableverticalshrinkagetotonapagenotjusttheheaderforanewsectionbutalsothersttwolinesofthatsection.ButLATEXdoesnotoptimizeovertheentiredocument'ssetofpagebreaks.Soitcanhappenthattherstpagebreakisgreatbutthesecondoneislousy;tobreakthecurrentpageLATEXdoesn'tlookasfaraheadasthenextpagebreak.Sooccasionallyyoumaywanttoin uencepagebreakswhilepreparinganalversionofadocument.See Chapter5[Layout],page22, formorematerialthatisrelevanttopagebreaking.10.1\clearpage&\cleardoublepageSynopsis:\clearpageor\cleardoublepageEndthecurrentpageandoutputallofthepending oatingguresandtables(see Section5.6[Floats],page26 ).Iftherearetoomany oatstotonthepagethenLATEXwillputinextrapagescontainingonly oats.Intwo-sidedprinting,\cleardoublepagealsomakesthenextpageofcontentaright-handpage,anodd-numberedpage,ifnecessaryinsertingablankpage.The\clearpagecommandisrobustwhile\cleardoublepageisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).LATEX'spagebreaksareoptimizedsoordinarilyyouonlyusethiscommandinadocumentbodytopolishthenalversion,orinsidecommands.The\cleardoublepagecommandwillputinablankpage,butitwillhavetherunningheadersandfooters.Togetareallyblankpage,usethiscommand.\let\origdoublepage\cleardoublepage\newcommand{\clearemptydoublepage}{%\clearpage{\pagestyle{empty}\origdoublepage}%}IfyouwantLATEX'sstandard\chaptercommandtodothisthenaddtheline\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage. Chapter10:Pagebreaking96 Thecommand\newpage(see Section10.2[\newpage],page96 )alsoendsthecurrentpage,butwithoutclearingpending oats.And,ifLATEXisintwo-columnmodethen\newpageendsthecurrentcolumnwhile\clearpageand\cleardoublepageendthecur-rentpage.10.2\newpageSynopsis:\newpageEndthecurrentpage.Thiscommandisrobust(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).LATEX'spagebreaksareoptimizedsoordinarilyyouonlyusethiscommandinadocumentbodytopolishthenalversion,orinsidecommands.Whilethecommands\clearpageand\cleardoublepagealsoendthecurrentpage,inadditiontheyclearpending oats(see Section10.1[\clearpage&\cleardoublepage],page95 ).And,ifLATEXisintwo-columnmodethen\clearpageand\cleardoublepageendthecurrentpage,possiblyleavinganemptycolumn,while\newpageonlyendsthecurrentcolumn.Incontrastwith\pagebreak(see Section10.4[\pagebreak&\nopagebreak],page97 ),the\newpagecommandwillcausethenewpagetostartrightwhererequested.ThisFourscoreandsevenyearsagoourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinent,\newpage\noindentanewnation,conceivedinLiberty,anddedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal.makesanewpagestartafter`continent,'andthecut-olineisnotrightjustied.Inaddition,\newpagedoesnotverticallystretchoutthepage,as\pagebreakdoes.10.3\enlargethispageSynopsis,oneof:\enlargethispage{size}\enlargethispage*{size}Enlargethe\textheightforthecurrentpage.Therequiredargumentsizemustbearigidlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Itmaybepositiveornegative.Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Acommonstrategyistowaituntilyouhavethenaltextofadocument,andthenpassthroughittweakinglineandpagebreaks.Thiscommandallowsyousomepagesizeleeway.Thiswillallowoneextralineonthecurrentpage.\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}Thestarredform\enlargesthispage*triestosqueezethematerialtogetheronthepageasmuchaspossible,forthecommonusecaseofgettingonemorelineonthepage.Thisisoftenusedtogetherwithanexplicit\pagebreak. Chapter10:Pagebreaking97 10.4\pagebreak&\nopagebreakSynopses:\pagebreak\pagebreak[zero-to-four]or\nopagebreak\nopagebreak[zero-to-four]Encourageordiscourageapagebreak.Theoptionalzero-to-fourisanintegerthatallowsyoutosoftentherequest.Thedefaultis4,sothatwithouttheoptionalargumentthesecommandsentirelyforceorpreventthebreak.Butforinstance\nopagebreak[1]suggeststoLATEXthatanotherspotmightbepreferable.Thehigherthenumber,themoreinsistenttherequest.Bothcommandsarefragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).LATEX'spageendingsareoptimizedsoordinarilyyouonlyusethiscommandinadocu-mentbodytopolishthenalversion,orinsidecommands.Ifyouusetheseinsideaparagraph,theyapplytothepointfollowingthelineinwhichtheyappear.SothisFourscoreandsevenyearsagoourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinent,\pagebreakanewnation,conceivedinLiberty,anddedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal.doesnotgiveapagebreakat`continent,'butinsteadat`nation,'sincethatiswhereLATEXbreaksthatline.Inaddition,with\pagebreaktheverticalspaceonthepageisstretchedoutwherepossiblesothatitextendstothenormalbottommargin.Thiscanlookstrange,andif\flushbottomisineectthiscancauseyoutoget`Underfull\vbox(badness10000)hasoccurredwhile\outputisactive'.See Section10.2[\newpage],page96, foracommandthatdoesnothavetheseeects. 98 11FootnotesPlaceafootnoteatthebottomofthecurrentpage,ashere.NoelCowardquippedthathavingtoreadafootnoteislikehavingtogodownstairstoanswerthedoor,whileinthemidstofmakinglove.\footnote{%Iwouldn'tknow,Idon'treadfootnotes.}Youcanputmultiplefootnotesonapage.Ifthefootnotetextbecomestoolongthenitwill owtothenextpage.Youcanalsoproducefootnotesbycombiningthe\footnotemarkandthe\footnotetextcommands,whichisusefulinspecialcircumstances.Tomakebibliographicreferencescomeoutasfootnotesyouneedtoincludeabiblio-graphicstylewiththatbehavior(see Section8.24.4[UsingBibTeX],page85 ).11.1\footnoteSynopsis,oneof:\footnote{text}\footnote[number]{text}Placeafootnotetextatthebottomofthecurrentpage.ThereareoverathousandfootnotesinGibbon's\textit{DeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire}.\footnote{%AfterreadinganearlyversionwithendnotesDavidHumecomplained,``OneisalsoplaguedwithhisNotes,accordingtothepresentMethodofprintingtheBook''andsuggestedthatthey``onlytobeprintedattheMarginortheBottomofthePage.''}Theoptionalargumentnumberallowsyoutospecifythenumberofthefootnote.IfyouusethisthenLATEXdoesnotincrementthefootnotecounter.Bydefault,LATEXusesarabicnumbersasfootnotemarkers.Changethiswithsome-thinglike\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}},whichusesasequenceofsymbols(see Section13.1[\alph\Alph\arabic\roman\Roman\fnsymbol],page116 ).Tomakethischangeglobalputthatinthepreamble.Ifyoumakethechangelocalthenyoumaywanttoresetthecounterwith\setcounter{footnote}{0}.LATEXdeterminesthespacingoffootnoteswithtwoparameters.\footnoteruleProducestheruleseparatingthemaintextonapagefromthepage'sfoot-notes.Defaultdimensionsinthestandarddocumentclasses(exceptslides,whereitdoesnotappear)is:verticalthicknessof0.4pt,andhorizontalsizeof0.4\columnwidthlong.Changetherulewithsomethinglikethis.\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{%Kernsavoidverticalspace\kern-3pt%This-3isnegative\hrulewidth\textwidthheight1pt%ofthesumofthis1\kern2pt}%andthis2 Chapter11:Footnotes99 \footnotesepTheheightofthestrutplacedatthebeginningofthefootnote(see Section19.13[\strut],page165 ).Bydefault,thisissettothenormalstrutfor\footnotesizefonts(see Section4.2[Fontsizes],page18 ),thereforethereisnoextraspacebetweenfootnotes.Thisis`6.65pt'for`10pt',`7.7pt'for`11pt',and`8.4pt'for`12pt'.Changeitaswith\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}.The\footnotecommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).LATEX'sdefaultputsmanyrestrictionsonwhereyoucanusea\footnote;forinstance,youcannotuseitinanargumenttoasectioningcommandsuchas\chapter(itcanonlybeusedinouterparagraphmode;see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Therearesomeworkarounds;seefollowingsections.Inaminipageenvironmentthe\footnotecommandusesthempfootnotecounterin-steadofthefootnotecounter,sotheyarenumberedindependently.Theyareshownatthebottomoftheenvironment,notatthebottomofthepage.Andbydefaulttheyareshownalphabetically.See Section8.18[minipage],page63, and Section11.5[Footnotesinatable],page100 .11.2\footnotemarkSynopsis,oneof:\footnotemark\footnotemark[number]Putthecurrentfootnotemarkinthetext.Tospecifyassociatedtextforthefootnotesee Section11.3[\footnotetext],page100 .Theoptionalargumentnumbercausesthecommandtousethatnumbertodeterminethefootnotemark.Thiscommandcanbeusedininnerparagraphmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Ifyouuse\footnotemarkwithouttheoptionalargumentthenitincrementsthefootnotecounterbutifyouusetheoptionalnumberthenitdoesnot.Thenextexampleproducesseveralconsecutivefootnotemarkersreferringtothesamefootnote.Thefirsttheorem\footnote{DuetoGauss.}andthesecondtheorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]andthethirdtheorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]Ifthereareinterveningfootnotesthenyoumustrememberthevalueofthecommonmark.Thisexamplegivesthesameinstitutionalaliationtoboththerstandthirdauthors(\thanksisaversionoffootnote),by-handgivingthenumberofthefootnote.\title{ATreatiseontheBinomialTheorem}\author{JMoriarty\thanks{UniversityofLeeds}\andACDoyle\thanks{DurhamUniversity}\andSHolmes\footnotemark[1]}\begin{document}\maketitleThisusesacountertorememberthefootnotenumber.Thethirdsentenceisfollowedbythesamefootnotemarkerastherst.\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver} Chapter11:Footnotes100 Allbabiesareillogical.\footnote{%LewisCarroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}Nobodyisdespisedwhocanmanageacrocodile.\footnote{%CaptainHook.}Illogicalpersonsaredespised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]Therefore,anyonewhocanmanageacrocodileisnotababy.Thisexampleaccomplishesthesamebyusingthepackagecleveref.\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15]%inpreamble\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}...ThetheoremisfromEvers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker,Evers,1994.}ThecorollaryisfromChance.\footnote{Evers,Chance,1990.}ButthekeylemmaisfromTinker.\cref{fn:TE}Itwillworkwiththepackagehyperref.11.3\footnotetextSynopsis,oneof:\footnotetext{text}\footnotetext[number]{text}Placetextatthebottomofthepageasafootnote.Itpairswith\footnotemark(see Section11.2[\footnotemark],page99 )andcancomeanywhereafterthatcommand,butmustappearinouterparagraphmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Theoptionalargumentnumberchangesthenumberofthefootnotemark.See Section11.2[\footnotemark],page99, and Section11.5[Footnotesinatable],page100, forusageexamples.11.4FootnotesinsectionheadingsPuttingafootnoteinasectionheading,asin:\section{Fullsets\protect\footnote{Thismaterialdueto...}}causesthefootnotetoappearatthebottomofthepagewherethesectionstarts,asusual,butalsoatthebottomofthetableofcontents,whereitisnotlikelytobedesired.Thesimplestwaytohaveitnotappearonthetableofcontentsistousetheoptionalargumentto\section\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%Don'tfootnoteinchapterandsectionheaders!}}No\protectisneededinfrontof\footnoteherebecausewhatgetsmovedtothetableofcontentsistheoptionalargument.11.5FootnotesinatableInsideatabularorarrayenvironmentthe\footnotecommanddoesnotwork;thereisafootnotemarkinthetablecellbutthefootnotetextdoesnotappear.Thesolutionistouseaminipageenvironmentashere(see Section8.18[minipage],page63 ).\begin{center} Chapter11:Footnotes101 \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}\centering\begin{tabular}{l|l}\textsc{Ship}&\textsc{Book}\\\hline\textit{HMSSophie}&MasterandCommander\\\textit{HMSPolychrest}&PostCaptain\\\textit{HMSLively}&PostCaptain\\\textit{HMSSurprise}&Anumberofbooks\footnote{%StartingwithHMSSurprise.}\end{tabular}\end{minipage}\end{center}Insideaminipage,footnotemarksarelowercaseletters.Changethatwithsomethinglike\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}(see Section13.1[\alph\Alph\arabic\roman\Roman\fnsymbol],page116 ).Thefootnotesinthepriorexampleappearatthebottomoftheminipage.Tohavethemappearatthebottomofthemainpage,aspartoftheregularfootnotesequence,usethe\footnotemarkand\footnotetextpairandmakeanewcounter.\newcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}\begin{center}\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}\setcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}\centering\begin{tabular}{l|l}\textsc{Woman}&\textsc{Relationship}\\\hlineMona&Attached\footnotemark\\DianaVilliers&Eventualwife\\ChristineHatherleighWood&Fiance\footnotemark\end{tabular}\end{minipage}%percentsignkeepsfootnotetextclosetominipage\stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%\footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%Littleisknownotherthanherdeath.}%\stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%\footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%RelationshipisunresolvedinXXI.}\end{center}Fora oatingtableenvironment(see Section8.22[table],page76 ),usethetablefootnotepackage.\usepackage{tablefootnote}%inpreamble...\begin{table}\centering\begin{tabular}{l|l}\textsc{Date}&\textsc{Campaign}\\\hline1862&FortDonelson\\1863&Vicksburg\\1865&ArmyofNorthernVirginia\tablefootnote{% Chapter11:Footnotes102 Endingthewar.}\end{tabular}\caption{ForcescapturedbyUSGrant}\end{table}Thefootnoteappearsatthepagebottomandisnumberedinsequencewithotherfootnotes.11.6FootnotesoffootnotesParticularlyinthehumanities,authorscanhavemultipleclassesoffootnotes,includinghavingfootnotesoffootnotes.ThepackagebigfootextendsLATEX'sdefaultfootnotemech-anisminmanyways,includingallowthesetwo,asinthisexample.\usepackage{bigfoot}%inpreamble\DeclareNewFootnote{Default}\DeclareNewFootnote{from}[alph]%createclass\footnotefrom{}...Thethirdtheoremisapartialconverseofthesecond.\footnotefrom{%FirstnotedinWilson.\footnote{Secondeditiononly.}} 103 12DenitionsLATEXhassupportformakingnewcommandsofmanydierentkinds.12.1\newcommand&\renewcommandSynopses,oneof:\newcommand{\cmd}{defn}\newcommand{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}\newcommand{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}\newcommand*{\cmd}{defn}\newcommand*{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}\newcommand*{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}oroneofthese.\renewcommand{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}\renewcommand{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}\renewcommand{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}\renewcommand*{\cmd}{defn}\renewcommand*{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}\renewcommand*{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}Deneorredeneacommand.Seealsothediscussionof\DeclareRobustCommandin Section3.3.2[Classandpackagecommands],page10 .Thestarredformofthesetworequiresthattheargumentsnotcontainmultipleparagraphsoftext(inplainTEXtermsthatitnotbe\long).Thesearetheparameters:cmdRequired;thecommandname.Itmustbeginwithabackslash,\,andmustnotbeginwiththefourletterstring\end.For\newcommand,itmustnotbealreadydened.For\renewcommand,thisnamemustalreadybedened.nargsOptional;anintegerfrom0to9,specifyingthenumberofargumentsthatthecommandtakes,includinganyoptionalargument.Omittingthisargumentisthesameasspecifying0,meaningthatthecommandhasnoarguments.Ifyouredeneacommand,thenewversioncanhaveadierentnumberofargumentsthantheoldversion.optargdefaultOptional;ifthisargumentispresentthentherstargumentof\cmdisoptional,withdefaultvalueoptargdefault(whichmaybetheemptystring).Ifthisargumentisnotpresentthen\cmddoesnottakeanoptionalargument.Thatis,if\cmdisusedwithsquarebrackets,asin\cmd[optval]{...}...,thenwithindefntheparameter#1issettothevalueofoptval.Ontheotherhand,if\cmdiscalledwithoutthesquarebracketsthenwithindefntheparameter#1issettothevalueofoptargdefault.Ineithercase,therequiredargumentsstartwith#2. Chapter12:Denitions104 Omitting[optargdefault]isdierentfromhavingthesquarebracketswithnocontents,asin[].Theformersets#1tothevalueofoptargdefault;thelattersets#1totheemptystring.defnRequired;thetexttobesubstitutedforeveryoccurrenceof\cmd.Theparam-eters#1,#2,...#nargsarereplacedbythevaluesthatyousupplywhenyoucallthecommand(orbythedefaultvalueifthereisanoptionalargumentandyoudon'texercisetheoption).TEXignoresspacesinthesourcefollowinganalphabeticcontrolsequence,asin`\cmd'.Ifyouactuallywantaspacethere,onesolutionistotype{}afterthecommand(`\cmd{}',andanothersolutionistouseanexplicitcontrolspace(`\cmd\').Asimpleexampleofdeninganewcommand:\newcommand{\RS}{RobinSmith}resultsin\RSbeingreplacedbythelongertext.Redeninganexistingcommandissimilar:\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\smallQED}}.Ifyoutrytodeneacommandandthenamehasalreadybeenusedthenyougetsomethinglike`LaTeXError:Command\fredalreadydefined.Orname\end...illegal,seep.192ofthemanual'.Ifyoutrytoredeneacommandandthenamehasnotyetbeenusedthenyougetsomethinglike`LaTeXError:\hankundefined'.Heretherstcommanddenitionhasnoarguments,andthesecondhasonerequiredargument.\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary}\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}UsetherstasinIhighlyrecommend\student{}toyou.Thesecondhasavariable,sothat\defref{def:basis}expandstoDefinition~\ref{def:basis},whichultimatelyexpandstosomethinglike`Definition~3.14'.Similarly,butwithtworequiredarguments:\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1\times#2$}isinvokedas\nbym{2}{k}.Thisexamplehasanoptionalargument.\newcommand{\salutation}[1][SirorMadam]{Dear#1:}Then\salutationgives`DearSirorMadam:'while\salutation[John]gives`DearJohn:'.And\salutation[]gives`Dear:'.Thisexamplehasanoptionalargumentandtworequiredarguments.\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2,#3,and~#1}Iemploy\lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}.Theoutputis`IemployDewey,Cheatem,andHowe'.Theoptionalargument,theHowe,isassociatedwith#1,whileDeweyandCheatemareassociatedwith#2and#3.Becauseoftheoptionalargument,\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}willgivetheoutput`IemployDewey,Cheatem,andcompany'.Thebracesarounddefndonotdeneagroup,thatis,theydonotdelimitthescopeoftheresultofexpandingdefn.Forexample,with\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it#1},inthissentence,The\shipname{Monitor}metthe\shipname{Merrimac}.thewords`metthe'wouldincorrectlybeinitalics.Thesolutionistoputanotherpairofbracesinsidethedenition:\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it#1}}. Chapter12:Denitions105 12.2\providecommandSynopses,oneof:\providecommand{cmd}{defn}\providecommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn}\providecommand{cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}\providecommand*{cmd}{defn}\providecommand*{cmd}[nargs]{defn}\providecommand*{cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}Denesacommand,aslongasnocommandofthisnamealreadyexists.Ifnocommandofthisnamealreadyexiststhenthishasthesameeectas\newcommand.Ifacommandofthisnamealreadyexiststhenthisdenitiondoesnothing.Thisisparticularlyusefulinalethatmaybeloadedmorethanonce,suchasastylele.See Section12.1[\newcommand&\renewcommand],page103, forthedescriptionofthearguments.Thisexample\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{SaintMichael'sCollege}\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{SaintMichael'sCollege}From\myaffiliation.outputs`FromSaintMichael'sCollege'.Unlike\newcommand,therepeateduseof\providecommanddoesnotgiveanerror.12.3\makeatletter&\makeatotherSynopsis:\makeatletter...definitionofcommandswith@intheirname..\makeatotherUsethispairwhenyouredeneLATEXcommandsthatarenamedwithanat-signcharac-ter`@'.The\makeatletterdeclarationmakestheat-signcharacterhavethecategorycodeofaletter,code11.The\makeatotherdeclarationsetsthecategorycodeoftheat-signtocode12,itsdefaultvalue.AsTEXreadscharacters,itassignseachoneacategorycode,orcatcode.Forinstance,itassignsthebackslashcharacter`\'thecatcode0.Commandnamesconsistofacategory0character,ordinarilybackslash,followedbyletters,category11characters(exceptthatacommandnamecanalsoconsistofacategory0characterfollowedbyasinglenon-lettersymbol).LATEX'ssourcecodehastheconventionthatsomecommandsuse@intheirname.Thesecommandsaremainlyintendedforpackageorclasswriters.Theconventionpreventsau-thorswhoarejustusingapackageorclassfromaccidentallyreplacingsuchacommandwithoneoftheirown,becausebydefaulttheat-signhascatcode12.Thepair\makeatletterand\makeatotherchangesthedefaultcodeandthenchangesitback.Usetheminsidea.texle,inthepreamble,whenyouaredeningorredeningcommandsnamedwith@,byhavingthemsurroundyourdenition.Don'tusetheseinside.styor.clslessincethe\usepackageand\documentclasscommandsalreadyarrangethattheat-signhasthecharactercodeofaletter,catcode11. Chapter12:Denitions106 Foracomprehensivelistofmacroswithanat-signintheirnamessee http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e .Inthisexampletheclasslehasacommand\thesis@universitynamethattheuserwantstochange.Thesethreelinesshouldgointhepreamble,beforethe\begin{document}.\makeatletter\renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{SaintMichael'sCollege}\makeatother12.4\@ifstarSynopsis:\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}}\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[nostar-num-args]{nostar-body}\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[star-num-args]{star-body}ManystandardLATEXenvironmentsorcommandshaveavariantwiththesamenamebutendingwithastarcharacter*,anasterisk.Examplesarethetableandtable*environmentsandthe\sectionand\section*commands.Whendeningenvironments,followingthispatternisstraightforwardbecause\newenvironmentand\renewenvironmentallowtheenvironmentnametocontainastar.Forcommandsthesituationismorecomplex.Asinthesynopsisabove,therewillbeauser-calledcommand,givenaboveas\mycmd,whichpeeksaheadtoseeifitisfollowedbyastar.Forinstance,LATEXdoesnotreallyhavea\section*command;instead,the\sectioncommandpeeksahead.Thiscommanddoesnotacceptargumentsbutinsteadexpandstooneoftwocommandsthatdoacceptarguments.Inthesynopsisthesetwoare\mycmd@nostarand\mycmd@star.Theycouldtakethesamenumberofargumentsoradierentnumber,ornoargumentsatall.Asalways,inaLATEXdocumentacommandusingat-sign@mustbeenclosedinsidea\makeatletter...\makeatotherblock(see Section12.3[\makeatletter&\makeatother],page105 ).Thisexampleof\@ifstardenesthecommand\cielandavariant\ciel*.Bothhaveonerequiredargument.Acallto\ciel{night}willreturn"starrynightsky"while\ciel*{blue}willreturn"starrynotbluesky".\newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{starry#1sky}\newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starrynot#1sky}\newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}}Inthenextexample,thestarredvarianttakesadierentnumberofargumentsthantheunstarredone.Withthisdenition,Agent007's``Mynameis\agentsecret*{Bond},\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''isequivalenttoenteringthecommands``Mynameis\textsc{Bond},\textit{James}textsc{Bond}.''\newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1}\textsc{#2}}\newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{%\@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}Therearetwosometimesmoreconvenientwaystoaccomplishtheworkof\@ifstar.Thesuffixpackageallowstheconstruct\newcommand\mycommand{unstarredversion} Chapter12:Denitions107 followedby\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{starredversion}.AndLATEX3hasthexparsepackagethatallowsthiscode.\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1{starredversion}%{unstarredversion}%}12.5\newcounter:AllocatingacounterSynopsis,oneof:\newcounter{countername}\newcounter{countername}[supercounter]Globallydenesanewcounternamedcounternameandinitializeittozero(see Chapter13[Counters],page116 ).Thenamecounternamemustconsistoflettersonly.Itdoesnotbeginwithabackslash.Thisnamemustnotalreadybeinusebyanothercounter.Whenyouusetheoptionalargument[supercounter]thenthecountercounternamewillberesettozerowheneversupercounterisincremented.Forexample,ordinarilysubsectionisnumberedwithinsectionsothatanytimeyouincrementsection,eitherwith\stepcounter(see Section13.7[\stepcounter],page119 )or\refstepcounter(see Section13.6[\refstepcounter],page118 ),thenLATEXwillresetsubsectiontozero.Thisexample\newcounter{asuper}\setcounter{asuper}{1}\newcounter{asub}[asuper]\setcounter{asub}{3}%Note`asuper'Thevalueofasuperis\arabic{asuper}andofasubis\arabic{asub}.\stepcounter{asuper}Nowasuperis\arabic{asuper}whileasubis\arabic{asub}.produces`Thevalueofasuperis1andthatofasubis3'and`Nowasuperis2whileasubis0'.Ifthecounteralreadyexists,forinstancebyenteringasupertwice,thenyougetsomethinglike`LaTeXError:Command\c@asuperalreadydefined.Orname\end...illegal,seep.192ofthemanual.'.Ifyouusetheoptionalargumentthenthesupercountermustalreadyexist.Entering\newcounter{jh}[lh]whenlhisnotadenedcounterwillgetyou`LaTeXError:Nocounter'lh'defined.'12.6\newlengthSynopsis:\newlength{arg}Allocateanewlengthregister(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Therequiredargumentargmustbeginwithabackslash,\.Thenewregisterholdsrubberlengthssuchas72.27ptor1inplus.2inminus.1in(aLATEXlengthregisteriswhatplainTEXcallsaskipregister).Theinitialvalueiszero.Thecontrolsequence\argmustnotbealreadydened. Chapter12:Denitions108 Anexample:\newlength{\graphichgt}Ifyouforgetthebackslashthenyouget`Missingcontrolsequenceinserted'.Ifthecommandsequencealreadyexiststhenyougetsomethinglike`LaTeXError:Command\graphichgtalreadydefined.Orname\end...illegal,seep.192ofthemanual'.12.7\newsaveboxSynopsis:\newsavebox{\cmd}Dene\cmd,thestringconsistingofabackslashfollowedbycmd,torefertoanewbinforstoringmaterial.Thesebinsholdmaterialthathasbeentypeset,tousemultipletimesortomeasureormanipulate(see Chapter20[Boxes],page169 ).Thebinname\cmdisrequired,muststartwithabackslash,\,andmustnotalreadybeadenedcommand.Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Thisallocatesabinandthenputstypesetmaterialintoit.\newsavebox{\logobox}\savebox{\logobox}{LoGo}Ourlogois\usebox{\logobox}.Theoutputis`OurlogoisLoGo'.Ifthereisanalreadydenedbinthenyougetsomethinglike`LaTeXError:Command\logoboxalreadydefined.Orname\end...illegal,seep.192ofthemanual'.Theallocationofaboxisglobal.12.8\newenvironment&\renewenvironmentSynopses,oneof:\newenvironment{env}{begdef}{enddef}\newenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}\newenvironment{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdef}{enddef}\newenvironment*{env}{begdef}{enddef}\newenvironment*{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}\newenvironment*{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdef}{enddef}oroneofthese.\renewenvironment{env}{begdef}{enddef}\renewenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}\renewenvironment{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdef}{enddef}\renewenvironment*{env}{begdef}{enddef}\renewenvironment*{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}\renewenvironment*{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdef}{enddef}Deneorredenetheenvironmentenv,thatis,createtheconstruct\begin{env}...body...\end{env}.Thestarredformofthesecommandsrequiresthattheargumentsnotcontainmulti-pleparagraphsoftext.However,thebodyoftheseenvironmentscancontainmultipleparagraphs. Chapter12:Denitions109 envRequired;theenvironmentname.Itconsistsonlyoflettersorthe*character,andthusdoesnotbeginwithbackslash,\.Itmustnotbeginwiththestringend.For\newenvironment,thenameenvmustnotbethenameofanalreadyexistingenvironment,andalsothecommand\envmustbeundened.For\renewenvironment,envmustbethenameofanexistingenvironment.nargsOptional;anintegerfrom0to9denotingthenumberofargumentsofthattheenvironmenttakes.Whenyouusetheenvironmenttheseargumentsap-pearafterthe\begin,asin\begin{env}{arg1}...{argn}.Omittingthisisequivalenttosettingitto0;theenvironmentwillhavenoarguments.Whenredeninganenvironment,thenewversioncanhaveadierentnumberofar-gumentsthantheoldversion.optargdefaultOptional;ifthisispresentthentherstargumentofthedenedenvironmentisoptional,withdefaultvalueoptargdefault(whichmaybetheemptystring).Ifthisisnotinthedenitionthentheenvironmentdoesnottakeanoptionalargument.Thatis,whenoptargdefaultispresentinthedenitionoftheenviron-mentthenyoucanstarttheenvironmentwithsquarebrackets,asin\begin{env}[optval]{...}...\end{env}.Inthiscase,withinbegdefntheparameter#1issettothevalueofoptval.Ifyoucall\begin{env}withoutsquarebrackets,thenwithinbegdefntheparameter#1issettothevalueofthedefaultoptargdefault.Ineithercase,anyrequiredargumentsstartwith#2.Omitting[myval]inthecallisdierentthanhavingthesquarebracketswithnocontents,asin[].Theformerresultsin#1expandingtooptargdefault;thelatterresultsin#1expandingtotheemptystring.begdefRequired;thetextexpandedateveryoccurrenceof\begin{env}.Withinbegdef,theparameters#1,#2,...#nargs,arereplacedbythevaluesthatyousupplywhenyoucalltheenvironment;seetheexamplesbelow.enddefRequired;thetextexpandedateveryoccurrenceof\end{env}.Thismaynotcontainanyparameters,thatis,youcannotuse#1,#2,etc.,here(butseethenalexamplebelow).Allenvironments,thatistosaythebegdefcode,theenvironmentbody,andtheenddefcode,areprocessedwithinagroup.Thus,intherstexamplebelow,theeectofthe\smallislimitedtothequoteanddoesnotextendtomaterialfollowingtheenvironment.Ifyoutrytodeneanenvironmentandthenamehasalreadybeenusedthenyougetsomethinglike`LaTeXError:Command\fredalreadydefined.Orname\end...illegal,seep.192ofthemanual'.Ifyoutrytoredeneanenvironmentandthenamehasnotyetbeenusedthenyougetsomethinglike`LaTeXError:Environmenthankundefined.'.ThisexamplegivesanenvironmentlikeLATEX'squotationexceptthatitwillbesetinsmallertype.\newenvironment{smallquote}{%\small\begin{quotation} Chapter12:Denitions110 }{%\end{quotation}}Thishasanargument,whichissetinboldfaceatthestartofaparagraph.\newenvironment{point}[1]{%\noindent\textbf{#1}}{%}Thisoneshowstheuseofaoptionalargument;itgivesaquotationenvironmentthatcitestheauthor.\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%\begin{quotation}\noindent\textit{#1}:}{%\end{quotation}}Theauthor'snameisoptional,anddefaultsto`Shakespeare'.Inthedocument,usetheenvironmentlikethis.\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]...\end{citequote}Thenalexampleshowshowtosavethevalueofanargumenttouseinenddef,inthiscaseinabox(see Section20.5[\sbox&\savebox],page173 ).\newsavebox{\quoteauthor}\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%\sbox\quoteauthor{#1}%\begin{quotation}}{%\hspace{1emplus1fill}---\usebox{\quoteauthor}\end{quotation}}12.9\newtheoremSynopses:\newtheorem{name}{title}\newtheorem{name}{title}[numbered_within]\newtheorem{name}[numbered_like]{title}Deneanewtheorem-likeenvironment.Youcanspecifyoneofnumbered withinandnumbered like,orneither,butnotboth.Therstform,\newtheorem{name}{title},createsanenvironmentthatwillbelabelledwithtitle;seetherstexamplebelow.Thesecondform,\newtheorem{name}{title}[numbered_within],createsanenviron-mentwhosecounterissubordinatetotheexistingcounternumbered within,sothiscounterwillberesetwhennumbered withinisreset.Seethesecondexamplebelow. Chapter12:Denitions111 Thethirdform\newtheorem{name}[numbered_like]{title},withoptionalargumentbetweenthetworequiredarguments,createsanenvironmentwhosecounterwillsharethepreviouslydenedcounternumbered like.Seethethirdexample.Thiscommandcreatesacounternamedname.Inaddition,unlesstheoptionalargumentnumbered likeisused,insideofthetheorem-likeenvironmentthecurrent\refvaluewillbethatof\thenumbered_within(see Section7.3[\ref],page42 ).Thisdeclarationisglobal.Itisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Arguments:nameThenameoftheenvironment.Itisastringofletters.Itmustnotbeginwithabackslash,\.Itmustnotbethenameofanexistingenvironment,andthecommandname\namemustnotalreadybedened.titleThetexttobeprintedatthebeginningoftheenvironment,beforethenumber.Forexample,`Theorem'.numbered withinOptional;thenameofanalreadydenedcounter,usuallyasectionalunitsuchaschapterorsection.Whenthenumbered withincounterisresetthenthenameenvironment'scounterwillalsobereset.Ifthisoptionalargumentisnotusedthenthecommand\thenameissetto\arabic{name}.numbered likeOptional;thenameofanalreadydenedtheorem-likeenvironment.Thenewenvironmentwillbenumberedinsequencewithnumbered like.Withoutanyoptionalargumentstheenvironmentsarenumberedsequentially.Theexamplebelowhasadeclarationinthepreamblethatresultsin`Definition1'and`Definition2'intheoutput.\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}\begin{document}\section{...}\begin{defn}Firstdef\end{defn}\section{...}\begin{defn}Seconddef\end{defn}Thisexamplehasthesamedocumentbodyasthepriorone.Buthere\newtheorem'soptionalargumentnumbered withinisgivenassection,sotheoutputislike`Definition1.1'and`Definition2.1'.\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]\begin{document}\section{...}\begin{defn} Chapter12:Denitions112 Firstdef\end{defn}\section{...}\begin{defn}Seconddef\end{defn}Inthenextexampletherearetwodeclarationsinthepreamble,thesecondofwhichcallsforthenewthmenvironmenttousethesamecounterasdefn.Itgives`Definition1.1',followedby`Theorem2.1'and`Definition2.2'.\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]\newtheorem{thm}[defn]{Theorem}\begin{document}\section{...}\begin{defn}Firstdef\end{defn}\section{...}\begin{thm}Firstthm\end{thm}\begin{defn}Seconddef\end{defn}12.10\newfontThiscommandisobsolete.Thisdescriptionishereonlytohelpwitholddocuments.NewdocumentsshoulddenefontsinfamiliesthroughtheNewFontSelectionSchemewhichallowsyouto,forexample,associateaboldfacewitharoman(see Chapter4[Fonts],page16 ).Synopsis:\newfont{\cmd}{fontdescription}Deneacommand\cmdthatwillchangethecurrentfont.Thecontrolsequencemustnotalreadybedened.Itmustbeginwithabackslash,\.Thefontdescriptionconsistsofafontnameandanoptionalatclause.LATEXwilllookonyoursystemforalenamedfontname.tfm.Theatclausecanhavetheformeitheratdimenorscaledfactor,whereafactorof`1000'meansnoscaling.ForLATEX'spurposes,allthisdoesisscaleallthecharacterandotherfontdimensionsrelativetothefont'sdesignsize,whichisavaluedenedinthe.tfmle.Thisdenestwoequivalentfontsandtypesetsafewcharactersineach.\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10at11pt}\newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10scaled1100} Chapter12:Denitions113 \testfontatabc\testfontscaledabc12.11\protectAllLATEXcommandsareeitherfragileorrobust.Afragilecommandcanbreakwhenitisusedintheargumenttocertainothercommands.CommandsthatcontaindatathatLATEXwritestoanauxiliaryleandre-readslaterarefragile.Thisincludesmaterialthatgoesintoatableofcontents,listofgures,listoftables,etc.Fragilecommandsalsoincludelinebreaks,anycommandthathasanoptionalargument,andmanymore.Topreventsuchcommandsfrombreaking,onesolutionistoprecededthemwiththecommand\protect.Forexample,whenLATEXrunsthe\section{sectionname}commanditwritesthesec-tionnametexttothe.auxauxiliaryle,movingitthereforuseelsewhereinthedocumentsuchasinthetableofcontents.AnyargumentthatisinternallyexpandedbyLATEXwithouttypesettingitdirectlyisreferredtoasamovingargument.AcommandisfragileifitcanexpandduringthisprocessintoinvalidTEXcode.Someexamplesofmovingargumentsarethosethatappearinthe\caption{...}command(see Section8.10[gure],page52 ),inthe\thanks{...}command(see Section18.1[\maketitle],page153 ),andin@-expressionsinthetabularandarrayenvironments(see Section8.23[tabular],page77 ).Ifyougetstrangeerrorsfromcommandsusedinmovingarguments,tryprecedingitwith\protect.Everyfragilecommandsmustbeprotectedwiththeirown\protect.Althoughusuallya\protectcommanddoesn'thurt,lengthcommandsarerobustandshouldnotbeprecededbya\protectcommand.Norcana\protectcommandbeusedintheargumentto\addtocounteror\setcountercommand.Inthisexamplethe\captioncommandgivesamysteriouserroraboutanextracurlybrace.Fixtheproblembyprecedingeach\raiseboxcommandwith\protect.\begin{figure}...\caption{CompanyheadquartersofA\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}\end{figure}Inthenextexamplethe\tableofcontentscommandgivesanerrorbecausethe\(..\)inthesectiontitleexpandstoillegalTEXinthe.tocle.Youcansolvethisbychanging\(..\)to\protect\(..\protect\).\begin{document}\tableofcontents...\section{Einstein's\(e=mc^2\)}...12.12\ignorespaces&\ignorespacesafterendSynopsis:\ignorespacesor\ignorespacesafterend Chapter12:Denitions114 BothcommandscauseLATEXtoignorespacesaftertheendofthecommandupuntiltherstnon-spacecharacter.TherstisacommandfromPlainTEX,andthesecondisLATEX-specic.Theignorespacesisoftenusedwhendeningcommandsvia\newcommand,or\newenvironment,or\def.Theexamplebelowillustrates.Itallowsausertoshowthepointsvaluesforquizquestionsinthemarginbutitisinconvenientbecause,asshownintheenumeratelist,usersmustnotputanyspacebetweenthecommandandthequestiontext.\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\begin{enumerate}\item\points{10}noextraspaceoutputhere\item\points{15}extraspacebetweenthenumberandthe`extra'\end{enumerate}Thesolutionistochangetothis.\newcommand{\points}[1]{%\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}Asecondexampleshowsspacesbeingremovedfromthefrontoftext.Thecommandsbelowallowausertouniformlyattachatitletonames.But,asgiven,ifatitleaccidentallystartswithaspacethen\fullnamewillreproducethat.\makeatletter\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\@honorific{#1}}%remembertitle\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1}%puttitlebeforename\makeatother\begin{tabular}{|l|}\honorific{Mr/Ms}\fullname{Jones}\\%noextraspacehere\honorific{Mr/Ms}\fullname{Jones}%extraspacebeforetitle\end{tabular}Toxthis,changeto\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\@honorific~#1}.The\ignorespacesisalsooftenusedina\newenvironmentattheendofthebe-ginclause,thatis,aspartofthesecondargument,asin\begin{newenvironment}{envname}{...\ignorespaces}{...}.Tostripspacesotheendofanenvironmentuse\ignorespacesafterend.Anexampleisthatthiswillshowamuchlargerverticalspacebetweentherstandsecondenvironmentsthanbetweenthesecondandthird.\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}}\begin{eq}e=mc^2\end{eq}\begin{equation}F=ma\end{equation}\begin{equation}E=IR\end{equation} 115 Puttingacommentcharacter%immediatelyafterthe\end{eq}willmaketheverticalspacedisappear,butthatisinconvenient.Thesolutionistochangeto\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}. 116 13CountersEverythingLATEXnumbersforyouhasacounterassociatedwithit.Thenameofthecounterisoftenthesameasthenameoftheenvironmentorcommandassociatedwiththenumber,exceptthatthecounter'snamehasnobackslash\.Thus,associatedwiththe\chaptercommandisthechaptercounterthatkeepstrackofthechapternumber.BelowisalistofthecountersusedinLATEX'sstandarddocumentclassestocontrolnumbering.partparagraphfigureenumichaptersubparagraphtableenumiisectionpagefootnoteenumiiisubsectionequationmpfootnoteenumivsubsubsectionThempfootnotecounterisusedbythe\footnotecommandinsideofaminipage(see Section8.18[minipage],page63 ).Thecountersenumithroughenumivareusedintheenumerateenvironment,foruptofourlevelsofnesting(see Section8.7[enumerate],page49 ).Counterscanhaveanyintegervaluebuttheyaretypicallypositive.Newcountersarecreatedwith\newcounter.See Section12.5[\newcounter],page107 .13.1\alph\Alph\arabic\roman\Roman\fnsymbol:PrintingcountersPrintthevalueofacounter,inaspeciedstyle.Forinstance,ifthecountercounterhasthevalue1thena\alph{counter}inyoursourcewillresultinalowercaseletteraappearingintheoutput.Allofthesecommandstakeasinglecounterasanargument,forinstance,\alph{enumi}.Notethatthecounternamedoesnotstartwithabackslash.\alph{counter}Printthevalueofcounterinlowercaseletters:`a',`b',...Ifthecounter'svalueislessthan1ormorethan26thenyouget`LaTeXError:Countertoolarge.'\Alph{counter}Printinuppercaseletters:`A',`B',...Ifthecounter'svalueislessthan1ormorethan26thenyouget`LaTeXError:Countertoolarge.'\arabic{counter}PrintinArabicnumberssuchas`5'or`-2'.\roman{counter}Printinlowercaseromannumerals:`i',`ii',...Ifthecounter'svalueislessthan1thenyougetnowarningorerrorbutLATEXdoesnotprintanythingintheoutput.\Roman{counter}Printinuppercaseromannumerals:`I',`II',...Ifthecounter'svalueislessthan1thenyougetnowarningorerrorbutLATEXdoesnotprintanythingintheoutput. Chapter13:Counters117 \fnsymbol{counter}Printsthevalueofcounterusingasequenceofninesymbolsthataretradi-tionallyusedforlabelingfootnotes.Thevalueofcountershouldbebetween1and9,inclusive.Ifthecounter'svalueislessthan0ormorethan9thenyouget`LaTeXError:Countertoolarge',whileifitis0thenyougetnoerrororwarningbutLATEXdoesnotoutputanything.Herearethesymbols:NumberNameCommandSymbol1asterisk\ast\ast2dagger\daggery3ddagger\ddaggerz4section-sign\Sx5paragraph-sign\P{6double-vert\parallelk7double-asterisk\ast\ast\ast\ast8double-dagger\dagger\daggeryy9double-ddagger\ddagger\ddaggerzz13.2\usecounterSynopsis:\usecounter{counter}Usedinthesecondargumentofthelistenvironment(see Section8.16[list],page57 ),thisdeclaresthatlistitemswillbenumberedbycounter.Itinitializescountertozero,andarrangesthatwhen\itemiscalledwithoutitsoptionalargumentthencounterisincrementedby\refstepcounter,makingitsvaluebethecurrentrefvalue(see Section7.3[\ref],page42 ).Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Putinthedocumentpreamble,thisexamplemakesanewlistenvironmentenumeratedwithtestcounter:\newcounter{testcounter}\newenvironment{test}{%\begin{list}{}{%\usecounter{testcounter}}}{%\end{list}}13.3\valueSynopsis:\value{counter}Expandstothevalueofthecountercounter.(Notethatthenameofacounterdoesnotbeginwithabackslash.) Chapter13:Counters118 Thisexampleoutputs`Testcounteris6.Othercounteris5.'.\newcounter{test}\setcounter{test}{5}\newcounter{other}\setcounter{other}{\value{test}}\addtocounter{test}{1}Testcounteris\arabic{test}.Othercounteris\arabic{other}.The\valuecommandisnotusedfortypesettingthevalueofthecounter.Forthat,see Section13.1[\alph\Alph\arabic\roman\Roman\fnsymbol],page116 .Itisoftenusedin\setcounteror\addtocounterbut\valuecanbeusedanywherethatLATEXexpectsanumber,suchasin\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}.Itmustnotbeprecededby\protect(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Thisexampleinserts\hspace{4\parindent}.\setcounter{myctr}{3}\addtocounter{myctr}{1}\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}13.4\setcounterSynopsis:\setcounter{counter}{value}Globallysetthecountercountertohavethevalueofthevalueargument,whichmustbeaninteger.Thus,youcansetacounter'svalueas\setcounter{section}{5}.Notethatthecounternamedoesnotstartwithabackslash.Inthisexampleifthecountertheoremhasvalue12thenthesecondlinewillprint`XII'.\setcounter{exercise}{\value{theorem}}HereitisinRoman:\Roman{exercise}.13.5\addtocounterSynopsis:\addtocounter{counter}{valueGloballyincrementcounterbytheamountspeciedbythevalueargument,whichmaybenegative.Inthisexamplethesectionvalueappearsas`VII'.\setcounter{section}{5}\addtocounter{section}{2}HereitisinRoman:\Roman{section}.13.6\refstepcounterSynopsis:\refstepcounter{counter}Globallyincrementsthevalueofcounterbyone,asdoes\stepcounter(see Section13.7[\stepcounter],page119 ).Thedierenceisthatthiscommandresetsthevalueofany Chapter13:Counters119 counternumberedwithinit.(Forthedenitionof\countersnumberedwithin",see Section12.5[\newcounter],page107 .)Inaddition,thiscommandalsodenesthecurrent\refvaluetobetheresultof\thecounter.Whilethecountervalueissetglobally,the\refvalueissetlocally,i.e.,insidethecurrentgroup.13.7\stepcounterSynopsis:\stepcounter{counter}Globallyaddsonetocounterandresetsallcountersnumberedwithinit.(Forthedenitionof\countersnumberedwithin",see Section12.5[\newcounter],page107 .)Thiscommanddiersfrom\refstepcounterinthatthisonedoesnotin uenceref-erences|itdoesnotdenethecurrent\refvaluetobetheresultof\thecounter(see Section13.6[\refstepcounter],page118 ).13.8\day&\month&\yearLATEXdenesthecounter\dayforthedayofthemonth(nominallywithvaluebetween1and31),\monthforthemonthoftheyear(nominallywithvaluebetween1and12),andyear\year.WhenTEXstartsup,theyaresetfromthecurrentvaluesonthesystem.Therelatedcommand\todayproducesastringrepresentingthecurrentday(see Section23.8[\today],page197 ).Theycountersarenotupdatedasthejobprogressessoinprincipletheycouldbeincor-rectbytheend.Inaddition,TEXdoesnosanitycheck:\day=-2\month=13\year=-4\todaygivesnoerrororwarningandresultsintheoutput`-2,-4'(thebogusmonthvalueproducesnooutput). 120 14LengthsAlengthisameasureofdistance.ManyLATEXcommandstakealengthasanargument.Lengthscomeintwotypes.Arigidlengthsuchas10ptdoesnotcontainaplusorminuscomponent.(PlainTEXcallsthisadimen.)Arubberlength(whatPlainTEXcallsaskip)suchasaswith1cmplus0.05cmminus0.01cmcancontaineitherorbothofthosecomponents.Inthatrubberlength,the1cmisthenaturallengthwhiletheothertwo,theplusandminuscomponents,allowTEXtostretchorshrinkthelengthtooptimizeplacement.Theillustrationsbelowusethesetwocommands.%makeablackbar10pttalland#1wide\newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}}%Makeaboxaround#2thatis#1wide(excludingtheborder)\newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{%\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hboxto#1{#2}}}Thisexampleusesthosecommandstoshowablackbar100pointslongbetween`XXX'and`YYY'.Thislengthisrigid.XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYYAsforrubberlengths,shrinkingissimplerone:with1cmminus0.05cm,thenaturallengthis1cmbutTEXcanshrinkitdownasfaras0.95cm.Beyondthat,TEXrefusestoshrinkanymore.Thus,belowtherstoneworksne,producingaspaceof98pointsbetweenthetwobars.XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%\blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100ptminus2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYYXXX\showhbox{300pt}{%\blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100ptminus1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYYButthesecondonegetsawarninglike`Overfull\hbox(1.0pttoowide)detectedatline17'.Intheoutputtherst`Y'isoverwrittenbytheendoftheblackbar,becausethebox'smaterialiswiderthanthe300ptallocated,asTEXhasrefusedtoshrinkthetotaltolessthan309points.StretchingislikeshrinkingexceptthatifTEXisaskedtostretchbeyondthegivenamount,itwilldoit.Heretherstlineisne,producingaspaceof110pointsbetweenthebars.XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100ptplus10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYYXXX\showhbox{300pt}{%\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100ptplus1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYYInthesecondlineTEXneedsastretchof10pointsandonly1pointwasspecied.TEXstretchesthespacetotherequiredlengthbutitgivesyouawarninglike`Underfull\hbox(badness10000)detectedatline22'.(Wewon'tdiscussbadness.) Chapter14:Lengths121 Youcanputbothstretchandshrinkinthesamelength,asin1explus0.05exminus0.02ex.IfTEXissettingtwoormorerubberlengthsthenitallocatesthestretchorshrinkinproportion.XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%\blackbar{100pt}%left\hspace{0ptplus50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0ptplus10pt}%middle\blackbar{100pt}}YYY%rightTheleftandrightbarstakeup100points,sothemiddleneedsanother100.Themiddlebaris80pointssothetwo\hspace'smuststretch20points.Becausethetwoareplus50ptandplus10pt,TEXgets5/6ofthestretchfromtherstspaceand1/6fromthesecond.Theplusorminuscomponentofarubberlengthcancontainallcomponent,asin1inplus2fill.ThisgivesthelengthinnitestretchabilityorshrinkabilitysothatTEXcouldsetittoanydistance.Herethetwogureswillbeequal-spacedacrossthepage.\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}\hspace{0ptplus1fill}\includegraphics{godel.png}%\hspace{0ptplus1fill}\includegraphics{einstein.png}%\hspace{0ptplus1fill}\end{minipage}TEXactuallyhasthreelevelsofinnityforgluecomponents:fil,fill,andfilll.Thelateronesaremoreinnitethantheearlierones.Ordinarilydocumentauthorsonlyusethemiddleone(see Section19.3[\hll],page158, andsee Section19.15[\vll],page167 ).Multiplyingarubberlengthbyanumberturnsitintoarigidlength,sothatafter\setlength{\ylength}{1inplus0.2in}and\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}thenthevalueof\zlengthis3in.14.1UnitsoflengthTEXandLATEXknowabouttheseunitsbothinsideandoutsideofmathmode.ptPoint,1/72.27inch.Theconversiontometricunits,totwodecimalplaces,is1point=2.85mm=28.45cm.pcPica,12ptinInch,72.27ptbpBigpoint,1/72inch.ThislengthisthedenitionofapointinPostScriptandmanydesktoppublishingsystems.cmCentimetermmMillimeterddDidotpoint,1.07ptccCicero,12ddspScaledpoint,1/65536pt Chapter14:Lengths122 Twootherlengthsthatareoftenusedarevaluessetbythedesignerofthefont.Thex-heightofthecurrentfontex,traditionallytheheightofthelowercaseletterx,isoftenusedforverticallengths.Similarlyem,traditionallythewidthofthecapitalletterM,isoftenusedforhorizontallengths(thereisalso\enspace,whichis0.5em).Useofthesecanhelpmakeadenitionworkbetteracrossfontchanges.Forexample,adenitionoftheverticalspacebetweenlistitemsgivenas\setlength{\itemsep}{1explus0.05exminus0.01ex}ismorelikelytostillbereasonableifthefontischangedthanadenitiongiveninpoints.Inmathmode,manydenitionsareexpressedintermsofthemathunitmugivenby1em=18mu,wheretheemistakenfromthecurrentmathsymbolsfamily.See Section16.6[Spacinginmathmode],page146 .14.2\setlengthSynopsis:\setlength{len}{amount}Setthelengthlentoamount.Thelengthnamelenmustbeginwithabackslash,\.Theamountcanbearubberlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Itcanbepositive,negativeorzero,andcanbeinanyunitsthatLATEXunderstands(see Section14.1[Unitsoflength],page121 ).Below,withLATEX'sdefaultstherstparagraphwillbeindentedwhilethesecondwillnot.ItoldthedoctorIbrokemylegintwoplaces.\setlength{\parindent}{0em}Hesaidstopgoingtothoseplaces.Ifyoudidnotdeclarelenwith\newlength,forexampleifyoumistypetheaboveas\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...},thenyougetanerrorlike`Undefinedcontrolsequence. rgu;&#xment;\sepcindent'.Ifyouomitthebackslashatthestartofthelengthnamethenyougetanerrorlike`Missingnumber,treatedaszero.beread&#xto-3;㐀again\relaxl.19\setlength{specparindent}{0.6\parindent}'14.3\addtolengthSynopsis:\addtolength{len}{amount}Incrementthelengthlenbyamount.Thelengthnamelenbeginswithabackslash,\.Theamountisarubberlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Itcanbepositive,negativeorzero,andcanbeinanyunitsthatLATEXunderstands(see Section14.1[Unitsoflength],page121 ).Below,if\parskipstartswiththevalue0ptplus1ptDoctor:howistheboywhoswallowedthesilverdollar?\addtolength{\parskip}{1pt}Nurse:nochange. Chapter14:Lengths123 thenithasthevalue1ptplus1ptforthesecondparagraph.Ifyoudidnotdeclarethelengthlenwith\newlength,ifforexampleyoumistypetheaboveas\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent},thenyougetsomethinglike`Undefinedcontrolsequence. rgu;&#xment;\praindent'.Ifyouleaveothebackslashatthestartoflen,asin\addtolength{parindent}{1pt},thenyougetsomethinglike`Youcan'tuse`theletterp'after\advance'.14.4\settodepthSynopsis:\settodepth{len}{text}SetthelengthlentothedepthofboxthatLATEXgetsontypesettingthetextargument.Thelengthnamelenmustbeginwithabackslash,\.Thiswillshowhowlowthecharacterdescendersgo.\newlength{\alphabetdepth}\settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}\the\alphabetdepthIfyoudidnotsetasidethelengthlen,ifforexampleyoumistypetheaboveas\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...},thenyougetsomethinglike`Undefinedcontrolsequence. rgu;&#xment;\aplhabetdepth'.Ifyouleavethebackslashoutoflen,asin\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}thenyougetsomethinglike`Missingnumber,treatedaszero.beread&#xto-3;㌀again\setbox'.14.5\settoheightSynopsis:\settoheight{len}{text}SetsthelengthlentotheheightofboxthatLATEXgetsontypesettingthetextargument.Thelengthnamelenmustbeginwithabackslash,\.Thiswillshowhowhighthecharactersgo.\newlength{\alphabetheight}\settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}\the\alphabetheightIfnosuchlengthlenhasbeendeclaredwith\newlength,ifforexampleyoumistypeas\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...},thenyougetsomethinglike`Undefinedcontrolsequence. rgu;&#xment;\alphabetheight'.Ifyouleavethebackslashoutoflen,asin\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}thenyougetsomethinglike`Missingnumber,treatedaszero.beread&#xto-3;㌀again\setbox'.14.6\settowidthSynopsis:\settowidth{len}{text}SetthelengthlentothewidthoftheboxthatLATEXgetsontypesettingthetextargument.Thelengthnamelenmustbeginwithabackslash,\. 124 ThismeasuresthewidthofthelowercaseASCIIalphabet.\newlength{\alphabetwidth}\settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}\the\alphabetwidthIfnosuchlengthlenhasbeensetaside,ifforexampleyoumistypetheaboveas\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...},thenyougetsomethinglike`Undefinedcontrolsequence. rgu;&#xment;\aplhabetwidth'.Ifyouleavethebackslashoutoflen,asin\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}thenyougetsomethinglike`Missingnumber,treatedaszero.beread&#xto-3;㐀again\setbox'. 125 15MakingparagraphsTostartaparagraph,justtypesometext.Toendthecurrentparagraph,putanemptyline.Thisisthreeparagraphs,separatedbytwoemptylines.Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife.Howeverlittleknownthefeelingsorviewsofsuchamanmaybeonhisfirstenteringaneighbourhood,thistruthissowellfixedinthemindsofthesurroundingfamilies,thatheisconsideredtherightfulpropertyofsomeoneorotheroftheirdaughters.``MydearMr.Bennet,''saidhisladytohimoneday,``haveyouheardthatNetherfieldParkisletatlast?''Theseparatorlinesmustbeempty,includingnotcontainingacommentcharacter,%.OnceLATEXhasgatheredallofaparagraph'scontentsitdividesthatcontentintolinesinawaythatisoptimizedovertheentireparagraph(see Chapter9[Linebreaking],page90 ).Thereareplaceswhereanewparagraphisnotpermitted.Don'tputablanklineinmathmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 );herethelinebeforethe\end{equation}\begin{equation}2^{|S|}�|S|\end{equation}willgetyoutheerror`Missing$inserted'.Similarly,theblanklineinthissectionargument\section{aaabbb}gets`Runawayargument?{aaa!Paragraphendedbefore\@sectwascomplete'.15.1\parSynopsis(notethatwhilereadingtheinputTEXconvertstwoconsecutivenewlinestoa\par):\parEndthecurrentparagraph.Theusualwaytoseparateparagraphsiswithablanklinebutthe\parcommandisentirelyequivalent.Thiscommandisrobust(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Thisexampleuses\parratherthanablanklinesimplyforreadability.\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{%\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}InLRmodeoraverticalmodethe\parcommanddoesnothingbutitterminatesparagraphmode,switchingLATEXtoverticalmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ). Chapter15:Makingparagraphs126 Youcannotusethe\parcommandinamathmode.Youalsocannotuseitintheargumentofmanycommands,suchasthe\sectioncommand(see Chapter15[Makingparagraphs],page125, and Section12.1[\newcommand&\renewcommand],page103 ).The\parcommandisnotthesameasthe\paragraphcommand.Thelatteris,like\sectionor\subsection,asectioningunitusedbythestandardLATEXdocuments(see Section6.5[\subsubsection&\paragraph&\subparagraph],page35 ).The\parcommandisnotthesameas\newlineorthelinebreakdoublebackslash,\\.Thedierenceisthat\parendstheparagraph,notjusttheline,andalsotriggerstheadditionofthebetween-paragraphverticalspace\parskip(see Section15.3[\parindent&\parskip],page127 ).Theoutputfromthisexamplexyz\setlength{\parindent}{3in}\setlength{\parskip}{5in}\noindenttest\indenttest1\partest2is:after`xyz'thereisaverticalskipof5inchesandthen`test'appears,alignedwiththeleftmargin.Onthesameline,thereisanemptyhorizontalspaceof3inchesandthen`test1'appears.Finally.thereisaverticalspaceof5inches,followedbyafreshparagraphwithaparagraphindentof3inches,andthenLATEXputsthetext`test2'.15.2\indent&\noindentSynopsis:\indentor\noindentGointohorizontalmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).The\indentcommandrstoutputsanemptyboxwhosewidthis\parindent.Thesecommandsarerobust(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Ordinarilyyoucreateanewparagraphbyputtinginablankline.See Section15.1[\par],page125, forthedierencebetweenthiscommandand\par.Tostartaparagraphwithoutanindent,ortocontinueaninterruptedparagraph,use\noindent.Inthemiddleofaparagraphthe\noindentcommandhasnoeect,becauseLATEXisalreadyinhorizontalmodethere.The\indentcommand'sonlyeectistooutputaspace.Thisexamplestartsafreshparagraph....endofthepriorparagraph.\noindentThisparagraphisnotindented.andthiscontinuesaninterruptedparagraph.Thedata\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{rl}...\end{tabular} Chapter15:Makingparagraphs127 \end{center}\noindentshowsthisclearly.Toomitindentationintheentiredocumentput\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}inthepreamble.Ifyoudothat,youmaywanttoalsosetthelengthofspacesbetweenparagraphs,\parskip(see Section15.3[\parindent&\parskip],page127 ).DefaultLATEXstyleshavetherstparagraphafterasectionthatisnotindented,asistraditionaltypesettinginEnglish.Tochangethat,lookonCTANforthepackageindentfirst.15.3\parindent&\parskipSynopsis:\setlength{\parskip}{horizontallen}\setlength{\parinden}{verticallen}Botharearubberlengths(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Theygivetheindenta-tionofordinaryparagraphs,notparagraphsinsideminipages(see Section8.18[minipage],page63 ),andtheverticalspacebetweenparagraphs.This,putinthepreamble,\setlength{\parindent}{0em}\setlength{\parskip}{1ex}arrangesthatthedocumentwillhaveparagraphsthatarenotindented,butinsteadareverticallyseparatedbyabouttheheightofalowercase`x'.InstandardLATEXdocuments,thedefaultvaluefor\parindentinone-columndocu-mentsis15ptwhenthedefaulttextsizeis10pt,17ptfor11pt,and1.5emfor12pt.Intwo-columndocumentsitis1em.Thedefaultvaluefor\parskipinLATEX'sstandarddocumentstylesis0ptplus1pt.15.4MarginalnotesSynopsis,oneof:\marginpar{right}\marginpar[left]{right}Createanoteinthemargin.Therstlineofthenotewillhavethesamebaselineasthelineinthetextwherethe\marginparoccurs.ThemarginthatLATEXusesforthenotedependsonthecurrentlayout(see Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7 )andalsoon\reversemarginpar(seebelow).Ifyouareusingone-sidedlayout(documentoptiononeside)thenitgoesintherightmargin.Ifyouareusingtwo-sidedlayout(documentoptiontwoside)thenitgoesintheoutsidemargin.Ifyouareintwo-columnlayout(documentoptiontwocolumn)thenitgoesinthenearestmargin.Ifyoudeclare\reversemarginparthenLATEXwillplacesubsequentmarginalnotesintheoppositemargintothatgiveninthepriorparagraph.Revertthattothedefaultpositionwith\normalmarginpar. 128 Whenyouspecifytheoptionalargumentleftthenitisusedforanoteintheleftmargin,whilethemandatoryargumentrightisusedforanoteintherightmargin.Normally,anote'srstwordwillnotbehyphenated.Youcanenablehyphenationtherebybeginningleftorrightwith\hspace{0pt}.Theseparametersaecttheformattingofthenote:\marginparpushMinimumverticalspacebetweennotes;default`7pt'for`12pt'documents,`5pt'else.\marginparsepHorizontalspacebetweenthemaintextandthenote;default`11pt'for`10pt'documents,`10pt'else.\marginparwidthWidthofthenoteitself;defaultforaone-sided`10pt'documentis`90pt',`83pt'for`11pt',and`68pt'for`12pt';`17pt'moreineachcaseforatwo-sideddocument.Intwocolumnmode,thedefaultis`48pt'.ThestandardLATEXroutineformarginalnotesdoesnotpreventnotesfromfallingothebottomofthepage. 129 16MathformulasProducemathematicaltextbyputtingLATEXintomathmodeordisplaymathmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Thisexampleshowsboth.Thewaveequationfor\(u\)is\begin{displaymath}\frac{\partial^2u}{\partialt^2}=c^2\nabla^2u\end{displaymath}where\(\nabla^2\)isthespatialLaplacianand\(c\)isconstant.Mathmodeisforinlinemathematics.Intheaboveexampleitisinvokedbythestarting\(andnishedbythematchingending\).Displaymathmodeisfordisplayedequationsandhereisinvokedbythedisplaymathenvironment.Notethatanymathematicaltextwhatever,includingmathematicaltextconsistingofjustonecharacter,ishandledinmathmode.Wheninmathmodeordisplaymathmode,LATEXhandlesmanyaspectsofyourinputtextdierentlythaninothertextmodes.Forexample,contrastx+ywith\(x+y\)inmathmodethelettersareinitalicsandthespacingaroundtheplussignisdierent.Therearethreewaystomakeinlineformulas,toputLATEXinmathmode.\(mathematicalmaterial\)$mathematicalmaterial$\begin{math}mathematicalmaterial\end{math}Therstformispreferredandthesecondisquitecommon,butthethirdformisrarelyused.Youcansometimesuseoneandsometimesanother,asin\(x\)and$y$.YoucanusetheseinparagraphmodeorinLRmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Tomakedisplayedformulas,putLATEXintodisplaymathmodewitheither:\begin{displaymath}mathematicalmaterial\end{displaymath}or\begin{equation}mathematicalmaterial\end{equation}(see Section8.5[displaymath],page48 ,see Section8.9[equation],page51 ).Theonlydierenceisthatwiththeequationenvironment,LATEXputsaformulanumberalongsidetheformula.Theconstruct\[math\]isequivalentto\begin{displaymath}math\end{displaymath}.Theseenvironmentscanonlybeusedinparagraphmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Thetwomathematicsmodesaresimilar,buttherearesomedierences.Oneinvolvestheplacementofsubscriptsandsuperscripts;indisplaymathmodetheyarefurtherapartandininlinemathmodetheyareclosertogether.Sometimesyouwantthedisplaymathtypographicaltreatmenttohappenintheinlinemathmode.Forthis,the\displaystyledeclarationforcesthesizeandstyleoftheformula Chapter16:Mathformulas130 tobethatofdisplaymath.Thus\(\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^\inftyx_n\)willhavethelimitsaboveandbelowthesummationsign,notnexttoit.Anotherexampleisthat\begin{tabular}{r|cc}\textsc{Name}&\textsc{Series}&\textsc{Sum}\\\hlineArithmetic&\(a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b)\)&\(na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}\)\\Geometric&\(a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^{n-1}\)&\(\displaystylea\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}\)\\\end{tabular}becauseithasno\displaystyle,the`Arithmetic'line'sfractionwillbescrunched.But,becauseofits\displaystyle,the`Geometric'line'sfractionwillbeeasytoread,withcharactersthesamesizeasintherestoftheline.TheAmericanMathematicalSocietyhasmadefreelyavailableasetofpackagesthatgreatlyexpandyouroptionsforwritingmathematics,amsmathandamssymb(alsobeawareofthemathtoolspackagethatisanextensionto,andloads,amsmath).Newdocumentsthatwillhavemathematicaltextshouldusethesepackages.Descriptionsofthesepackagesisoutsidethescopeofthisdocument;seetheirdocumentationonCTAN.16.1Subscripts&superscriptsSynopsis(inmathmodeordisplaymathmode),oneof:base^expbase^{exp}or,oneof:base_expbase_{exp}Makeexpappearasasuperscriptofbase(withthecaretcharacter,^)orasubscript(withunderscore,_).Inthisexamplethe0'sand1'saresubscriptswhilethe2'saresuperscripts.\((x_0+x_1)^2\leq(x_0)^2+(x_1)^2\)Tohavethesubscriptorsuperscriptcontainmorethanonecharacter,surroundtheexpressionwithcurlybraces,asine^{-2x}.Thisexample'sfourthlineshowscurlybracesusedtogroupanexpressionfortheexponent.\begin{displaymath}(3^3)^3=27^3=19\,683\qquad3^{(3^3)}=3^{27}=7\,625\,597\,484\,987\end{displaymath}LATEXknowshowtohandleasuperscriptonasuperscript,orasubscriptonasubscript,orsupersonsubs,orsubsonsupers.So,expressionssuchase^{x^2}andx_{i_0}givecor-rectoutput.Notetheuseinthoseexpressionsofcurlybracestogivethebaseadeterminedexp.Ifyouenter\(3^3^3\)thenyouget`Doublesuperscript'.LATEXdoestherightthingwhensomethinghasbothasubscriptandasuperscript.Inthisexampletheintegralhasboth.Theycomeoutinthecorrectplacewithoutanyauthorintervention. Chapter16:Mathformulas131 \begin{displaymath}\int_{x=a}^bf'(x)\,dx=f(b)-f(a)\end{displaymath}Notetheparenthesesaroundx=atomaketheentireexpressionasubscript.Toputasuperscriptorsubscriptbeforeasymbol,useaconstructlike{}_tK^2.Theemptycurlybraces{}givethesubscriptsomethingtoattachtoandkeepsitfromacciden-tallyattachingtoapriorsymbols.Usingthesubscriptorsuperscriptcommandoutsideofmathmodeordisplaymathmode,asintheexpressionx^2,willgetyoutheerror`Missing$inserted'.Acommonreasontowantsubscriptsoutsideofamathematicsmodeistotypesetchem-icalformulas.Therearepackagesforthatsuchasmhchem;seeCTAN.16.2MathsymbolsLATEXprovidesalmostanymathematicalortechnicalsymbolthatanyoneuses.Forexample,ifyouinclude$\pi$inyoursource,youwillgetthepisymbol.SeetheComprehensiveLATEXSymbolListat https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/ .Hereisalistofcommonly-usedsymbols.Itisbynomeansexhaustive.Eachsymbolisdescribedwithashortphrase,anditssymbolclass,whichdeterminesthespacingaroundit,isgiveninparenthesis.Unlesssaidotherwise,thecommandsforthesesymbolscanbeusedonlyinmathmode.Toredeneacommandsothatitcanbeusedwhateverthecurrentmode,see Section17.1[\ensuremath],page151 .\|kParallel(relation).Synonym:\parallel.\aleph@Aleph,transnitecardinal(ordinary).\alphaLowercaseGreekletteralpha(ordinary).\amalgqDisjointunion(binary)\angle6 Geometricangle(ordinary).Similar:less-thansignandanglebracket\langle.\approxAlmostequalto(relation).\astAsteriskoperator,convolution,six-pointed(binary).Synonym:*,whichisoftenasuperscriptorsubscript,asintheKleenestar.Similar:\star,whichisve-pointed,andissometimesusedasageneralbinaryoperation,andsome-timesreservedforcross-correlation.\asympAsymptoticallyequivalent(relation).\backslash\Backslash(ordinary).Similar:setminus\setminus,and\textbackslashforbackslashoutsideofmathmode.\betaLowercaseGreekletterbeta(ordinary).\bigcapTVariable-sized,orn-ary,intersection(operator).Similar:binaryintersec-tion\cap.\bigcirc Circle,larger(binary).Similar:functioncomposition\circ. Chapter16:Mathformulas132 \bigcupSVariable-sized,orn-ary,union(operator).Similar:binaryunion\cup.\bigodotJVariable-sized,orn-ary,circleddotoperator(operator).\bigoplusLVariable-sized,orn-ary,circledplusoperator(operator).\bigotimesNVariable-sized,orn-ary,circledtimesoperator(operator).\bigtriangledown5Variable-sized,orn-ary,opentrianglepointingdown(operator).\bigtriangleup4Variable-sized,orn-ary,opentrianglepointingup(operator).\bigsqcupFVariable-sized,orn-ary,squareunion(operator).\biguplusUVariable-sized,orn-ary,unionoperatorwithaplus(operator).(Notethatthenamehasonlyonep.)\bigveeWVariable-sized,orn-ary,logical-and(operator).\bigwedgeVVariable-sized,orn-ary,logical-or(operator).\botUptack,bottom,leastelementofapartiallyorderedset,oracontradiction(ordinary).Seealso\top.\bowtie./Naturaljoinoftworelations(relation).\BoxModaloperatorfornecessity;squareopenbox(ordinary).NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.\bulletBullet(binary).Similar:multiplicationdot\cdot.\cap\Intersectionoftwosets(binary).Similar:variable-sizedoperator\bigcap.\cdot
Multiplication(binary).Similar:Bulletdot\bullet.\chiLowercaseGreekchi(ordinary).\circFunctioncomposition,ringoperator(binary).Similar:variable-sizedopera-tor\bigcirc.\clubsuit|Clubcardsuit(ordinary).\complementSetcomplement,usedasasuperscriptasin$S^\complement$(ordinary).NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.Alsoused:$S^{\mathsf{c}}$or$\bar{S}$.\cong=Congruent(relation).\coprod`Coproduct(operator). Chapter16:Mathformulas133 \cup[Unionoftwosets(binary).Similar:variable-sizedoperator\bigcup.\daggeryDaggerrelation(binary).\dashvaDashwithvertical,reversedturnstile(relation).Similar:turnstile\vdash.\ddaggerzDoubledaggerrelation(binary).\Delta
Greekuppercasedelta,usedforincrement(ordinary).\deltaGreeklowercasedelta(ordinary).\DiamondLargediamondoperator(ordinary).NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.\diamondDiamondoperator(binary).Similar:largediamond\Diamond,circlebul-let\bullet.\diamondsuit}Diamondcardsuit(ordinary).\divDivisionsign(binary).\doteq:=Approachesthelimit(relation).Similar:geometricallyequalto\Doteq.\downarrow#Downarrow,converges(relation).Similar:\Downarrowdoublelinedownarrow.\Downarrow+Doublelinedownarrow(relation).Similar:\downarrowsinglelinedownarrow.\ell`Lowercasecursiveletterl(ordinary).\emptyset;Emptysetsymbol(ordinary).Thevariantformis\varnothing.\epsilonLowercaselunateepsilon(ordinary).SimilartoGreektextletter.Morewidelyusedinmathematicsisthescriptsmallletterepsilon\varepsilon".Related:thesetmembershiprelation\in2.\equivEquivalence(relation).\etaLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\exists9Existentialquantier(ordinary).\flat[Musical at(ordinary).\forall8Universalquantier(ordinary).\frown_Downwardcurvingarc(ordinary).\Gamma�uppercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\gamma LowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\geGreaterthanorequalto(relation).Thisisasynonymfor\geq.\geqGreaterthanorequalto(relation).Thisisasynonymfor\ge. Chapter16:Mathformulas134 \gets Isassignedthevalue(relation).Synonym:\leftarrow.\ggMuchgreaterthan(relation).Similar:muchlessthan\ll.\hbarhPlanckconstantovertwopi(ordinary).\heartsuit~Heartcardsuit(ordinary).\hookleftarrow -Hookedleftarrow(relation).\hookrightarrow,!Hookedrightarrow(relation).\iff()Ifandonlyif(relation).Itis\Longleftrightarrowwitha\thickmuskiponeitherside.\Im=Imaginarypart(ordinary).See:realpart\Re.\imathDotlessi;usedwhenyouareputtinganaccentonani(see Section16.4[Mathaccents],page145 ).\in2Setelement(relation).Seealso:lowercaselunateepsilon\epsilonandsmallletterscriptepsilon\varepsilon.\infty1Innity(ordinary).\intRIntegral(operator).\iotaLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\JoinCondensedbowtiesymbol(relation).NotavailableinPlainTEX.\jmathDotlessj;usedwhenyouareputtinganaccentonaj(see Section16.4[Mathaccents],page145 ).\kappaLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\LambdauppercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\lambdaLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\land^Logicaland(binary).Thisisasynonymfor\wedge.Seealsologicalor\lor.\langlehLeftangle,orsequence,bracket(opening).Similar:less-than.Matches\rangle.\lbracefLeftcurlybrace(opening).Synonym:\{.Matches\rbrace.\lbrack[Leftsquarebracket(opening).Synonym:[.Matches\rbrack.\lceildLeftceilingbracket,likeasquarebracketbutwiththebottomshavedo(opening).Matches\rceil.\leLessthanorequalto(relation).Thisisasynonymfor\leq.\leadstoSquigglyrightarrow(relation).NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.Togetthissymboloutsideofmathmodeyoucanput\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}inthepreambleandthenuse\Leadstoinstead. Chapter16:Mathformulas135 \Leftarrow(Isimpliedby,double-lineleftarrow(relation).Similar:single-lineleftar-row\leftarrow.\leftarrow Single-lineleftarrow(relation).Synonym:\gets.Similar:double-lineleftarrow\Leftarrow.\leftharpoondown)Single-lineleftharpoon,barbunderbar(relation).\leftharpoonup(Single-lineleftharpoon,barboverbar(relation).\Leftrightarrow,Bi-implication;double-linedouble-headedarrow(relation).Similar:single-linedoubleheadedarrow\leftrightarrow.\leftrightarrow$Single-linedouble-headedarrow(relation).Similar:double-linedoubleheadedarrow\Leftrightarrow.\leqLessthanorequalto(relation).Thisisasynonymfor\le.\lfloorbLeft oorbracket(opening).Matches:\floor.\lhdArrowhead,thatis,triangle,pointingleft(binary).NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.Forthenormalsubgroupsymbolyoushouldloadamssymbanduse\vartriangleleft(whichisarelationandsogivesbetterspacing).\llMuchlessthan(relation).Similar:muchgreaterthan\gg.\lnot:Logicalnegation(ordinary).Synonym:\neg.\longleftarrow �Longsingle-lineleftarrow(relation).Similar:longdouble-lineleftar-row\Longleftarrow.\longleftrightarrow !Longsingle-linedouble-headedarrow(relation).Similar:longdouble-linedouble-headedarrow\Longleftrightarrow.\longmapsto7�!Longsingle-lineleftarrowstartingwithverticalbar(relation).Similar:shorterversion\mapsto.\longrightarrow�!Longsingle-linerightarrow(relation).Similar:longdouble-linerightarrow\Longrightarrow.\lor_Logicalor(binary).Synonym:wedge\wedge.\mapsto7!Single-lineleftarrowstartingwithverticalbar(relation).Similar:longerversion\longmapsto. Chapter16:Mathformulas136 \mhoConductance,half-circlerotatedcapitalomega(ordinary).NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.\midjSingle-lineverticalbar(relation).Atypicaluseof\midisforaset\{\,x\midx\geq5\,\}.Similar:\vertand|producethesamesingle-lineverticalbarsymbolbutwithoutanyspacing(theyfallinclassordinary)andyoushouldnotusethemasrelationsbutinsteadonlyasordinals,i.e.,footnotesymbols.Forabsolutevalue,seetheentryfor\vertandfornormseetheentryfor\Vert.\modelsj=Entails,orsatises;doubleturnstile,shortdoubledash(relation).Similar:longdoubledash\vDash.\mpMinusorplus(relation).\muLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\nablarHamilton'sdel,ordierential,operator(ordinary).\natural\Musicalnaturalnotation(ordinary).\ne6=Notequal(relation).Synonym:\neq.\nearrow%North-eastarrow(relation).\neg:Logicalnegation(ordinary).Synonym:\lnot.Sometimesinsteadusedfornegation:\sim.\neq6=Notequal(relation).Synonym:\ne.\ni3Re ectedmembershipepsilon;hasthemember(relation).Synonym:\owns.Similar:isamemberof\in.\not6Longsolidus,orslash,usedtooverstrikeafollowingoperator(relation).Manynegatedoperatorsareavailablethatdon'trequire\not,particularlywiththeamssymbpackage.Forexample,\notinistypographicallypreferableto\not\in.\notin=2Notanelementof(relation).Similar:notsubsetof\nsubseteq.\nuLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\nwarrow-North-westarrow(relation).\odotDotinsideacircle(binary).Similar:variable-sizedoperator\bigodot.\ointHContourintegral,integralwithcircleinthemiddle(operator).\Omega uppercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\omega!LowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\ominus Minussign,ordash,insideacircle(binary).\oplusPlussigninsideacircle(binary).Similar:variable-sizedoperator\bigoplus.\oslashSolidus,orslash,insideacircle(binary).\otimes Timessign,orcross,insideacircle(binary).Similar:variable-sizedopera-tor\bigotimes. Chapter16:Mathformulas137 \owns3Re ectedmembershipepsilon;hasthemember(relation).Synonym:\ni.Similar:isamemberof\in.\parallelkParallel(relation).Synonym:\|.\partial@Partialdierential(ordinary).\perp?Perpendicular(relation).Similar:\botusesthesameglyphbutthespacingisdierentbecauseitisintheclassordinary.\phiLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).Thevariantformis\varphi'.\PiuppercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\piLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).Thevariantformis\varpi$.\pmPlusorminus(binary).\precPrecedes(relation).Similar:lessthan.\preceqPrecedesorequals(relation).Similar:lessthanorequals\leq.\prime0Prime,orminuteinatimeexpression(ordinary).Typicallyusedasasu-perscript:$f^\prime$;$f^\prime$and$f'$producethesameresult.Anadvantageofthesecondisthat$f'''$producesthedesiredsymbol,thatis,thesameresultas$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$,butusesratherlesstyping.Youcanonlyuse\primeinmathmode.Usingtherightsinglequote'intextmodeproducesadierentcharacter(apostrophe).\prodQProduct(operator).\propto/Isproportionalto(relation)\Psi uppercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\psi LowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\rangleiRightangle,orsequence,bracket(closing).Similar:greaterthan&#x]TJ/;ཕ ;.9;‘ ;&#xTf 5;&#x.727;&#x 0 T; [0;.Matches:\langle.\rbracegRightcurlybrace(closing).Synonym:\}.Matches\lbrace.\rbrack]Rightsquarebracket(closing).Synonym:].Matches\lbrack.\rceileRightceilingbracket(closing).Matches\lceil.\ReRealpart,realnumbers,cursivecapitalR(ordinary).Related:double-line,orblackboardbold,R\mathbb{R};toaccessthis,loadtheamsfontspackage.\restrictionRestrictionofafunction(relation).Synonym:\upharpoonright.Notavail-ableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.\revemptysetReversedemptysetsymbol(ordinary).Related:\varnothing.NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadthestixpackage.\rfloorcRight oorbracket,arightsquarebracketwiththetopcuto(closing).Matches\lfloor. Chapter16:Mathformulas138 \rhdArrowhead,thatis,triangle,pointingright(binary).NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.Forthenormalsubgroupsymbolyoushouldinsteadloadamssymbanduse\vartriangleright(whichisarelationandsogivesbetterspacing).\rhoLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).Thevariantformis\varrho%.\Rightarrow)Implies,right-pointingdoublelinearrow(relation).Similar:rightsingle-linearrow\rightarrow.\rightarrow!Right-pointingsinglelinearrow(relation).Synonym:\to.Similar:rightdoublelinearrow\Rightarrow.\rightharpoondown+Right-pointingharpoonwithbarbbelowtheline(relation).\rightharpoonup*Right-pointingharpoonwithbarbabovetheline(relation).\rightleftharpoons*)Rightharpoonupaboveleftharpoondown(relation).\searrow&Arrowpointingsoutheast(relation).\setminusnSetdierence,reversesolidusorreverseslash,like\(binary).Similar:back-slash\backslashandalso\textbackslashoutsideofmathmode.\sharp]Musicalsharp(ordinary).\SigmauppercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\sigmaLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).Thevariantformis\varsigma&.\simSimilar,inarelation(relation).\simeq'Similarorequalto,inarelation(relation).\smallintsIntegralsignthatdoesnotchangetoalargersizeinadisplay(operator).\smile^Upwardcurvingarc,smile(ordinary).\spadesuitSpadecardsuit(ordinary).\sqcapuSquareintersectionsymbol(binary).Similar:intersectioncap.\sqcuptSquareunionsymbol(binary).Similar:unioncup.Related:variable-sizedoperator\bigsqcup.\sqsubsetSquaresubsetsymbol(relation).Similar:subset\subset.NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage. Chapter16:Mathformulas139 \sqsubseteqvSquaresubsetorequalsymbol(binary).Similar:subsetorequalto\subseteq.\sqsupsetSquaresupersetsymbol(relation).Similar:superset\supset.NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.\sqsupseteqwSquaresupersetorequalsymbol(binary).Similar:supersetorequal\supseteq.\star?Five-pointedstar,sometimesusedasageneralbinaryoperationbutsome-timesreservedforcross-correlation(binary).Similar:thesynonymsasterisk*and\ast,whicharesix-pointed,andmoreoftenappearasasuperscriptorsubscript,aswiththeKleenestar.\subsetSubset(occasionally,isimpliedby)(relation).\subseteqSubsetorequalto(relation).\succComesafter,succeeds(relation).Similar:islessthan�.\succeqSucceedsorisequalto(relation).Similar:lessthanorequalto\leq.\sumPSummation(operator).Similar:Greekcapitalsigma\Sigma.\supsetSuperset(relation).\supseteqSupersetorequalto(relation).\surdpRadicalsymbol(ordinary).TheLATEXcommand\sqrt{...}typesetsthesquarerootoftheargument,withabarthatextendstocovertheargument.\swarrow.Southwest-pointingarrow(relation).\tauLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\thetaLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).Thevariantformis\vartheta#.\timesPrimaryschoolmultiplicationsign(binary).Seealso\cdot.\to!Right-pointingsinglelinearrow(relation).Synonym:\rightarrow.\topTop,greatestelementofapartiallyorderedset(ordinary).Seealso\bot.\triangle4Triangle(ordinary).\triangleleft/Not-lledtrianglepointingleft(binary).Similar:\lhd.Forthenormalsubgroupsymbolyoushouldloadamssymbanduse\vartriangleleft(whichisarelationandsogivesbetterspacing).\triangleright.Not-lledtrianglepointingright(binary).Forthenormalsubgroupsym-bolyoushouldinsteadloadamssymbanduse\vartriangleright(whichisarelationandsogivesbetterspacing). Chapter16:Mathformulas140 \unlhdLeft-pointingnot-lledunderlinedarrowhead,thatis,triangle,withalineunder(binary).NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.Forthenormalsubgroupsymbolloadamssymbanduse\vartrianglelefteq(whichisarelationandsogivesbetterspacing).\unrhdRight-pointingnot-lledunderlinedarrowhead,thatis,triangle,withalineunder(binary).NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.Forthenormalsubgroupsymbolloadamssymbanduse\vartrianglerighteq(whichisarelationandsogivesbetterspacing).\Uparrow*Double-lineupward-pointingarrow(relation).Similar:single-lineup-pointingarrow\uparrow.\uparrow"Single-lineupward-pointingarrow,diverges(relation).Similar:double-lineup-pointingarrow\Uparrow.\UpdownarrowmDouble-lineupward-and-downward-pointingarrow(relation).Similar:single-lineupward-and-downward-pointingarrow\updownarrow.\updownarrowlSingle-lineupward-and-downward-pointingarrow(relation).Similar:double-lineupward-and-downward-pointingarrow\Updownarrow.\upharpoonrightUpharpoon,withbarbonrightside(relation).Synonym:\restriction.NotavailableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.\uplus]Multisetunion,aunionsymbolwithaplussymbolinthemiddle(binary).Similar:union\cup.Related:variable-sizedoperator\biguplus.\UpsilonuppercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\upsilonLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\varepsilon"Smallletterscriptepsilon(ordinary).Thisismorewidelyusedinmath-ematicsthanthenon-variantlunateepsilonform\epsilon.Related:setmembership\in.\vanothingEmptysetsymbol.Similar:\emptyset.Related:\revemptyset.Notavail-ableinplainTEX.InLATEXyouneedtoloadtheamssymbpackage.\varphi'VariantonthelowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).Thenon-variantformis\phi.\varpi$VariantonthelowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).Thenon-variantformis\pi.\varrho%VariantonthelowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).Thenon-variantformis\rho.\varsigma&VariantonthelowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).Thenon-variantformis\sigma. Chapter16:Mathformulas141 \vartheta#VariantonthelowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).Thenon-variantformis\theta.\vdash`Provable;turnstile,verticalandadash(relation).Similar:turnstilerotatedahalf-circle\dashv.\vee_Logicalor;adownwardsvshape(binary).Related:logicaland\wedge.Similar:variable-sizedoperator\bigvee.\VertkVerticaldoublebar(ordinary).Similar:verticalsinglebar\vert.Foranormsymbol,youcanusethemathtoolspackageandputinyourpreamble\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}.Thisgivesyouthreecommandvariantsfordouble-lineverticalbarsthatarecorrectlyhorizontallyspaced:ifinthedocumentbodyyouwritethestarredversion$\norm*{M^\perp}$thentheheightoftheverticalbarswillmatchtheheightoftheargument,whereaswith\norm{M^\perp}thebarsdonotgrowwiththeheightoftheargumentbutinsteadarethedefaultheight,and\norm[sizecommand]{M^\perp}alsogivesbarsthatdonotgrowbutaresettothesizegiveninthesizecommand,e.g.,\Bigg.\vertjSinglelineverticalbar(ordinary).Similar:double-lineverticalbar\Vert.Forsuchthat,asinthedenitionofaset,use\midbecauseitisarelation.Forabsolutevalueyoucanusethemathtoolspackageandinyourpreambleput\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}.Thisgivesyouthreecommandvariantsforsingle-lineverticalbarsthatarecorrectlyhorizontallyspaced:ifinthedocumentbodyyouwritethestarredversion$\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}$thentheheightoftheverticalbarswillmatchtheheightoftheargument,whereaswith\abs{\frac{22}{7}}thebarsdonotgrowwiththeheightoftheargumentbutinsteadarethedefaultheight,and\abs[sizecommand]{\frac{22}{7}}alsogivesbarsthatdonotgrowbutaresettothesizegiveninthesizecommand,e.g.,\Bigg.\wedge^Logicaland(binary).Synonym:\land.Seealsologicalor\vee.Similar:variable-sizedoperator\bigwedge.\wp}Weierstrassp(ordinary).\wroWreathproduct(binary).\XiuppercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\xiLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).\zetaLowercaseGreekletter(ordinary).ThefollowingsymbolsaremostoftenusedinplaintextbutLATEXprovidesversionstouseinmathematicaltext.\mathdollarDollarsigninmathmode:$.\mathparagraphParagraphsign(pilcrow)inmathmode,{. Chapter16:Mathformulas142 \mathsectionSectionsigninmathmodex.\mathsterlingSterlingsigninmathmode:$.\mathunderscoreUnderscoreinmathmode: .16.2.1BlackboardboldSynopsis:\usepackage{amssymb}%inpreamble...\mathbb{uppercase-letter}Provideblackboardboldsymbols,sometimesalsoknownasdoublestruckletters,usedtodenotenumbersetssuchasthenaturalnumbers,theintegers,etc.Here\(\foralln\in\mathbb{N},n^2\geq0\)the\mathbb{N}givesblackboardboldsymbolrepresentingthenaturalnumbers.Ifyouuseotherthananuppercaseletterthenyoudonotgetanerrorbutyougetstrangeresults,includingunexpectedcharacters.Therearepackagesthatgiveaccesstosymbolsotherthanjustthecapitalletters;lookonCTAN.16.2.2CalligraphicSynopsis:\mathcal{uppercase-letters}Useascript-likefont.Inthisexamplethegraphidentierisoutputinacursivefont.Letthegraphbe\(\mathcal{G}\).Ifyouusesomethingotherthananuppercaseletterthenyoudonotgetanerror.Insteadyougetunexpectedoutput.Forinstance,\mathcal{g}outputsaclosecurlybracesymbol,while\mathcal{+}outputsaplussign.16.2.3\boldmath&\unboldmathSynopsis(usedinparagraphmodeorLRmode):\boldmath\(math\)or\unboldmath\(math\)Declarationstochangethelettersandsymbolsinmathtobeinaboldfont,ortocountermandthatandbringbacktheregular(non-bold)default.Theymustbeusedwhennotinmathmodeordisplaymathmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Bothcommandsarefragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ). Chapter16:Mathformulas143 Inthisexampleeach\boldmathcommandtakesplaceinsidean\mbox,wehave$\mbox{\boldmath\(v\)}=5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath\(u\)$}$whichmeans\boldmathisonlycalledinatextmode,hereLRmode,andexplainswhyLATEXmustswitchtomathmodetosetvandu.Ifyouuseeithercommandinsidemathmode,aswithTrouble:\(\boldmathx\),thenyougetsomethinglike`LaTeXFontWarning:Command\boldmathinvalidinmathmodeoninputline11'and`LaTeXFontWarning:Command\mathversioninvalidinmathmodeoninputline11'.Therearemanyissueswith\boldmath.NewdocumentsshouldusethebmpackageprovidedbytheLATEXProjectteam.Acompletedescriptionisoutsidethescopeofthisdocument(seethefulldocumentationonCTAN)buteventhissmallexample\usepackage{bm}%inpreamble...wehave$\bm{v}=5\cdot\bm{u}$showsthatitisanimprovementover\boldmath.16.2.4Dots,horizontalorverticalEllipsesarethethreedots(usuallythree)indicatingthatapatterncontinues.\begin{array}{cccc}a_{0,0}&a_{0,1}&a_{0,2}&\ldots\\a_{1,0}&\ddots\\\vdots\end{array}LATEXprovidesthese.\cdotsHorizontalellipsiswiththedotsraisedtothecenteroftheline,asin


.Usedas:\(a_0\cdota_1\cdotsa_{n-1}\).\ddotsDiagonalellipsis,....Seetheabovearrayexampleforausage.\ldotsEllipsisonthebaseline,:::.Usedas:\(x_0,\ldotsx_{n-1}\).Anotherexampleistheabovearrayexample.Asynonymis\mathellipsis.Asynonymfromtheamsmathpackageis\hdots.Youcanalsousethiscommandoutsideofmathematicaltext,asinThegears,brakes,\ldots{}areallbroken.(InaparagraphmodeorLRmodeasyn-onymfor\ldotsis\dots.)\vdotsVerticalellipsis,....Seetheabovearrayexampleforausage.Theamsmathpackagehasthecommand\dotstosemanticallymarkupellipses.Thisexampleproducestwodierent-lookingoutputsforthersttwousesofthe\dotscommand.\usepackage{amsmath}%inpreamble...Supposethat\(p_0,p_1,\dots,p_{n-1}\)listsalloftheprimes.Observethat\(p_0\cdotp_1\dots\cdotp_{n-1}+1\)isnotamultipleofany\(p_i\). Chapter16:Mathformulas144 Conclusion:thereareinfinitelymanyprimes\(p_0,p_1,\dotsc\).IntherstlineLATEXlookstothecommafollowing\dotstodeterminethatitshouldoutputanellipsisonthebaseline.Thesecondlinehasa\cdotfollowing\dotssoLATEXoutputsanellipsisthatisonthemathaxis,verticallycentered.However,thethirdusagehasnofollow-oncharactersoyouhavetotellLATEXwhattodo.Youcanuseoneofthecommands:\dotscifyouneedtheellipsisappropriateforacommafollowing,\dotsbifyouneedtheellipsesthattswhenthedotsarefollowedbyabinaryoperatororrelationsymbol,\dotsifordotswithintegrals,or\dotsoforothers.16.3MathfunctionsThesecommandsproduceromanfunctionnamesinmathmodewithproperspacing.\arccosInversecosinearccos\arcsinInversesinearcsin\arctanInversetangentarctan\argAnglebetweentherealaxisandapointinthecomplexplanearg\bmodBinarymodulooperator,usedasin\(5\bmod3=2\)5mod3\cosCosinecos\coshHyperboliccosinecosh\cotCotangentcot\cothHyperboliccotangentcoth\cscCosecantcsc\degDegreesdeg\detDeterminantdet\dimDimensiondim\expExponentialexp\gcdGreatestcommondivisorgcd\homHomomorphismhom\infInnuminf\kerKernelker\lgBase2logarithmlg\limLimitlim\liminfLimitinferiorliminf\limsupLimitsuperiorlimsup\lnNaturallogarithmln\logLogarithmlog Chapter16:Mathformulas145 \maxMaximummax\minMinimummin\pmodParenthesizedmodulus,asusedin\(5\equiv2\pmod3\)52(mod3)\PrProbabilityPr\secSecantsec\sinSinesin\sinhHyperbolicsinesinh\supSupremumsup\tanTangenttan\tanhHyperbolictangenttanhTheamsmathpackageaddsimprovementsonsomeofthese,andalsoallowsyoutodeneyourown.ThefulldocumentationisonCTAN,butbrie y,youcandeneanidentityoperatorwith\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}thatisliketheonesabovebutprintsas`id'.Thestarredform\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}setsanylimitsaboveandbelow,asistraditionalwith\lim,\sup,or\max.16.4MathaccentsLATEXprovidesavarietyofcommandsforproducingaccentedlettersinmath.Thesearedierentfromaccentsinnormaltext(see Section23.5[Accents],page194 ).\acuteMathacuteaccentx.\barMathbar-overaccentx\breveMathbreveaccentx\checkMathhacek(check)accentx\ddotMathdieresisaccentx\dotMathdotaccent_x\graveMathgraveaccentx\hatMathhat(circum ex)accent^x\mathringMathringaccentx\tildeMathtildeaccent~x\vecMathvectorsymbol~x\widehatMathwidehataccentdx+y\widetildeMathwidetildeaccentgx+yWhenyouareputtinganaccentonanioraj,thetraditionistouseonewithoutadot,\imathorjmath(see Section16.2[Mathsymbols],page131 ). Chapter16:Mathformulas146 16.5Over-andUnderliningLATEXprovidescommandsformakingoverlinesorunderlines,orputtingbracesoverorundersomematerial.\underline{text}Underlinetext.Worksinsidemathmode,andoutside.Theresultof\underline{xyz}isxyz .Thelineisalwayscompletelybelowthetext,takingaccountofdescenders,soin\(\underline{y}\)thelineislowerthanin\(\underline{x}\).Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Notethatthepackageulemdoestextmodeunderliningandallowslinebreakingaswellasanumberofotherfeatures.SeethedocumentationonCTAN.Seealso Section19.10[\hrulell&\dotll],page163, forproducingaline,forsuchthingsasasignature.\overline{text}Putahorizontallineovertext.Worksinsidemathmode,andoutside.Forexample,\overline{x+y}.Theresultlookslike: x+y.Notethatthisdiersfromthecommand\bar(see Section16.4[Mathaccents],page145 ).\underbrace{math}Putabraceundermath.Forexample,this(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)emphasizesthetelescopingpart.Theresultlookslikethis:(1�1=2)+(1=2| {z }�1=3).Attachtexttothebracebyusingsubscript,_,orsuperscript,^,ashere.\begin{displaymath}�1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{1/2}+�\underbrace{1/5+1/6+1/7+1/8}_{1/2}+\cdots\end{displaymath}Thesuperscriptappearsontopoftheexpression,andsocanlookunconnectedtotheunderbrace.\overbrace{math}Putabraceovermath,aswith\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\)times}}.Seealso\underbrace.Thepackagemathtoolsaddsanover-andunderbrace,aswellassomeimprovementsonthebraces.SeethedocumentationonCTAN.16.6SpacinginmathmodeWhentypesettingmathematics,LATEXputsinspacingaccordingtothenormalrulesformathematicstexts.Ifyouentery=mxthenLATEXignoresthespaceandintheoutputthemisnexttothex,asy=mx.ButLATEX'srulessometimesneedtweaking.Forexample,inanintegralthetraditionistoputasmallextraspacebetweenthef(x)andthedx,heredonewiththe\,command.\int_0^1f(x)\,dx Chapter16:Mathformulas147 LATEXprovidesthecommandsthatfollowforuseinmathmode.Manyofthesespacingdenitionsareexpressedintermsofthemathunitmu.Itisdenedas1/18em,wheretheemistakenfromthecurrentmathsymbolsfamily(see Section14.1[Unitsoflength],page121 ).Thus,a\thickspaceissomethinglike5/18timesthewidthofa`M'.\;Synonym:\thickspace.Normally5.0muplus5.0mu.Mathmodeonly.\:�\Synonym:\medspace.Normally4.0muplus2.0muminus4.0mu.Mathmodeonly.\,Synonym:\thinspace.Normally3mu,whichis1/6em.Canbeusedinbothmathmodeandtextmode(see Section19.8[\thinspace&\negthinspace],page162 ).Thisspaceiswidelyused,forinstancebetweenthefunctionandtheinnitesimalinanintegral\intf(x)\,dxand,ifanauthordoesthis,beforepunctuationinadisplayedequation.Theantiderivativeis\begin{equation}3x^{-1/2}+3^{1/2}\,.\end{equation}\!Anegativethinspace.Normally-3mu.The\!commandismathmodeonlybutthe\negthinspacecommandisavailablefortextmode(see Section19.8[\thinspace&\negthinspace],page162 ).\quadThisis18mu,thatis,1em.Thisisoftenusedforspacesurroundingequa-tionsorexpressions,forinstanceforthespacebetweentwoequationsinsideadisplaymathenvironment.Itisavailableinbothtextandmathmode.\qquadAlengthof2quads,thatis,36mu=2em.Itisavailableinbothtextandmathmode.16.6.1\smashSynopsis:\smash{subformula}Typesetsubformulaasifitsheightanddepthwerezero.Inthisexampletheexponentialissotallthatwithoutthe\smashcommandLATEXwouldseparateitslinefromthelineaboveit,andtheunevenlinespacingmightbeunsightly.Tocomputethetetration$\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$,evaluatefromthetopdown,as$2^{2^4}=2^{16}=65536$.(Becauseofthe\smashtheprintedexpressioncouldrunintothelineabovesoyoumaywanttowaituntilthenalversionofthedocumenttomakesuchadjustments.)Thispicturestheeectof\smashbyusing\fboxtosurroundtheboxthatLATEXwillputontheline.The\blackbarcommandmakesabarextendingfrom10pointsbelowthebaselineto20pointsabove.\newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}}\fbox{\blackbar} Chapter16:Mathformulas148 \fbox{\smash{\blackbar}}TherstboxthatLATEXplacesis20pointshighand10pointsdeep.ButthesecondboxistreatedbyLATEXashavingzeroheightandzerodepth,despitethattheinkprintedonthepagestillextendswellaboveandbelowtheline.The\smashcommandappearsofteninmathematicstoadjustthesizeofanelementthatsurroundsasubformula.Heretherstradicalextendsbelowthebaselinewhilethesecondliesjustonthebaseline.\begin{equation}\sqrt{\sum_{0\leqkn}f(k)}\sqrt{\vphantom{\sum}\smash{\sum_{0\leqkn}}f(k)}\end{equation}Notetheuseof\vphantomtogivethe\sqrtcommandanargumentwiththeheightofthe\sum(see Section16.6.2[\phantom&\vphantom&\hphantom],page148 ).Whilemostoftenusedinmathematics,the\smashcommandcanappearinothercon-texts.However,itdoesn'tchangeintohorizontalmode.Soifitstartsaparagraphthenyoushouldrstputa\leavevmode,asinthebottomlinebelow.xxxxxxxxx\smash{yyy}%noparagraphindent\leavevmode\smash{zzz}%usualparagraphindentThepackagemathtoolshasoperatorsthatprovideevennercontroloversmashingasubformulabox.16.6.2\phantom&\vphantom&\hphantomSynopsis:\phantom{subformula}or\vphantom{subformula}or\hphantom{subformula}The\phantomcommandcreatesaboxwiththesameheight,depth,andwidthassubformula,butempty.Thatis,thiscommandcausesLATEXtotypesettheboxbutnotitsink.The\vphantomvariantalsoproducesaninvisibleboxwiththesameheightanddepthassubformula,butithaswidthzero.And\hphantommakesaboxwiththesamewidthassubformulabutwithheightanddepthzero.Withoutthe\vphantominthisexample,thetopbarsofthetwosquarerootswouldbeatdierentheights.\(\sqrt{\vphantom{a^3}a}\cdot\sqrt{a^3}\)The\vphantom{a^3}causestherst\sqrttohaveinsideitaboxofthesameheightasthesecond\sqrt,soLATEXmakesthebarsalign.Thesecommandsoftenarecombinedwith\smash.See Section16.6.1[\smash],page147, foranotherexampleoftheuseof\vphantom. Chapter16:Mathformulas149 ThethreephantomcommandsappearoftenbutnotethatLATEXprovidesasuiteofothercommandstoworkwithboxsizesthatmaybemoreconvenient,including\makebox(see Section20.1[\mbox&\makebox],page169 )aswellas\settodepth(see Section14.4[\settodepth],page123 ),\settoheight(see Section14.5[\settoheight],page123 ),and\settowidth(see Section14.6[\settowidth],page123 ).Inaddition,themathtoolspackagehasmanycommandsthatoerne-grainedcontroloverspacing.Allthreecommandsproduceanordinarybox,withoutanyspecialmathematicsstatus.Sotodosomethinglikeattachingasuperscriptyoushouldgiveitsuchastatus,forexamplewiththe\operatornamecommandfromthepackageamsmath.Whilemostoftenusedinmathematics,thesethreecanappearinothercontexts.How-ever,theydon'tcauseLATEXtochangeintohorizontalmode.Soifoneofthesestartsaparagraphthenyoushouldprexitwith\leavevmode.16.7MathmiscellanyLATEXcontainsawidevarietyofmathematicsfacilities.Herearesomethatdon'ttintoothercategories.16.7.1Coloncharacter:&\colonSynopsis,oneof::\colonInmathematics,thecoloncharacter,:,isarelation.Withsideratios\(3:4\)and\(4:5\),thetriangleisright.OrdinaryLATEXdenes\colontoproducethecoloncharacterwiththespacingappropriateforpunctuation,asinset-buildernotation\{x\colon0\leqx\.Butthewidely-usedamsmathpackagedenes\colonforuseinthedenitionoffunc-tionsf\colonD\toC.Soifyouwantthecoloncharacterasapunctuationthenuse\mathpunct{:}.16.7.2\*Synopsis:\*Amultiplicationsymbolthatallowsalinebreak.IfthereisabreakthenLATEXputsa\timessymbol,,beforethatbreak.In\(A_1\*A_2\*A_3\*A_4\),ifthereisnolinebreakthenLATEXoutputsitasthoughitwere\(A_1A_2A_3A_4\).Ifalinebreakdoeshappen,forexamplebetweenthetwomiddleones,thenLATEXsetsitlike\(A_1A_2\times\),followedbythebreak,followedby\(A_3A_4\).16.7.3\fracSynopsis:\frac{numerator}{denominator} Chapter16:Mathformulas150 Producesthefraction.Usedas:\begin{displaymath}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}}\end{displaymath}.Ininlinemathmodeitcomesoutsmall;seethediscussionof\displaystyle(see Chapter16[Mathformulas],page129 ).16.7.4\left&\rightSynopsis:\leftdelimiter1...\rightdelimiter2Makematchingparentheses,braces,orotherdelimiters.Thedelimitersaresizedaccord-ingtothemaththeyenclose.Thismakesaunitvectorsurroundedbyappropriate-heightparentheses.\begin{equation}\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\0\\\end{array}\right)Every\leftmusthaveamatching\right.Leavingoutthe\left(intheabovegets`Extra\right'.Leavingothe\right)gets`Youcan'tuse`\eqno'inmathmode'.However,thetwodelimitersdelimiter1anddelimiter2neednotmatch.Acommoncaseisthatyouwantanunmatchedbrace,asbelow.Useaperiod,`.',asanulldelimiter.\begin{equation}f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1&\mbox{--if\(n=0\)}\\f(n-1)+3n^2&\mbox{--else}\end{array}\right.\end{equation}Notethattogetacurlybraceasadelimiteryoumustprexitwithabackslash,\{.16.7.5\sqrtSynopsis,oneof:\sqrt{arg}\sqrt[root-number]{arg}Thesquareroot,oroptionallyotherroots,ofarg.Theoptionalargumentroot-numbergivestheroot,i.e.,enterthecuberootofx+yas\sqrt[3]{x+y}.Itcomesoutlikethis:3p x+y.Theradicalgrowswiththesizeofarg(astheheightoftheradicalgrows,theangleontheleftmostpartgetssteeper,untilforalargeenougharg,itisvertical).LATEXhasaseparate\surdcharacter(see Section16.2[Mathsymbols],page131 ).16.7.6\stackrelSynopsis,oneof:\stackrel{text}{relation}Puttextaboverelation.Toputafunctionnameaboveanarrowenter\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}.Theresultlookslikethis:f�!. 151 17ModesAsLATEXprocessesyourdocument,atanypointitisinoneofsixmodes.Theyfallintothreecategoriesoftwoeach,thehorizontalmodes,themathmodes,andtheverticalmodes.Somecommandsonlyworkinonemodeoranother(inparticular,manycommandsonlyworkinoneofthemathmodes),anderrormessageswillrefertothese.ParagraphmodeiswhatLATEXisinwhenprocessingordinarytext.Itbreakstheinputtextintolinesandbreaksthelinesintopages.ThisisthemodeLATEXisinmostofthetime.LRmode(forleft-to-rightmode;inplainTEXthisiscalledrestrictedhorizontalmode)isineectwhenLATEXstartsmakingaboxwithan\mboxcommand.Asinparagraphmode,LATEX'soutputisastringofwordswithspacesbetweenthem.Unlikeinpara-graphmode,inLRmodeLATEXneverstartsanewline,itjustkeepsgoingfromlefttoright.(AlthoughLATEXwillnotcomplainthattheLRboxistoolong,whenitisnishedandnexttriestoputthatboxintoaline,itcouldverywellcomplainthatthenishedLRboxwon'ttthere.)MathmodeiswhenLATEXisgeneratinganinlinemathematicalformula.DisplaymathmodeiswhenLATEXisgeneratingadisplayedmathematicalformula.(Displayedformulasdiersomewhatfrominlineones.Oneexampleisthattheplace-mentofthesubscripton\intdiersinthetwosituations.)VerticalmodeiswhenLATEXisbuildingthelistoflinesandothermaterialmakingtheoutputpage.ThisisthemodeLATEXisinwhenitstartsadocument.InternalverticalmodeisineectwhenLATEXstartsmakinga\vbox.ThisistheverticalanalogueofLRmode.Forinstance,ifyoubeginaLATEXarticlewith`Let\(x\)be...'thenthesearethemodes:rstLATEXstartseverydocumentinverticalmode,thenitreadsthe`L'andswitchestoparagraphmode,thenthenextswitchhappensatthe`\('whereLATEXchangestomathmode,andthenwhenitleavestheformulaitpopsbacktoparagraphmode.Paragraphmodehastwosubcases.Ifyouusea\parboxcommandoraminipagethenLATEXisputintoparagraphmode.Butitwillnotputapagebreakhere.Insideoneoftheseboxes,calledaparbox,LATEXisininnerparagraphmode.Itsmoreusualsituation,whereitcanputpagebreaks,isouterparagraphmode(see Chapter10[Pagebreaking],page95 ).17.1\ensuremathSynopsis:\ensuremath{formula}Ensurethatformulaistypesetinmathmode.Forinstance,youcanredenecommandsthatordinarilycanbeusedonlyinmathmode,sothattheycanbeusedbothinmathandinplaintext.\newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}}In$\intf(x)\,\dx$,the\dx{}isaninfinitesimal. 152 Caution:the\ensuremathcommandisusefulbutnotapanacea.\newcommand{\alf}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}Yougetanalphaintextmode:\alf.Butcomparethecorrectspacingin$\alf+\alf$withthatin\alf+\alf.Bestistotypesetmaththingsinamathmode. 153 18PagestylesThestyleofapagedetermineswhereLATEXplacesthecomponentsofthatpage,suchasheadersandfooters,andthetextbody.Thisincludespagesinthemainpartofthedocumentbutalsoincludesspecialpagessuchasthetitlepageofabook,apagefromanindex,ortherstpageofanarticle.Thepackagefancyhdrisveryhelpfulforconstructingpagestyles.SeeitsdocumentationonCTAN.18.1\maketitleSynopsis:\maketitleGenerateatitle.Inthestandardclassesthetitleappearsonaseparatepage,exceptinthearticleclasswhereitisatthetopoftherstpage.(See Section3.1[Documentclassoptions],page7, forinformationaboutthetitlepagedocumentclassoption.)Thisexampleshows\maketitleappearinginitsusualplace,immediatelyafter\begin{document}.\documentclass{article}\title{ConstructingaNuclearReactorUsingOnlyCoconuts}\author{JonasGrumby\thanks{%WiththesupportofaGingerGrantfromtheRoyHinkleySociety.}\\Skipper,\textit{Minnow}\andWillyGilligan\thanks{%ThankstotheMaryAnnSummersfoundationandtoThurstonandLoveyHowell.}\\Mate,\textit{Minnow}}\date{1964-Sep-26}\begin{document}\maketitleJustsitrightbackandyou'llhearatale,ataleofafatefultrip.Thatstartedfromthistropicport,aboardthistinyship.Thematewasamightysailin'man,theSkipperbraveandsure.Fivepassengerssetsailthatdayforathreehourtour.Athreehourtour....YoutellLATEXtheinformationusedtoproducethetitlebymakingthefollowingdeclara-tions.Thesemustcomebeforethe\maketitle,eitherinthepreambleorinthedocumentbody.\author{name1\andname2\and...}Required.Declarethedocumentauthororauthors.Theargumentisalistofauthorsseparatedby\andcommands.Toseparatelineswithinasingleauthor'sentry,forinstancetogivetheauthor'sinstitutionoraddress,useadoublebackslash,\\.Ifyouomitthe\authordeclarationthenyouget`LaTeXWarning:No\authorgiven'. Chapter18:Pagestyles154 \date{text}Optional.Declaretexttobethedocument'sdate.Thetextdoesn'tneedtobeinadateformat;itcanbeanytextatall.Ifyouomit\datethenLATEXusesthecurrentdate(see Section23.8[\today],page197 ).Tohavenodate,insteaduse\date{}.\thanks{text}Optional.Produceafootnote.Youcanuseitintheauthorinformationforacknowledgementsasillustratedabove,butyoucanalsouseitinthetitle,oranyplaceafootnotemakessense.Itcanbeanytextatallsoyoucanuseitforanypurpose,suchastoprintanemailaddress.\title{text}Required.Declaretexttobethetitleofthedocument.Getlinebreaksinsidetextwithadoublebackslash,\\.Ifyouomitthe\titledeclarationthenyouget`LaTeXError:No\titlegiven'.Tomakeyourowntitlepage,see Section8.26[titlepage],page86 .Youcaneithercreatethisasaone-ooryoucanincludeitaspartofarenewed\maketitlecommand.(Manypublisherswillprovideaclasstouseinplaceofarticlethatformatsthetitleaccordingtotheirhouserequirements.)18.2\pagenumberingSynopsis:\pagenumbering{number-style}Speciesthestyleofpagenumbers,andresetsthepagenumber.Thenumberingstyleisre ectedonthepage,andalsointhetableofcontentsandotherpagereferences.Thisdeclarationhasglobalscopesoitseectisnotdelimitedbybracesorenvironments.Inthisexample,beforetheMainsectionthepagesarenumbered`a',etc.Startingonthepagecontainingthatsection,thepagesarenumbered`1',etc.\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}...\section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}...Theargumentnumber-styleisoneofthefollowing(seealso Section13.1[\alph\Alph\arabic\roman\Roman\fnsymbol],page116 ).arabicArabicnumerals:1,2,...romanlowercaseRomannumerals:i,ii,...RomanuppercaseRomannumerals:I,II,...alphlowercaseletters:a,b,...Ifyouhavemorethan26pagesthenyouget`LaTeXError:Countertoolarge'.Alphuppercaseletters:A,B,...Ifyouhavemorethan26pagesthenyouget`LaTeXError:Countertoolarge'. Chapter18:Pagestyles155 gobbleLATEXdoesnotoutputapagenumber,althoughitdoesgetreset.Referencestothatpagealsoareblank.(Thisdoesnotworkwiththepopularpackagehyperrefsotohavethepagenumbernotappearyoumaywanttoinsteaduse\pagestyle{empty}or\thispagestyle{empty}.)Traditionally,ifadocumenthasfrontmatter|preface,tableofcontents,etc.|thenitisnumberedwithlowercaseRomannumerals.Themainmatterofadocumentusesarabic.See Section6.7[\frontmatter&\mainmatter&\backmatter],page37 .Ifyouwanttoaddresswherethepagenumberappearsonthepage,see Section18.3[\pagestyle],page155 .Ifyouwanttochangethevalueofpagenumberthenyouwillmanipulatethepagecounter(see Chapter13[Counters],page116 ).18.3\pagestyleSynopsis:\pagestyle{style}Declarationthatspecieshowthepageheadersandfootersaretypeset,fromthecurrentpageonwards.Adiscussionwithanexampleisbelow.Noterstthatthepackagefancyhdrisnowthestandardwaytomanipulateheadersandfooters.Newdocumentsthatneedtodoanythingotherthanoneofthestandardoptionsbelowshouldusethispackage.SeeitsdocumentationonCTAN.Valuesforstyle:plainTheheaderisempty.Thefootercontainsonlyapagenumber,centered.emptyTheheaderandfooterisempty.headingsPutrunningheadersandfootersoneachpage.Thedocumentstylespecieswhatgoesinthere;seethediscussionbelow.myheadingsCustomheaders,speciedviathe\markbothorthe\markrightcommands.SomediscussionofthemotivationforLATEX'smechanismwillhelpyouworkwiththeoptionsheadingsormyheadings.Thedocumentsourcebelowproducesanarticle,two-sided,withthepagestyleheadings.Onthisdocument'slefthandpages,LATEXwants(inadditiontothepagenumber)thetitleofthecurrentsection.OnitsrighthandpagesLATEXwantsthetitleofthecurrentsubsection.Whenitmakesupapage,LATEXgetsthisinformationfromthecommands\leftmarkand\rightmark.Soitisupto\sectionand\subsectiontostorethatinformationthere.\documentclass[twoside]{article}\pagestyle{headings}\begin{document}...\section{Section1}...\subsection{Subsection1.1}...\section{Section2}...\subsection{Subsection2.1}... Chapter18:Pagestyles156 \subsection{Subsection2.2}...Supposethatthesecondsectionfallsonaleftpage.Althoughwhenthepagestartsitisintherstsection,LATEXwillput`Section2'intheleftpageheader.Astotherightheader,ifnosubsectionstartsbeforetheendoftherightpagethenLATEXblankstherighthandheader.Ifasubsectiondoesappearbeforetherightpagenishesthentherearetwocases.IfatleastonesubsectionstartsontherighthandpagethenLATEXwillputintherightheaderthetitleoftherstsubsectionstartingonthatrightpage.Ifatleastoneof2.1,2.2,...,startsontheleftpagebutnonestartsontherightthenLATEXputsintherighthandheaderthetitleofthelastsubsectiontostart,thatis,theoneineectduringtherighthandpage.Toaccomplishthis,inatwo-sidedarticle,LATEXhas\sectionissueacommand\markboth,setting\leftmarkto`Section2'andsetting\rightmarktoblank.And,LATEXhas\subsectionissueacommand\markright,setting\rightmarkto`Subsection2.1',etc.Herearethedescriptionsof\markbothand\markright:\markboth{left-head}{right-head}Setsboththerighthandandlefthandheadinginformationforeitherapagestyleofheadingsormyheadings.Alefthandpageheadingleft-headisgener-atedbythelast\markbothcommandbeforetheendofthepage.Arighthandpageheadingright-headisgeneratedbytherst\markbothor\markrightthatcomesonthepageifthereisone,otherwisebythelastonethatcamebeforethatpage.\markright{right}Setstherighthandpageheading,leavingtheleftunchanged.18.4\thispagestyleSynopsis:\thispagestyle{style}Worksinthesamewayasthe\pagestyle(see Section18.3[\pagestyle],page155 ),exceptthatitchangestostyleforthecurrentpageonly.Thisdeclarationhasglobalscope,soitseectisnotdelimitedbybracesorenvironments.Oftentherstpageofachapterorsectionhasadierentstyle.Forexample,thisLATEXbookdocumenthastherstpageoftherstchapterinplainstyle,asisthedefault(see Chapter18[Pagestyles],page153 ).\documentclass{book}\pagestyle{headings}\begin{document}\chapter{Firstchapter}...\chapter{Secondchapter}\thispagestyle{empty}...Theplainstylehasapagenumberonit,centeredinthefooter.Tomakethepageentirelyempty,thecommand\thispagestyle{empty}immediatelyfollowsthesecond\chapter. 157 19SpacesLATEXhasmanywaystoproducewhite(orlled)space.Someofthesearebestsuitedtomathematicaltext;see Section16.6[Spacinginmathmode],page146 .Somespacingcommandsaresuitableforbothregulartextandmathematicaltext;versionsofsomeofthesecommandsareinthischapter.19.1\enspace&\quad&\qquadSynopsis,oneof:\enspace\quad\qquadInsertahorizontalspaceof1/2em,1em,or2em.Theemisalengthdenedbyafontdesigner,oftenthoughtofasbeingthewidthofacapitalM.Oneadvantageofdescribingspaceinemsisthatitcanbemoreportableacrossdocumentsthananabsolutemeasurementsuchaspoints(see [Lengths/em],page122 ).Thisputsasuitablegapbetweentwographics.\begin{center}\includegraphics{womensmile.png}%\qquad\includegraphics{mensmile.png}\end{center}See Section16.6[Spacinginmathmode],page146, for\quadand\qquad.Thesearelengthsfromcenturiesoftypesettingandsomaybeabetterchoiceinmanycircumstancesthanarbitrarylengths,suchasyougetwith\hspace.19.2\hspaceSynopsis,oneof:\hspace{length}\hspace*{length}Insertthehorizontalspacelength.Thelengthcanbepositive,negative,orzero;addingnegativespaceislikebackspacing.Itisarubberlength,thatis,itmaycontainaplusorminuscomponent,orboth(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Becausethespaceisstretchableandshrinkable,itissometimescalledglue.Thismakesalinewith`Name:'aninchfromtherightmargin.\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}The*-versioninsertshorizontalspacethatnon-discardable.Moreprecisely,whenTEXbreaksaparagraphintolinesanywhitespace|gluesandkerns|thatcomeatalinebreakarediscarded.The*-versionavoidsthat(technically,itaddsanon-discardableinvisibleiteminfrontofthespace).Inthisexample\parbox{0.8\linewidth}{%Fillineachblank:Four\hspace*{1in}andsevenyearsagoourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinent,anew\hspace*{1in}, Chapter19:Spaces158 conceivedin\hspace*{1in},anddedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreated\hspace*{1in}.}the1inchblankfollowing`conceivedin'fallsatthestartofaline.Ifyouerasethe*thenLATEXdiscardstheblank.Here,the\hspaceseparatesthethreegraphics.\begin{center}\includegraphics{lion.png}%commentkeepsoutextraspace\hspace{1cmminus0.25cm}\includegraphics{tiger.png}%\hspace{1cmminus0.25cm}\includegraphics{bear.png}\end{center}Becausetheargumenttoeach\hspacehasminus0.25cm,eachcanshrinkalittleifthethreeguresaretoowide.Buteachspacewon'tshrinkmorethan0.25cm(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).19.3\hfillSynopsis:\hfillProducearubberlengthwhichhasnonaturalspacebutthatcanstretchhorizontallyasfarasneeded(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Thiscreatesaone-lineparagraphwith`Name:'ontheleftsideofthepageand`QuizOne'ontheright.\noindentName:\hfillQuizOneThe\hfillcommandisequivalentto\hspace{\fill}andsothespacecanbediscardedatlinebreaks.Toavoidthatinsteaduse\hspace*{\fill}(see Section19.2[\hspace],page157 ).Herethegraphsareevenlyspacedinthemiddleofthegure.\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}...\begin{figure}\hspace*{\fill}%\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph0.png}}%\hfill\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph1.png}}%\hspace*{\fill}%\caption{Comparisonoftwographs}\label{fig:twographs}\end{figure}Notethe\hspace*'swherethespacecouldotherwisebedropped.19.4\hssSynopsis:\hssProduceahorizontalspacethatisinnitelyshrinkableaswellasinnitelystretchable(thiscommandisaTEXprimitive).LATEXauthorsshouldreachrstforthe\makeboxcommandtogettheeectsof\hss(see Section20.1[\mbox&\makebox],page169 ). Chapter19:Spaces159 Here,therstline's\hssmakestheZstickouttotheright,overwritingtheY.InthesecondlinetheZsticksouttotheleft,overwritingtheX.X\hboxto0pt{Z\hss}YX\hboxto0pt{\hssZ}YWithoutthe\hssyougetsomethinglike`Overfull\hbox(6.11111pttoowide)detectedatline20'.19.5\spacefactorSynopsis:\spacefactor=integerIn uenceLATEX'sgluestretchandshrinkbehavior.Mostuser-leveldocumentsdonotusethiscommand.WhileLATEXislayingoutthematerial,itmaystretchorshrinkthegapsbetweenwords.(Thisspaceisnotacharacter;itiscalledtheinterwordglue;see Section19.2[\hspace],page157 ).The\spacefactorcommand(fromPlainTEX)allowsyouto,forinstance,havethespaceafteraperiodstretchmorethanthespaceafteraword-endingletter.AfterLATEXplaceseachcharacter,orruleorotherbox,itsetsaparametercalledthespacefactor.Ifthenextthingintheinputisaspacethenthisparameteraectshowmuchstretchingorshrinkingcanhappen.Aspacefactorthatislargerthanthenormalvaluemeansthatthegluecanstretchmoreandshrinkless.Normally,thespacefactoris1000.Thisvalueisineectfollowingmostcharacters,andanynon-characterboxormathformula.Butitis3000afteraperiod,exclamationmark,orquestionmark,itis2000afteracolon,1500afterasemicolon,1250afteracomma,and0afterarightparenthesisorbracket,orclosingdoublequoteorsinglequote.Finally,itis999afteracapitalletter.Ifthespacefactorfis1000thenthegluegapwillbethefont'snormalspacevalue(forComputerModernRoman10pointthisis3.3333points).Otherwise,ifthespacefactorfisgreaterthan2000thenTEXaddsthefont'sextraspacevalue(forComputerModernRoman10pointthisis1.11111points),andthenthefont'snormalstretchvalueismultipliedbyf=1000andthenormalshrinkvalueismultipliedby1000=f(forComputerModernRoman10pointtheseare1.66666and1.11111points).Forexample,considertheperiodendingAman'sbestfriendishisdog.Afterit,TEXputsinaxedextraspace,andalsoallowsthegluetostretch3timesasmuchandshrink1/3asmuch,astheglueafterfriend,whichdoesnotendinaperiod.Therulesforspacefactorsareevenmorecomplexbecausetheyplayadditionalroles.Inpractice,therearetwoconsequences.First,ifaperiodorotherpunctuationisfollowedbyarightparenthesisorbracket,orrightsingleordoublequotethenthespacingeectofthatperiodcarriesthroughthosecharacters(thatis,thefollowinggluewillhaveincreasedstretchandshrink).Second,ifpunctuationcomesafteracapitalletterthenitseectisnotinplacesoyougetanordinaryspace.Thissecondcasealsoaectsabbreviationsthatdonotendinacapitalletter(see Section19.5.1[\@],page160 ).Youcanonlyuse\spacefactorinparagraphmodeorLRmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Youcanseethecurrentvaluewith\the\spacefactoror\showthe\spacefactor. Chapter19:Spaces160 (Comment,notreallyrelatedto\spacefactor:ifyougeterrorslike`Youcan'tuse`\spacefactor'inverticalmode',or`Youcan'tuse`\spacefactor'inmathmode.',or`Improper\spacefactor'thenyouhaveprobablytriedtoredeneaninternalcommand.See Section12.3[\makeatletter&\makeatother],page105 .)19.5.1\@Synopsis:capital-letter\@.Treataperiodassentence-ending,whereLATEXwouldotherwisethinkitispartofanabbreviation.LATEXthinksthataperiodendsanabbreviationiftheperiodcomesafteracapitalletter,andotherwisethinkstheperiodendsthesentence.Bydefault,injustifyingalineLATEXadjuststhespaceafterasentence-endingperiod(oraquestionmark,exclamationpoint,comma,orcolon)morethanitadjuststhespacebetweenwords(see Section19.5[\spacefactor],page159 ).Thisexampleshowsthetwocasestoremember.Thesongs\textit{RedGuitar},etc.\arebyLoudonWainwright~III\@.Thesecondperiodendsthesentence,despitethatitisprecededbyacapital.WetellLATEXthatitendsthesentencebyputting\@beforeit.Therstperiodendstheabbreviation`etc.'butnotthesentence.Thebackslash-space,\,producesamid-sentencespace.So:ifyouhaveacapitalletterfollowedbyaperiodthatendsthesentence,thenput\@beforetheperiod.Thisholdsevenifthereisaninterveningrightparenthesisorbracket,orrightsingleordoublequote,becausethespacingeectofthatperiodcarriesthroughthosecharacters.Forexample,thisUsethe\textit{InstructionalPracticesGuide},(abookbytheMAA)\@.willhavecorrectinter-sentencespacingaftertheperiod.The\@commandisonlyforatextmode.Ifyouuseitoutsideofatextmodethenyouget`Youcan'tuse`\spacefactor'inverticalmode'(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Comment:theconversecaseisaperiodendinganabbreviationwhoselastletterisnotacapitalletter,andthatabbreviationisnotthelastwordinthesentence.Forthatcasefollowtheperiodwithabackslash-space,(\),oratie,(~),or\@.ExamplesareNat.\Acad.\Science,andMr.~Bean,and(manure,etc.\@)forsale(noteinthelastonethatthe\@comesbeforetheclosingparenthesis).19.5.2\frenchspacingSynopsis,oneof:\frenchspacing\nonfrenchspacingTherstdeclarationcausesLATEXtotreatspacingbetweensentencesinthesamewayasspacingbetweenwordsinthemiddleofasentence.Thesecondcausesspacingbetweensentencestostretchorshrinkmore(see Section19.5[\spacefactor],page159 );thisisthedefault.Sometypographictraditions,includingEnglish,prefertoadjustthespacebetweensen-tences(orspacesfollowingaquestionmark,exclamationpoint,comma,orcolon)morethan Chapter19:Spaces161 thespacebetweenwordsthatareinthemiddleofasentence.Declaring\frenchspacing(thecommandisfromPlainTEX)switchestothetraditionthatallspacesaretreatedequally.19.5.3\normalsfcodesSynopsis:\normalsfcodesResettheLATEXspacefactorvaluestothedefault(see Section19.5[\spacefactor],page159 ).19.6Backslash-space,\Thissectionreferstothecommandconsistingoftwocharacters,abackslashfollowedbyaspace.Synopsis:\Produceaspace.Bydefaultitproduceswhitespaceoflength3.33333ptplus1.66666ptminus1.11111pt.Whenyoutypeoneormoreblanksbetweenwords,LATEXproduceswhitespace.Butthatisdierentthananexplicitspace.Thisillustrates.\begin{tabular}{l}Oneblank:makessomespace\\Threeblanks:inarow\\Threespaces:\\\inarow\\\end{tabular}OntherstlineLATEXputssomespaceafterthecolon.OnthesecondlineLATEXcollapsesthethreeblankstooutputonewhitespace,soyouendwiththesamespaceafterthecolonasintherstline.LATEXwouldsimilarlycollapseablankfollowedbyatab,orablankandanewlineandablank.However,thebottomlineasksforthreespacessothewhiteareaiswider.Thatis,thebackslash-spacecommandcreatesaxedamountofhorizontalspace.(Notethatyoucandeneahorizontalspaceofanywidthatallwith\hspace;see Section19.2[\hspace],page157 .)Thebackslash-spacecommandhastwomainuses.Itisoftenusedaftercontrolsequencestokeepthemfromgobblingthespacethatfollows,asin\TeX\isnice.(Butusingcurlyparentheses,asin\TeX{}isbest,hastheadvantageofstillworkingifthenextcharacterisaperiod.)Theothercommonuseisthatitmarksaperiodasendinganabbreviationinsteadofendingasentence,asinSosaysProf.\Smith(see Section19.5.1[\@],page160 ).Undernormalcircumstances,\taband\newlineareequivalenttobackslash-space,\.19.7~Synopsis:before~afterThetiecharacter,~,producesaspacebetweenbeforeandafteratwhichthelinewillnotbebroken.Bydefaultthewhitespacehaslength3.33333ptplus1.66666ptminus1.11111pt(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ). Chapter19:Spaces162 HereLATEXwillnotbreakthelinebetweenthenaltwowords.ThankstoProf.~Lerman.Inaddition,despitetheperiod,LATEXdoesnotusetheend-of-sentencespacing(see Section19.5.1[\@],page160 ).Tiespreventtheendoflineseparationofthingswherethatcouldcauseconfusion.ButtheyalsoreduceLATEX'soptionswhenitbreakslinesintoparagraphs,soyoucanusetoomany.Theyarealsomattersoftaste,sometimesalarminglydogmatictaste,amongreaders.Nevertheless,herearesomeusagemodels,manyofthemfromtheTEXbook.Betweenanenumeratoranditsitem,suchasinreferences:Chapter~12,orTheorem~\ref{th:Wilsons},orFigure~\ref{fig:KGraph}.Whencasesareenumeratedinline:(b)~Showthat$f(x)$is(1)~continuous,and(2)~bounded.Betweenanumberanditsunit:$745.7.8$~watts(thesiunitxpackagehasaspecialfacilityforthis)or144~eggs.Thisincludesbetweenamonthandadate:October~12or12~Oct.Ingeneral,inanyexpressionswherenumbersandabbreviationsorsymbolsareseparatedbyaspace:AD~565,or2:50~pm,orBoeing~747,or268~PlainsRoad,or\$$1.4$~billion.Whenmathematicalphrasesarerenderedinwords:equals~$n$,orlessthan~$\epsilon$,orgiven~$X$,ormodulo~$p^e$foralllarge~$n$(butcompareis~$15$withis$15$~timestheheight).Betweenmathematicalsymbolsinappositionwithnouns:dimension~$d$orfunction~$f(x)$(butcomparewithlength$l$~ormore).Whenasymbolisatightlyboundobjectofapreposition:of~$x$,orfrom$0$to~$1$,orincommonwith~$m$.Betweensymbolsinseries:$1$,~$2$,or~$3$or$1$,~$2$,\ldots,~$n$.Betweenaperson'sforenamesandbetweenmultiplesurnames:Donald~E.Knuth,orLuis~I.Trabb~Pardo,orCharles~XII(butyoumustgiveTeXplacestobreakthelinesoyoumaydoCharlesLouisXavier~Josephde~laVall\'ee~Poussin).Beforeadash:pages12~--14oritis~---itmustbesaid~---plausible.19.8\thinspace&\negthinspaceSynopsis,oneof:\thinspace\negthinspaceProduceanunbreakableandunstretchablespaceof1/6emand-1/6em.Thesearethetextmodeequivalentsof\,and\!(see [Spacinginmathmode/\thinspace],page147 ).Youcanuse\,asasynonymfor\thinspaceintextmode.The\negthinspacecommandisusedintextmodemostlyforddlingwithspaces.Onecommonuseof\thinspaceisasthespacebetweennestedquotes.Killickreplied,``IheardtheCaptainsay,`Ahoythere.'\thinspace''Anotheruseisthatsomestyleguidescallfora\thinspacebetweenanellipsisandasentenceendingperiod(otherstyleguides,though,thinkthethreedotsarequiteenoughalready).Stillanotheruseisbetweeninitials,asinD.\thinspaceE.\Knuth. Chapter19:Spaces163 19.9\/Synopsis:before-character\/after-characterInsertanitaliccorrection,asmallspacedenedbythefontdesignerforeachcharacter,toavoidthecharactercollidingwithwhateverfollows.Whenyouuse\/,LATEXtakesthecorrectionfromthefontmetricle,scalesitbyanyscalingthathasbeenappliedtothefont,andtheninsertsthatmuchhorizontalspace.Here,wereitnotforthe\/,thebefore-characteritalicfwouldhittheafter-characterromanH\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\itf}\/H}becausetheitalicletterleansfartotheright.Ifafter-characterisaperiodorcommathendon'tinsertanitaliccorrectionsincethosepunctuationsymbolshaveaverysmallheight.However,withsemicolonsorcolonsaswellaswithnormalletters,theitaliccorrectioncanhelp.Whenyouusecommandssuchas\textitor\itshapetochangefonts,LATEXwillautomaticallyinsertanyneededitaliccorrection(see Section4.1[Fontstyles],page16 ).Romancharacterscanalsohaveanitaliccorrection.Anexampleisinthenamepdf\/\TeX.Thereisnoconceptofitaliccorrectioninmathmode;spacingisdoneinadierentway.19.10\hrulefill&\dotfillSynopsis,oneof:\hrulefill\dotfillProduceaninnitehorizontalrubberlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 )thatLATEXllswitharule(thatis,aline)orwithdots,insteadofwhitespace.Thisoutputsaline2incheslong.Name:~\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}Thisexample,whenplacedbetweenblanklines,createsaparagraphthatisleftandrightjustiedandwherethemiddleislledwithevenlyspaceddots.\noindentJohnAubrey,RN\dotfill{}MelburyLodgeTomaketheruleordotsgototheline'senduse\nullatthestartorend.Tochangetherule'sthickness,copythedenitionandadjustit,ashere\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{%\leavevmode\leaders\hruleheight1pt\hfill\kern\z@}whichchangesthedefaultthicknessof0.4ptto1pt.Similarly,adjustthedotspacingaswith\renewcommand{\dotfill}{%\leavevmode\cleaders\hb@xt@1.00em{\hss.\hss}\hfill\kern\z@}whichchangesthedefaultlengthof0.33emto1.00em. Chapter19:Spaces164 Thisexampleproducesalineforasignature.\begin{minipage}{4cm}\centering\hrulefill\\Signed\end{minipage}Thelineis4cmlong.19.11\bigskip&\medskip&\smallskipSynopsis,oneof:\bigskip\medskip\smallskipProduceanamountofverticalspace,largeormedium-sizedorsmall.Thesecommandsarefragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Heretheskipsuggeststhepassageoftime(fromTheGoldenOceanbyO'Brian).MrSaumarezwouldhavesomethingrudetosaytohim,nodoubt:hewasathomeagain,anditwasdelightful.\bigskip``Ahundredandfifty-sevenmilesandonethird,intwenty-fourhours,''saidPeter.Eachcommandisassociatedwithalengthdenedinthedocumentclassle.\bigskipThesameas\vspace{\bigskipamount},ordinarilyaboutonelinespace,withstretchandshrink.Thedefaultforthebookandarticleclassesis12ptplus4ptminus4pt.\medskipThesameas\vspace{\medskipamount},ordinarilyabouthalfofalinespace,withstretchandshrink.Thedefaultforthebookandarticleclassesis6ptplus2ptminus2pt.\smallskipThesameas\vspace{\smallskipamount},ordinarilyaboutaquarterofalinespace,withstretchandshrink.Thedefaultforthebookandarticleclassesis3ptplus1ptminus1pt.Becauseeachcommandisa\vspace,ifyouuseoninmid-paragraphthenitwillinsertitsverticalspacebetweenthelineinwhichyouuseitandthenextline,notnecessarilyattheplacethatyouuseit.Sothesearebestbetweenparagraphs.Thecommands\bigbreak,\medbreak,and\smallbreakaresimilarbutalsosuggesttoLATEXthatthisisagoodplacetoputapagebreak(see Section19.12[\bigbreak&\medbreak&\smallbreak],page165 . Chapter19:Spaces165 19.12\bigbreak&\medbreak&\smallbreakSynopsis,oneof:\bigbreak\medbreak\smallbreakProduceaverticalspacethatisbigormedium-sizedorsmall,andsuggesttoLATEXthatthisisagoodplacetobreakthepage.(Theassociatedpenaltiesare-200,-100,and-50.)See Section19.11[\bigskip&\medskip&\smallskip],page164 ,formore.Thesecom-mandsproducethesameverticalspacebutdierinthattheyalsoremoveaprecedingverticalspaceifitislessthanwhattheywouldinsert(aswith\addvspace).Inaddition,theyterminateaparagraphwheretheyareused:thisexampleabc\bigbreakdefghijklmnopqrwilloutputthreeparagraphs,therstendingin`abc'andthesecondstarting,afteranextraverticalspaceandaparagraphindent,with`def'.19.13\strutSynopsis:\strutEnsurethatthecurrentlinehasheightatleast0.7\baselineskipanddepthatleast0.3\baselineskip.Essentially,LATEXinsertsintothelinearectanglehavingzerowidth,\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}(see Section23.7[\rule],page196 ).The\baselineskipchangeswiththecurrentfontandfontsize.Inthisexamplethe\strutkeepstheboxinsidetheframefromhavingzeroheight.\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut}Thisexamplehasfourlists.Intherstthereisamuchbiggergapbetweenitems2and3thanthereisbetweenitems1and2.Thesecondlistxesthatwitha\strutattheendofitsrstitem'ssecondline.\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}\begin{enumerate}\item\parbox[t]{15pt}{test\\test}\itemtest\itemtest\end{enumerate}\end{minipage}%\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}\begin{enumerate}\item\parbox[t]{15pt}{test\\test\strut}\itemtest\itemtest\end{enumerate} Chapter19:Spaces166 \end{minipage}%\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}\begin{enumerate}\item\fbox{\parbox[t]{15pt}{test\\test}}\item\fbox{test}\item\fbox{test}\end{enumerate}\end{minipage}%\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}\begin{enumerate}\item\fbox{\parbox[t]{15pt}{test\\test\strut}}\item\fbox{test}\item\fbox{test}\end{enumerate}\end{minipage}%Thenaltwolistsuse\fboxtoshowwhat'shappening.Thethirdlist's\parboxgoesonlytothebottomofitssecond`test',whichhappensnothaveanycharactersthatdescendbelowthebaseline.Thefourthlistaddsthestrutthatgivestheneededextrabelow-baselinespace.The\strutcommandisoftenusefulingraphics,suchasinTikZorAsymptote.Forinstance,youmayhaveacommandsuchas\graphnode{node-name}thattsacirclearoundnode-name.However,unlessyouarecarefulthenode-name's`x'and`y'willproducedierent-diametercirclesbecausethecharactersaredierentsizes.Acareful\graphnodemightinserta\strut,thennode-name,andthendrawthecircle.Thegeneralapproachofusingazerowidth\ruleisusefulinmanycircumstances.Inthistable,thezero-widthrulekeepsthetopoftherstintegralfromhittingthe\hline.Similarly,thesecondrulekeepsthesecondintegralfromhittingtherst.\begin{tabular}{rl}\textsc{Integral}&\textsc{Value}\\\hline$\int_0^xt\,dt$&$x^2/2$\rule{0em}{2.5ex}\\$\int_0^xt^2\,dt$&$x^3/3$\rule{0em}{2.5ex}\end{tabular}(Althoughtheline-endingdoublebackslashcommandhasanavailableoptionalargumenttoputinmoreverticalroom,thatwon'tworkhere.Changingtherstdoublebackslashtosomethinglike\\[2.5ex]willputtheroombetweentheheaderlineandthe\hline,andtheintegralwouldstillhittheline.)19.14\vspaceSynopsis,oneof:\vspace{length}\vspace*{length}Addtheverticalspacelength.Thelengthcanbepositive,negative,orzero.Itisarubberlength|itmaycontainaplusorminuscomponent(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ). Chapter19:Spaces167 Thisputsspacebetweenthetwoparagraphs.AndIslept.\vspace{1explus0.5ex}Thenewdaydawnedcold.(See Section19.11[\bigskip&\medskip&\smallskip],page164, forcommoninter-paragraphspaces.)The*-versioninsertsverticalspacethatnon-discardable.Moreprecisely,LATEXdiscardsverticalspaceatapagebreakandthe*-versioncausesthespacetostay.Thisexampleleavesspacebetweenthetwoquestions.Question:Findtheintegralof\(5x^4+5\).\vspace*{2cmplus0.5cm}Question:Findthederivativeof\(x^5+5x+9\).Thatspacewillbepresentevenifthepagebreakhappenstofallbetweenthequestions.Ifyouuse\vspaceinthemiddleofaparagraph(i.e.,inhorizontalmode)thenthespaceisinsertedafterthelinecontainingthe\vspacecommand;itdoesnotstartanewparagraphatthe\vspacecommand.Inthisexamplethetwoquestionswillbeevenlyspacedverticallyonthepage,withatleastoneinchofspacebeloweach.\begin{document}1)Whoputthebompinthebompbahbompbahbomp?\vspace{1inplus1fill}2)Whoputtheramintheramalamadingdong?\vspace{1inplus1fill}\end{document}19.15\vfillSynopsis:\vfillEndthecurrentparagraphandinsertaverticalrubberlengththatisinnite,soitcanstretchorshrinkasfarasneeded(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Itisoftenusedinthesamewayas\vspace{\fill},exceptthat\vfillendsthecurrentparagraphwhereas\vspace{\fill}addstheinniteverticalspacebelowitsline,irrespectiveoftheparagraphstructure.Inbothcasesthatspacewilldisappearatapageboundary;tocircumventthisseethestarredoptionin Section19.14[\vspace],page166 .Inthisexamplethepageislled,sothetopandbottomlinescontainthetext`LostDog!'andthesecond`LostDog!'isexactlyhalfwaybetweenthem.\begin{document}LostDog!\vfillLostDog!%perfectlyinthemiddle Chapter19:Spaces168 \vfillLostDog!\end{document}19.16\addvspaceSynopsis:\addvspace{vert-length}Addaverticalspaceofvert-length.However,iftherearetwoormore\addvspace'sinasequencethentogethertheyonlyaddthespaceneededtomakethenaturallengthequaltothemaximumofthevert-length'sinthatsequence.Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Thevert-lengthisarubberlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Thisexampleillustrates.Thepicturedrawsascale.InastandardLATEXarticlethelength\baselineskipis12pt.Thetworuleshereare22ptapart:thesumofthe\baselineskipandthe10ptfromtherstaddvspace.\documentclass{article}\usepackage{color}\begin{document}\setlength{\unitlength}{2pt}%\noindent\begin{picture}(0,0)%\multiput(0,0)(0,-1){25}{{\color{blue}\line(1,0){1}}}\multiput(0,0)(0,-5){6}{{\color{red}\line(1,0){2}}}\end{picture}%\rule{0.25\linewidth}{0.1pt}%\par\addvspace{10pt}%\addvspace{20pt}%\par\noindent\rule{0.25\linewidth}{0.1pt}%\end{document}Nowuncommentthesecond\addvspace.Itdoesnotmakethegap20ptlonger;insteadthegapisthesumof\baselineskipand20pt.So\addvspaceinasensedoestheoppositeofitsname|itmakessurethatmultipleverticalspacesdonotaccumulate,butinsteadthatonlythelargestoneisused.LATEXusesthiscommandtoadjusttheverticalspaceaboveorbelowanenvironmentthatstartsanewparagraph.Forinstance,atheoremenvironmentbeginsandendswith\addvspacesothattwoconsecutivetheorem'sareseparatedbyoneverticalspace,nottwo.Aerror`Something'swrong--perhapsamissing\item'pointingtoan\addvspacemeansthatyouwerenotinverticalmodewhenyouhitthiscommand.Onewaytochangethatistoprecede\addvspacewitha\parcommand(see Section15.1[\par],page125 ),asintheaboveexample. 169 20BoxesAtitscore,LATEXputsthingsinboxesandthenputstheboxesonapage.Sothesecommandsarecentral.TherearemanypackagesonCTANthatareusefulformanipulatingboxes.Oneusefuladjuncttothecommandshereisadjustbox.20.1\mbox&\makeboxSynopsis,oneof:\mbox{text}\makebox{text}\makebox[width]{text}\makebox[width][position]{text}Createabox,acontainerformaterial.ThetextistypesetinLRmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 )soitisnotbrokenintolines.The\mboxcommandisrobust,while\makeboxisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Becausetextisnotbrokenintolines,youcanuse\mboxtopreventhyphenation.Inthisexample,LATEXwillnothyphenatethetablename,`T-4'.SeeTable~\mbox{T-4}Thersttwocommandversions,\mboxand\makebox,areroughlyequivalent.Theycreateaboxjustwideenoughtocontainthetext.(TheyarelikeplainTEX's\hbox.)Inthethirdversiontheoptionalargumentwidthspeciesthewidthofthebox.Notethatthespaceoccupiedbythetextneednotequalthewidthofthebox.Foronething,textcanbetoosmall;thiscreatesafull-linebox\makebox[\linewidth]{ChapterExam}with`ChapterExam'centered.Buttextcanalsobetoowideforwidth.Seetheexamplebelowofzero-widthboxes.InthewidthargumentyoucanusethefollowinglengthsthatrefertothedimensionoftheboxthatLATEXgetsontypesettingtext:\depth,\height,\width,\totalheight(thisisthebox'sheightplusitsdepth).Forexample,tomakeaboxwiththetextstretchedtodoublethenaturalsizeyoucansaythis.\makebox[2\width]{Getastretcher}Forthefourthcommandversiontheoptionalargumentpositiongivespositionofthetextwithinthebox.Itmaytakethefollowingvalues:cThetextiscentered(default).lThetextis ushleft.rFlushright.sStretchtheinterwordspaceintextacrosstheentirewidth.Thetextmustcontainstretchablespaceforthistowork.Forinstance,thiscouldheadapressrelease:\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]{\large\hfilIMMEDIATE\hfilRELEASE\hfil} Chapter20:Boxes170 Acommonuseof\makeboxistomakezero-widthtextboxes.Thisputsthevalueofthequizquestionstotheleftofthosequestions.\newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1points\hspace*{1em}}}\pts{10}Whatistheair-speedvelocityofanunladenswallow?\pts{90}AnAfricanorEuropeanswallow?Therightedgeoftheoutput`10points'(notetheendingspace)willbejustbeforethe`What'(notethespaceafter`points').Youcanuse\makeboxsimilarlywhenmakinggraphics,suchasinTikZorAsymptote,whereyouputtheedgeofthetextataknownlocation,regardlessofthelengthofthattext.Forboxeswithframessee Section20.2[\fbox&\framebox],page170 .Forcolorssee Section21.3.3[Coloredboxes],page178 .Thereisarelatedversionof\makeboxthatisusedwithinthepictureenvironment,wherethelengthisgivenintermsof\unitlength(see Section8.19.13[\makebox(picture)],page71 ).Ifyouputadouble-backslashintotextthenLATEXwillnotgiveyouanewline;forinstance\makebox{abcdef\\ghi}outputs`abcdefghi'while\makebox{abcdef\parghi}outputs`abcdefghi',butneithergotoasecondline.Togetmultiplelinessee Section20.3[\parbox],page171, and Section8.18[minipage],page63 .20.2\fbox&\frameboxSynopses,oneof:\fbox{text}\framebox{text}\framebox[width]{text}\framebox[width][position]{text}Createaboxwithanenclosingframe,fourlinessurroundingthespace.Thesecommandsarethesameas\mboxand\makeboxexceptfortheframe(see Section20.1[\mbox&\makebox],page169 ).The\fboxcommandisrobust,the\frameboxcommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).\fbox{Warning!Noworkshown,nocreditgiven.}LATEXputsthetextintoaboxthatcannotbesplitorhyphenated.Aroundthatbox,separatedfromitbyasmallgap,arefourlinesmakingaframe.Thersttwocommandinvocations,\fbox{...}and\framebox{...},areroughlythesame.Astothethirdandfourthinvocations,theoptionalargumentsallowyoutospecifytheboxwidthaswidthandthepositionofthetextinsidethatboxasposition.See Section20.1[\mbox&\makebox],page169, forthefulldescriptionbuthereisanexamplecreatinganemptyboxthatis1/4inwide.\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}}The\strutinsertsaverticalheightof\baselineskip(see Section19.13[\strut],page165 ).Theseparametersdeterminetheframelayout. Chapter20:Boxes171 \fboxruleThethicknessofthelinesaroundtheenclosedbox.Thedefaultis0.2pt.Changeitwithacommandsuchas\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}(see Section14.2[\setlength],page122 ).\fboxsepThedistancefromtheframetotheenclosedbox.Thedefaultis3pt.Changeitwithacommandsuchas\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}(see Section14.2[\setlength],page122 ).Settingitto0ptisusefulsometimes:thiswillputaframearoundthepicturewithnowhiteborder.{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox{%\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}}Theextracurlybraceskeeptheeectofthe\setlengthlocal.Aswith\mboxand\makebox,LATEXwillnotbreaklinesintext.ButthisexamplehasLATEXbreaklinestomakeaparagraph,andthenframetheresult.\framebox{%\begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}Mydear,herewemustrunasfastaswecan,justtostayinplace.Andifyouwishtogoanywhereyoumustruntwiceasfastasthat.\end{minipage}}See Section21.3.3[Coloredboxes],page178, forcolorsotherthanblackandwhite.Thepictureenvironmenthasaversionofthiscommandwheretheunitsdependonpicture's\unitlength(see Section8.19.14[\framebox(picture)],page72 ).20.3\parboxSynopses,oneof:\parbox{width}{contents}\parbox[position]{width}{contents}\parbox[position][height]{width}{contents}\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{contents}Produceaboxoftextthatiswidthwide.Usethiscommandtomakeaboxofsmallpiecesoftext,ofasingleparagraph.Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).\begin{picture}(0,0)...\put(1,2){\parbox{1.75in}{\raggedrightBecausethegraphisalineonthissemilogpaper,therelationshipisexponential.}}\end{picture}Thecontentsareprocessedinatextmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 )soLATEXwillbreaklinestomakeaparagraph.Butitwon'tmakemultipleparagraphs;forthat,useaminipageenvironment(see Section8.18[minipage],page63 ).Theoptionsfor\parbox(exceptforcontents)arethesameasthoseforminipage.Forconvenienceasummaryoftheoptionsisherebutsee Section8.18[minipage],page63, foracompletedescription. Chapter20:Boxes172 Therearetworequiredarguments.Thewidthisarigidlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).ItsetsthewidthoftheboxintowhichLATEXtypesetscontents.Thecontentsisthetextthatisplacedinthatbox.Itshouldnothaveanyparagraph-makingcomponents.Therearethreeoptionalarguments,position,height,andinner-pos.Thepositiongivestheverticalalignmentoftheparboxwithrespecttothesurroundingmaterial.Thepossiblevaluesarecormtomaketheverticalcenteroftheparboxlinesupwiththecenteroftheadjacentline(thisisthedefault),orttomatchthetoplineoftheparboxwiththebaselineofthesurroundingmaterial,orbtomatchthebottomline.Theoptionalargumentheightoverridesthenaturalheightofthebox.Theoptionalargumentinner-poscontrolstheplacementofcontentinsidetheparbox.Itsdefaultisthevalueofposition.Itspossiblevaluesare:ttoputthecontentatthetopofthebox,ctoputitintheverticalcenter,btoputitatthebottomofthebox,andstostretchitoutvertically(forthis,thetextmustcontainverticallystretchablespace).20.4\raiseboxSynopsis,oneof:\raisebox{distance}{text}\raisebox{distance}[height]{text}\raisebox{distance}[height][depth]{text}Raiseorlowertext.Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Thisexamplemakesacommandfortherestrictionofafunctionbyloweringtheverticalbarsymbol.\newcommand\restricted[1]{\raisebox{-.5ex}{$|$}_{#1}}$f\restricted{A}$Therstmandatoryargumentdistancespecieshowfartoraisethesecondmandatoryargumenttext.Thisisarigidlength(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Ifitisnegativethenitlowerstext.ThetextisprocessedinLRmodesoitcannotcontainlinebreaks(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Theoptionalargumentsheightanddeptharedimensions.Iftheyarespecied,theyoverridethenaturalheightanddepthoftheboxLATEXgetsbytypesettingtext.Intheargumentsdistance,height,anddepthyoucanusethefollowinglengthsthatrefertothedimensionoftheboxthatLATEXgetsontypesettingtext:\depth,\height,\width,\totalheight(thisisthebox'sheightplusitsdepth).Thiswillaligntwographicsontheirtop(see Chapter22[Graphics],page179 ).\usepackage{graphicx}\usepackage{calc}%inpreamble...\begin{center}\raisebox{1ex-\height}{%\includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{lion.png}}\qquad\raisebox{1ex-\height}{%\includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{meta.png}}\end{center}Therst\heightistheheightoflion.pngwhilethesecondistheheightofmeta.png. Chapter20:Boxes173 20.5\sbox&\saveboxSynopsis,oneof:\sbox{box-cmd}{text}\savebox{box-cmd}{text}\savebox{box-cmd}[width]{text}\savebox{box-cmd}[width][pos]{text}Typesettextjustaswith\makebox(see Section20.1[\mbox&\makebox],page169 )exceptthatLATEXdoesnotoutputitbutinsteadsavesitinastoragebinnamedbox-cmd.Thebinnamebox-cmdbeginswithabackslash,\.Youmusthavepreviouslyallocatedthebinbox-cmdwith\newsavebox(see Section12.7[\newsavebox],page108 ).The\sboxcommandisrobustwhile\saveboxisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Thiscreatesandusesabin.\newsavebox{\fullname}\sbox{\fullname}{JohnJacobJingleheimerSchmidt}...\usebox{\fullname}!Hisnameismyname,too!Wheneverwegoout,thepeoplealwaysshout!Theregoes\\usebox{\fullname}!Yadadadadadada.Oneadvantageofusingandreusingabinovera\newcommandiseciency,thatLATEXneednotrepeatedlyretypesetthecontents.Seetheexamplebelow.Thersttwocommandinvocations,\sbox{box-cmd}{text}and\savebox{box-cmd}{text},areroughlyequivalent.Astothethirdandfourth,theoptionalargumentsallowyoutospecifytheboxwidthaswidth,andthepositionofthetextinsidethatboxasposition.See Section20.1[\mbox&\makebox],page169, forthefulldescription.Inthe\sboxand\saveboxcommandsthetextistypesetinLRmodesoitdoesnothavelinebreaks(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).IfyouusethesethenLATEXdoesn'tgiveyouanerrorbutitignoreswhatyouwant:ifyouenter\sbox{\newbin}{test\\test}and\usebox{\newbin}thenyouget`testtest',whileifyouenter\sbox{\newbin}{test\partest}and\usebox{\newbin}thenyouget`testtest',butnoerrororwarning.Toxthisusea\parboxorminipageashere.\savebox{\abin}{%\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}\begin{enumerate}\itemFirstitem\itemSeconditem\end{enumerate}\end{minipage}}...\usebox{\abin}Asanexampleoftheeciencyofreusingabin'scontents,thisputsthesamepictureoneachpageofthedocumentbyputtingitintheheader.LATEXonlytypesetsitonce.\usepackage{graphicx}%allthisinthepreamble\newsavebox{\sealbin}\savebox{\sealbin}{% Chapter20:Boxes174 \setlength{\unitlength}{1in}%\begin{picture}(0,0)%\put(1.5,-2.5){%\begin{tabular}{c}\includegraphics[height=2in]{companylogo.png}\\OfficeofthePresident\end{tabular}}\end{picture}%}\markright{\usebox{\sealbin}}\pagestyle{headings}Thepictureenvironmentisgoodforne-tuningtheplacement.Ifthebinhasnotalreadybeendenedthenyougetsomethinglike`Undefinedcontrolsequence. rgu;&#xment;\nobin'.20.6lrboxSynopsis:\begin{lrbox}{box-cmd}text\end{lrbox}Thetextinsidetheenvironmentissavedinthebinbox-cmd.Thebox-cmdmustbeginwithabackslash.Youmustcreatethisbininadvancewith\newsavebox(see Section12.7[\newsavebox],page108 ).Thisistheenvironmentformofthe\sboxand\saveboxcom-mands,andisequivalenttothem.See Section20.5[\sbox&\savebox],page173, forthefullinformation.Inthisexampletheenvironmentisconvenientforenteringthetabular.\newsavebox{\jhbin}\begin{lrbox}{\jhbin}\begin{tabular}{c}\includegraphics[height=1in]{jh.png}\\JimHef{}feron\end{tabular}\end{lrbox}...\usebox{\jhbin}20.7\useboxSynopsis:\usebox{box-cmd}Producetheboxmostrecentlysavedinthebinbox-cmdbythecommands\sboxor\savebox,orthelrboxenvironment.See Section20.5[\sbox&\savebox],page173, formoreinformationandexamples.(Notethatbox-cmdstartswithabackslash.)Thiscommandisrobust(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ). 175 21ColorYoucanaddcolortotext,rules,etc.Youcanalsohavecolorinaboxoronanentirepageandwritetextontopofit.Colorsupportcomesasanadditionalpackage.Soput\usepackage{color}inyourdocumentpreambletousethecommandsdescribedhere.ManyotherpackagesalsosupplementLATEX'scolorabilities.Particularlyworthmen-tioningisxcolor,whichiswidelyusedandsignicantlyextendsthecapabilitiesdescribedhere,includingadding`HTML'and`Hsb'colormodels.21.1colorpackageoptionsSynopsis(mustbeinthedocumentpreamble):\usepackage[comma-separatedoptionlist]{color}Whenyouloadthecolorpackagetherearetwokindsofavailableoptions.Therstspeciestheprinterdriver.LATEXdoesn'tcontaininformationaboutdierentoutputsystemsbutinsteaddependsoninformationstoredinale.Normallyyoushouldnotspecifythedriveroptioninthedocument,andinsteadrelyonyoursystem'sdefault.Oneadvantageofthisisthatitmakesthedocumentportableacrosssystems.Forcompletenessweincludealistofthedrivers.Thecurrentlyrelevantonesare:dvipdfmx,dvips,dvisvgm,luatex,pdftex,xetex.Thetwoxdviandoztexareessentiallyaliasesfordvips(andxdviismonochrome).Onesthatshouldnotbeusedfornewsystemsare:dvipdf,dvipdfm,dviwin,dvipsone,emtex,pctexps,pctexwin,pctexhp,pctex32,truetex,tcidvi,vtex(anddviwindoisanaliasfordvipsone).Thesecondkindofoptions,beyondthedrivers,arebelow.monochromeDisablethecolorcommands,sothattheydonotgenerateerrorsbutdonotgeneratecoloreither.dvipsnamesMakeavailablealistof68colornamesthatareoftenused,particularlyinlegacydocuments.Thesecolornameswereoriginallyprovidedbythedvipsdriver,givingtheoptionname.nodvipsnamesDonotloadthatlistofcolornames,savingLATEXatinyamountofmemoryspace.21.2ColormodelsAcolormodelisawayofrepresentingcolors.LATEX'scapabilitiesdependontheprinterdriver.However,thepdftex,xetex,andluatexprinterdriversaretodaybyfarthemostcommonlyused.Themodelsbelowworkforthosedrivers.Allbutoneoftheseisalsosupportedbyessentiallyallotherprinterdriversusedtoday.Notethatcolorcombinationcanbeadditiveorsubtractive.Additivemixescolorsoflight,sothatforinstancecombiningfullintensitiesofred,green,andblueproduceswhite. Chapter21:Color176 Subtractivemixespigments,suchaswithinks,sothatcombiningfullintensityofcyan,magenta,andyellowmakesblack.cmykAcomma-separatedlistwithfourrealnumbersbetween0and1,inclusive.Therstnumberistheintensityofcyan,thesecondismagenta,andtheothersareyellowandblack.Anumbervalueof0meansminimalintensity,whilea1isforfullintensity.Thismodelisoftenusedincolorprinting.Itisasubtractivemodel.grayAsinglerealnumberbetween0and1,inclusive.Thecolorsareshadesofgrey.Thenumber0producesblackwhile1giveswhite.rgbAcomma-separatedlistwiththreerealnumbersbetween0and1,inclusive.Therstnumberistheintensityoftheredcomponent,thesecondisgreen,andthethirdtheblue.Anumbervalueof0meansthatnoneofthatcomponentisaddedin,whilea1meansfullintensity.Thisisanadditivemodel.RGB(pdftex,xetex,luatexdrivers)Acomma-separatedlistwiththreeintegersbetween0and255,inclusive.ThismodelisaconvenienceforusingrgbsinceoutsideofLATEXcolorsareoftendescribedinared-green-bluemodelusingnumbersinthisrange.Thevaluesenteredhereareconvertedtothergbmodelbydividingby255.namedColorsareaccessedbyname,suchas`PrussianBlue'.Thelistofnamesdependsonthedriver,butallsupportthenames`black',`blue',`cyan',`green',`magenta',`red',`white',and`yellow'(Seethedvipsnamesoptionin Section21.1[Colorpackageoptions],page175 ).21.3CommandsforcolorThesearethecommandsavailablewiththecolorpackage.21.3.1DenecolorsSynopsis:\definecolor{name}{model}{specification}Givethenamenametothecolor.Forexample,afterthis\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}youcanusethatcolornamewithHiho,\textcolor{silver}{Silver}!.Thisexamplegivesthecoloramoreabstractname,soitcouldchangeandnotbemisleading.\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131}%RGBneedspdflatex\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob'sBigBagels}}Oftenadocument'scolorsaredenedinthepreamble,orintheclassorstyle,ratherthaninthedocumentbody.21.3.2ColoredtextSynopses:\textcolor{name}{...} Chapter21:Color177 \textcolor[colormodel]{colorspecification}{...}or\color{name}\color[colormodel]{specification}Theaectedtextgetsthecolor.Thisline\textcolor{magenta}{MynameisOzymandias,kingofkings:}Lookonmyworks,yeMighty,anddespair!causesthersthalftobeinmagentawhiletherestisinblack.Youcanuseacolordeclaredwith\definecolorinexactlythesamewaythatwejustusedthebuiltincolor`magenta'.\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}I'mthinkingaboutgettinga\textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sportscar}.Thetwo\textcolorand\colordierinthattherstisacommandform,enclosingthetexttobecoloredasanargument.Oftenthisformismoreconvenient,oratleastmoreexplicit.Thesecondformisadeclaration,asinThemoonismadeof{\color{green}green}cheese,soitisineectuntiltheendofthecurrentgrouporenvironment.Thisissometimesusefulwhenwritingmacrosorasbelowwhereitcolorseverythinginsidethecenterenvironment,includingtheverticalandhorizontallines.\begin{center}\color{blue}\begin{tabular}{l|r}UL&UR\\\hlineLL&LR\end{tabular}\end{center}Youcanusecolorinequations.Adocumentmighthavethisdenitioninthepreamble\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}andthencontainthisequation.\begin{equation}\int_a^b\textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)\end{equation}Typicallythecolorsusedinadocumentaredeclaredinaclassorstylebutsometimesyouwantaone-o.Thosearethesecondformsinthesynopses.Colorsof\textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple}and{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold}fortheteam.Theformatofcolorspecicationdependsonthecolormodel(see Section21.2[Colormodels],page175 ).Forinstance,whilergbtakesthreenumbers,graytakesonlyone.Theselectionwas\textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayedout}.Colorsinsidecolorsdonotcombine.Thus\textcolor{green}{kindof\textcolor{blue}{blue}}hasanalwordthatisblue,notacombinationofblueandgreen. Chapter21:Color178 21.3.3ColoredboxesSynopses:\colorbox{name}{...}\colorbox[modelname]{boxbackgroundcolor}{...}or\fcolorbox{framecolor}{boxbackgroundcolor}{...}\fcolorbox[modelname]{framecolor}{boxbackgroundcolor}{...}Makeaboxwiththestatedbackgroundcolor.The\fcolorboxcommandputsaframearoundthebox.ForinstancethisName:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}makesacyan-coloredboxthatisvecentimeterslongandgetsitsdepthandheightfromthe\strut(sothedepthis-.3\baselineskipandtheheightis\baselineskip).Thisputswhitetextonabluebackground.\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcometothemachine.}}The\fcolorboxcommandsusethesameparametersas\fbox(see Section20.2[\fbox&\framebox],page170 ),\fboxruleand\fboxsep,tosetthethicknessoftheruleandtheboundarybetweentheboxinteriorandthesurroundingrule.LATEX'sdefaultsare0.4ptand3pt,respectively.Thisexamplechangesthethicknessoftheborderto0.8points.Notethatitissurroundedbycurlybracessothatthechangeendsattheendofthesecondline.{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Undernocircumstancesturnthisknob.}}21.3.4ColoredpagesSynopses:\pagecolor{name}\pagecolor[colormodel]{colorspecification}\nopagecolorThersttwosetthebackgroundofthepage,andallsubsequentpages,tothecolor.Foranexplanationofthespecicationinthesecondformsee Section21.3.2[Coloredtext],page176 .Thethirdreturnsthebackgroundtonormal,whichisatransparentbackground.(Ifthatisnotsupporteduse\pagecolor{white},althoughthatwillmakeawhiteback-groundratherthanthedefaulttransparentbackground.)...\pagecolor{cyan}...\nopagecolor 179 22GraphicsYoucanusegraphicssuchasPNGorPDFlesinyourLATEXdocument.Youneedanadditionalpackage,whichcomesstandardwithLATEX.Thisexampleistheshorthow-to.\include{graphicx}%goesinthepreamble...\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf}Tousethecommandsdescribedhereyourdocumentpreamblemustcontaineither\usepackage{graphicx}or\usepackage{graphics}.Mostofthetime,graphicxisthebetterchoice.Graphicscomeintwomaintypes,rasterandvector.LATEXcanuseboth.Inrastergraphicsthelecontainsanentryforeachlocationinanarray,describingwhatcoloritis.Anexampleisaphotograph,inJPGformat.Invectorgraphics,thelecontainsalistofinstructionssuchas`drawacirclewiththisradiusandthatcenter'.AnexampleisalinedrawingproducedbytheAsymptoteprogram,inPDFformat.Generallyvectorgraphicsaremoreusefulbecauseyoucanrescaletheirsizewithoutpixelationorotherproblems,andbecausetheyoftenhaveasmallersize.Therearesystemsparticularlywell-suitedtomakegraphicsforaLATEXdocument.Forexample,theseallowyoutousethesamefontsasinyourdocument.LATEXcomeswithapictureenvironment(see Section8.19[picture],page65 )thathassimplecapabilities.Be-sidesthat,thereareotherwaystoincludethegraphic-makingcommandsinthedocument.TwosuchsystemsarethePSTricksandTikZpackages.TherearealsosystemsexternaltoLATEX,thatgenerateagraphicthatyouincludeusingthecommandsofthischapter.TwothatuseaprogramminglanguageareAsymptoteandMetaPost.OnethatusesagraphicalinterfaceisXg.Fulldescriptionofthesesystemsisoutsidethescopeofthisdocument;seetheirdocumentationonCTAN.22.1graphicspackageoptionsSynopsis(mustbeinthedocumentpreamble):\usepackage[comma-separatedoptionlist]{graphics}or\usepackage[comma-separatedoptionlist]{graphicx}Thegraphicxpackagehasaformatforoptionalargumentstothe\includegraphicscommandthatisconvenient(itisthekey-valueformat),soitisthebetterchoicefornewdocuments.Whenyouloadthegraphicsorgraphicxpackagewith\usepackagetherearetwokindsofavailableoptions.TherstisthatLATEXdoesnotcontaininformationaboutdierentoutputsystemsbutinsteaddependsoninformationstoredinaprinterdriverle.Normallyyoushouldnotspecifythedriveroptioninthedocument,andinsteadrelyonyoursystem'sdefault.Oneadvantageofthisisthatitmakesthedocumentportableacrosssystems.Forcompletenesshereisalistofthedrivers.Thecurrentlyrelevantonesare:dvipdfmx,dvips,dvisvgm,luatex,pdftex,xetex.Thetwoxdviandoztexareessentiallyaliasesfordvips(andxdviismonochrome).Onesthatshouldnotbeusedfornewsystemsare:dvipdf,dvipdfm,dviwin,dvipsone,emtex,pctexps,pctexwin,pctexhp,pctex32, Chapter22:Graphics180 truetex,tcidvi,vtex(anddviwindoisanaliasfordvipsone).Thesearestoredinleswitha.defextension,suchaspdftex.def.Thesecondkindofoptionsarebelow.demoInsteadofanimagele,LATEXputsina150ptby100ptrectangle(unlessanothersizeisspeciedinthe\includegraphicscommand).draftForeachgraphicle,itisnotshownbutinsteadthelenameisprintedinaboxofthecorrectsize.Inordertodeterminethesize,thelemustbepresent.final(Default)Overrideanypreviousdraftoption,sothatthedocumentshowsthecontentsofthegraphicles.hiderotateDonotshowrotatedtext.(Thisallowsforthepossibilitythatapreviewerdoesnothavethecapabilitytorotatetext.)hidescaleDonotshowscaledtext.(Thisallowsforthepossibilitythatapreviewerdoesnothavethecapabilitytoscale.)hiresbbInaPSorEPSlethegraphicsizemaybespeciedintwoways.The%%BoundingBoxlinesdescribethegraphicsizeusingintegermultiplesofaPost-Scriptpoint,thatis,integermultiplesof1/72inch.AlateradditiontothePost-Scriptlanguageallowsdecimalmultiples,suchas1.23,in%%HiResBoundingBoxlines.ThisoptionhasLATEXtoreadthesizefromthelatter.22.2graphicspackagecongurationThesecommandscongurethewayLATEXsearchesthelesystemforthegraphic.Thebehavioroflesystemsearchcodeisnecessarilyplatformdependent.Inthisdoc-umentwecoverGNU/Linux,Macintosh,andWindows,asthosesystemsaretypicallycongured.Forothersituationsconsultthedocumentationingrfguide.pdf,ortheLATEXsource,oryourTEXdistribution'sdocumentation.22.2.1\graphicspathSynopsis:\graphicspath{listofdirnamesinsidecurlybrackets}Declarealistofdirectoriestosearchforgraphicsles.Thisallowsyoutolatersaysomethinglike\includegraphics{lion.png}insteadofhavingtogiveitspath.LATEXalwayslooksforgraphiclesrstinthecurrentdirectory.Thedeclarationbelowtellsthesystemtothenlookinthesubdirectorypix,andthen../pix.\usepackage{graphicx}%orgraphics;putinpreamble...\graphicspath{{pix/}{../pix/}}The\graphicspathdeclarationisoptional.Ifyoudon'tincludeitthenLATEX'sdefaultistosearchalloftheplacesthatitusuallylooksforale(itusesLATEX's\input@path).Inparticular,inthiscaseoneoftheplacesitlooksisthecurrentdirectory. Chapter22:Graphics181 Encloseeachdirectorynameincurlybraces;forexample,aboveitsays`{pix}'.Dothisevenifthereisonlyonedirectory.Eachdirectorynamemustendinaforwardslash,/.ThisistrueevenonWindows,wheregoodpracticeistouseforwardslashesforallthedirectoryseparatorssinceitmakesthedocumentportabletootherplatforms.Ifyouhavespacesinyourdirectorynamethenusedoublequotes,aswith{"mydocs/"}.GettingoneoftheseruleswrongwillcauseLATEXtoreportError:File`filename'notfound.Basically,thealgorithmisthatwiththisexample,afterlookinginthecurrentdirectory,\graphicspath{{pix/}{../pix/}}...\usepackage{lion.png}foreachofthelisteddirectories,LATEXconcatenatesitwiththelenameandsearchesfortheresult,checkingforpix/lion.pngandthen../pix/lion.png.Thisalgorithmmeansthatthe\graphicspathcommanddoesnotrecursivelysearchsubdirectories:ifyouissue\graphicspath{{a/}}andthegraphicisina/b/lion.pngthenLATEXwillnotndit.Italsomeansthatyoucanuseabsolutepathssuchas\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}or\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}.However,usingthesemeansthatthedocumentisnotportable.(YoucouldpreserveportabilitybyadjustingyourTEXsystemsettingscongurationleparameterTEXINPUTS;seethedocumentationofyoursystem.)Youcanuse\graphicspathanywhereinthedocument.Youcanuseitmorethanonce.Showitsvaluewith\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatother.Thedirectoriesaretakenwithrespecttothebasele.Thatis,supposethatyouarework-ingonadocumentbasedonbook/book.texanditcontains\include{chapters/chap1}.Ifinchap1.texyouput\graphicspath{{plots/}}thenLATEXwillnotsearchforgraphicsinbook/chapters/plots,butinsteadinbook/plots.22.2.2\DeclareGraphicsExtensionsSynopses:\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{comma-separatedlistoffileextensions}Declarethelenameextensionstotry.Thisallowsyoutospecifytheorderinwhichtochoosegraphicformatswhenyouincludegraphiclesbygivingthelenamewithouttheextension,asin\includegraphics{functionplot}.Inthisexample,LATEXwillndlesinthePNGformatbeforePDFles.\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF}...\includegraphics{lion}%willfindlion.pngbeforelion.pdfBecausethelenameliondoesnothaveaperiod,LATEXusestheextensionlist.Foreachdirectoryinthegraphicspath(see Section22.2.1[\graphicspath],page180 ),LATEXwilltrytheextensionsintheordergiven.Ifitdoesnotndsuchaleaftertryingallthedirectoriesandextensionsthenitreports`!LaTeXError:File`lion'notfound'.Notethatyoumustincludetheperiodsatthestartoftheextensions.BecauseGNU/LinuxandMacintoshlenamesarecasesensitive,thelistofleextensionsiscasesensitiveonthoseplatforms.TheWindowsplatformisnotcasesensitive.Youarenotrequiredtoinclude\DeclareGraphicsExtensionsinyourdocument;theprinterdriverhasasensibledefault.Forexample,themostrecentpdftex.defhasthisextensionlist. Chapter22:Graphics182 .png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2Youcanusethiscommandanywhereinthedocument.Youcanuseitmorethanonce.Showitsvaluewith\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother.22.2.3\DeclareGraphicsRuleSynopsis:\DeclareGraphicsRule{extension}{type}{size-fileextension}{command}Declarehowtohandlegraphicleswhosenamesendinextension.Thisexampledeclaresthatallleswithnameshavetheformfilename-without-dot.mpswillbetreatedasoutputfromMetaPost,meaningthattheprinterdriverwilluseitsMetaPost-handlingcodetoinputthele.\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{}This\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{}tellsLATEXthatitshouldhandleasMetaPostoutputanylewithanextensionnotcoveredbyanotherrule,soitcoversfilename.1,filename.2,etc.Thisdescribesthefourarguments.extensionTheleextensiontowhichthisruleapplies.Theextensionisanythingafterandincludingtherstdotinthelename.UsetheKleenestar,*,todenotethedefaultbehaviourforallundeclaredextensions.typeThetypeofleinvolved.Thistypeisastringthatmustbedenedintheprinterdriver.Forinstance,leswithextensions.ps,.eps,or.ps.gzmayallbeclassedastypeeps.Alllesofthesametypewillbeinputwiththesameinternalcommandbytheprinterdriver.Forexample,theletypesthatpdftexrecognizesare:jpg,jbig2,mps,pdf,png,tif.size-leextensionTheextensionoftheletobereadtodeterminethesizeofthegraphic,ifthereissuchale.Itmaybethesameasextensionbutitmaybedierent.Asanexample,consideraPostScriptgraphic.Tomakeitsmaller,itmightbecompressedintoa.ps.gzle.CompressedlesarenoteasilyreadbyLATEXsoyoucanputtheboundingboxinformationinaseparatele.Ifsize-leextensionisemptythenyoumustspecifysizeinformationintheargumentsof\includegraphics.Ifthedriverlehasaprocedureforreadingsizelesfortypethenthatwillbeused,otherwiseitwillusetheprocedureforreading.epsles.(ThusyoumayspecifythesizeofbitmaplesinalewithaPostScriptstyle%%BoundingBoxlineifnootherformatisavailable.)commandAcommandthatwillbeappliedtothele.Thisisveryoftenleftblank.Thiscommandmuststartwithasinglebackwardquote.Thus,\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip-c#1}speciesthatanylewiththeextension.eps.gzshouldbetreatedasanepsle,withtheBoundingBoxinformationstoredinthelewithextension.eps.bb,and Chapter22:Graphics183 thatthecommandgunzip-cwillrunonyourplatformtodecompressesthele.Suchacommandisspecictoyourplatform.Inaddition,yourTEXsystemmustallowyoutorunexternalcommands;asasecuritymeasuremodernsys-temsrestrictrunningcommandsunlessyouexplicitlyallowit.Seethedocu-mentationforyourTEXdistribution.22.3CommandsforgraphicsThesearethecommandsavailablewiththegraphicsandgraphicxpackages.22.3.1\includegraphicsSynopsesforgraphicspackage:\includegraphics{filename}\includegraphics[urx,ury]{filename}\includegraphics[llx,lly][urx,ury]{filename}\includegraphics*{filename}\includegraphics*[urx,ury]{filename}\includegraphics*[llx,lly][urx,ury]{filename}Synopsesforgraphicxpackage:\includegraphics{filename}\includegraphics[key-valuelist]{filename}\includegraphics*{filename}\includegraphics*[key-valuelist]{filename}Includeagraphicsle.Thestarredform\includegraphics*willclipthegraphictothesizespecied,whilefortheunstarredformanypartofthegraphicthatisoutsidetheboxofthespeciedsizewillover-printthesurroundingarea.This\usepackage{graphicx}%inpreamble...\begin{center}\includegraphics{plot.pdf}\end{center}willincorporateintothedocumentthegraphicinplot.pdf,centeredandatitsnominalsize.Youcanalsogiveapathtothele,aswith\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}.Tospecifyalistoflocationstosearchforthele,see Section22.2.1[\graphicspath],page180 .Ifyourlenameincludesspacesthenputitindoublequotes.Anexampleis\includegraphics{"sisterpicture.jpg"}.The\includegraphics{filename}commanddecidesonthetypeofgraphicbysplittinglenameontherstdot.Youcanuselenamewithnodot,asin\includegraphics{turing}andthenLATEXtriesasequenceofextensionssuchas.pngand.pdfuntilitndsalewiththatextension(see Section22.2.2[\DeclareGraphicsExtensions],page181 ).Ifyourlenamecontainsdotsbeforetheextensionthenyoucanhidethemwithcurlybraces,asin\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}.Or,ifyouusethegraphicx Chapter22:Graphics184 packagethenyoucanusetheoptionstypeandext;seebelow.Thisandotherlenameissuesarealsohandledwiththepackagegrffile.ThisexampleputsagraphicinagureenvironmentsoLATEXcanmoveittothenextpageifttingitonthecurrentpageisawkward(see Section8.10[gure],page52 ).\begin{figure}\centering\includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg}\caption{Theevidenceisoverwhelming:don'tsmoke.}\label{fig:xray}\end{figure}Thisplacesagraphicthatwillnot oat,soitissuretoappearatthispointinthedocumentevenifmakesLATEXstretchthetextorresorttoblankareasonthepage.Itwillbecenteredandwillhaveacaption.\usepackage{caption}%inpreamble...\begin{center}\includegraphics{pix/nix.png}\captionof{figure}{Thespiritofthenight}\label{pix:nix}%optional\end{center}Thisexampleputsaboxwithagraphicsidebysidewithonehavingtext,withthetwoverticallycentered.\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}...\begin{center}\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}}\hspace{1em}\vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}\begin{displaymath}f(x)=x\cdot\sin(1/x)\end{displaymath}\end{minipage}}\end{center}Ifyouusethegraphicspackagethentheonlyoptionsinvolvethesizeofthegraphic(butsee Section22.3.2[\rotatebox],page188, and Section22.3.3[\scalebox],page189 ).Whenoneoptionalargumentispresentthenitis[urx,ury]anditgivesthecoordinatesofthetoprightcorneroftheimage,asapairofTEXdimensions(see Section14.1[Unitsoflength],page121 ).Iftheunitsareomittedtheydefaulttobp.Inthiscase,thelowerleftcorneroftheimageisassumedtobeat(0,0).Iftwooptionalargumentsarepresentthentheleadingoneis[llx,lly],specifyingthecoordinatesoftheimage'slowerleft.Thus,\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}callsforthegraphictobeplacedsoitis1inchwideand0.618inchestallandsoitsoriginisat(0,0).Thegraphicxpackagegivesyoumanymoreoptions.Specifytheminakey-valueform,ashere.\begin{center}\includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion}\hspace{2em} Chapter22:Graphics185 \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion}\end{center}Theoptionsarereadleft-to-right.Sotherstgraphicaboveismadeoneinchwideandthenrotated,whilethesecondisrotatedandthenmadeoneinchwide.Thus,unlessthegraphicisperfectlysquare,thetwowillendwithdierentwidthsandheights.Therearemanyoptions.Theprimaryonesarelistedrst.NotethatagraphicisplacedbyLATEXintoabox,whichistraditionallyreferredtoasitsboundingbox(distinctfromthePostScriptBoundingBoxdescribedbelow).Thegraphic'sprintedareamaygobeyondthisbox,orsitinsidethisbox,butwhenLATEXmakesupapageitputstogetherboxesandthisistheboxallocatedforthegraphic.widthThegraphicwillbeshownsoitsboundingboxisthiswidth.Anexampleis\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}.YoucanusethestandardTEXdi-mensions(see Section14.1[Unitsoflength],page121 )andalsoconvenientis\linewidth,orinatwo-columndocument,\columnwidth(see Section5.5[Pagelayoutparameters],page24 ).Anexampleisthatbyusingthecalcpackageyoucanmakethegraphicbe1cmnarrowthanthewidthofthetextwith\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}.heightThegraphicwillbeshownsoitsboundingboxisthisheight.YoucanusethestandardTEXdimensions(see Section14.1[Unitsoflength],page121 ),andalsoconvenientare\pageheightand\textheight(see Section5.5[Pagelayoutparameters],page24 ).Forinstance,thecommand\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}willmakethegraphicaquarteroftheheightofthetextarea.totalheightThegraphicwillbeshownsoitsboundingboxhasthisheightplusdepth.Thisdiersfromtheheightifthegraphicwasrotated.Forinstance,ifithasbeenrotatedby-90thenitwillhavezeroheightbutalargedepth.keepaspectratioIfsettotrue,orjustspeciedashere\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}andyougiveasoptionsbothwidthandheight(ortotalheight),thenLATEXwillmakethegraphicisaslargeaspossiblewithoutdistortion.Thatis,LATEXwillensurethatneitheristhegraphicwiderthanwidthnortallerthanheight(ortotalheight).scaleFactorbywhichtoscalethegraphic.Tomakeagraphictwiceitsnominalsize,enter\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}.Thisnumbermaybeanyvalue;anumberbetween1and0willshrinkthegraphicandanegativenumberwillre ectit.angleRotatethegraphic.Theangleistakenindegreesandcounterclockwise.Thegraphicisrotatedaboutitsorigin;seethatoption.Foracompletedescriptionofhowrotatedmaterialistypeset,see Section22.3.2[\rotatebox],page188 .originThepointofthegraphicaboutwhichtherotationhappens.Possiblevaluesareanystringcontainingoneortwoof:lforleft,rforright,b Chapter22:Graphics186 forbottom,cforcenter,tfortop,andBforbaseline.Thus,enteringthecommand\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}willturnthepictureupsidedownaboutthatpicture'scenter,whilethecommand\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}willturnitspictureupsidedownaboutitsleftbaseline.(Thecharactercgivesthehorizontalcenterinbcortc,butgivestheverticalcenterinlcorrc.)ThedefaultislB.Torotateaboutanarbitrarypoint,see Section22.3.2[\rotatebox],page188 .Thesearelesser-usedoptions.viewportPickoutasubregionofthegraphictoshow.Takesfourarguments,separatedbyspacesandgiveninTEXdimensions,aswith\includegraphics[..,viewport=0in0in1in0.618in]{...}.Thedimensionsdefaulttobigpoints,bp.Theyaretakenrelativetotheoriginspeciedbytheboundingbox.Seealsothetrimoption.trimGivespartsofthegraphictonotshow.Takesfourarguments,separatedbyspa-ces,thataregiveninTEXdimensions,aswith\includegraphics[..,trim=0in0.1in0.2in0.3in,...]{...}.Thesegivetheamountsofthegraphicnottoshow,thatis,LATEXwillcropthepictureby0inchesontheleft,0.1inchesonthebottom,0.2inchesontheright,and0.3inchesonthetop.Seealsotheviewportoption.clipIfsettotrue,orjustspeciedashere\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}thenthegraphiciscroppedtotheboundingbox.Thisisthesameasusingthestarredformofthecommand,\includegraphics*[...]{...}.pageGivethepagenumberofamulti-pagePDFle.Thedefaultispage=1.pageboxSpecieswhichboundingboxtouseforPDFlesfromamongmediabox,cropbox,bleedbox,trimbox,orartbox.PDFlesdonothavetheBounding-BoxthatPostScriptleshave,butmayspecifyuptofourpredenedrectangles.TheMediaBoxgivestheboundariesofthephysicalmedium.TheCropBoxistheregiontowhichthecontentsofthepagearetobeclippedwhendisplayed.TheBleedBoxistheregiontowhichthecontentsofthepageshouldbeclippedinproduction.TheTrimBoxistheintendeddimensionsofthenishedpage.TheArtBoxistheextentofthepage'smeaningfulcontent.ThedriverwillsettheimagesizebasedonCropBoxifpresent,otherwiseitwillnotuseoneoftheothers,withadriver-denedorderofpreference.MediaBoxisalwayspresent.interpolateEnableordisableinterpolationofrasterimagesbytheviewer.Canbesetwithinterpolate=trueorjustspeciedashere.\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}quietDonotwriteinformationtothelog.Youcansetitwithquiet=trueorjustspecieditwith\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...},draftIfyousetitwithdraft=trueorjustspecifyitwith\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...} Chapter22:Graphics187 thenthegraphicwillnotappearinthedocument,possiblysavingcolorprinterink.Instead,LATEXwillputanemptyboxofthecorrectsizewiththelenameprintedinit.TheseoptionsaddresstheboundingboxforEncapsulatedPostScriptgraphicles,whichhaveasizespeciedwithaline%%BoundingBoxthatappearsinthele.Ithasfourval-ues,givingthelowerxcoordinate,lowerycoordinate,upperxcoordinate,andupperycoordinate.TheunitsarePostScriptpoints,equivalenttoTEX'sbigpoints,1/72inch.Forexample,ifan.epslehastheline%%BoundingBox10204080thenitsnaturalsizeis30/72inchwideby60/72inchtall.bbSpecifytheboundingboxofthedisplayedregion.Theargumentisfourdimen-sionsseparatedbyspaces,aswith\includegraphics[..,bb=0in0in1in0.618in]{...}.Usually\includegraphicsreadstheBoundingBoxnumbersfromtheEPSleautomatically,sothisoptionisonlyusefuliftheboundingboxismissingfromthatleorifyouwanttochangeit.bbllx,bblly,bburx,bburySettheboundingbox.Thesefourareobsolete,butareretainedforcompati-bilitywitholdpackages.natwidth,natheightAnalternativeforbb.Setting\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}isthesameassettingbb=001in0.618in.hiresbbIfsettotrue,orjustspeciedaswith\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}thenLATEXwilllookfor%%HiResBoundingBoxlinesinsteadof%%BoundingBoxlines.(TheBoundingBoxlinesuseonlynaturalnumberswhiletheHiResBoundingBoxlinesusedecimals;bothuseunitsequivalenttoTEX'sbigpoints,1/72inch.)Tooverrideapriorsettingoftrue,youcansetittofalse.ThesefollowingoptionsallowausertooverrideLATEX'smethodofchoos-ingthegraphictypebasedonthelenameextension.Anexampleisthat\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}willreadthelelion.xxxasthoughitwerelion.png.Formoreonthese,see Section22.2.3[\DeclareGraphicsRule],page182 .typeSpecifythegraphicstype.extSpecifythegraphicsextension.Onlyusethisinconjunctionwiththeoptiontype.readSpecifytheleextensionofthereadle.Onlyusethisinconjunctionwiththeoptiontype.commandSpecifyacommandtobeappliedtothisle.Onlyusethisinconjunctionwiththeoptiontype.See Section28.1[Commandlineoptions],page220, foradiscussionofenablingthe\write18functionalitytorunexternalcommands. Chapter22:Graphics188 22.3.2\rotateboxSynopsisifyouusethegraphicspackage:\rotatebox{angle}{material}Synopsesifyouusethegraphicxpackage:\rotatebox{angle}{material}\rotatebox[key-valuelist]{angle}{material}Putmaterialinaboxandrotateitangledegreescounterclockwise.Thisexamplerotatesthetablecolumnheadsfortyvedegrees.\begin{tabular}{ll}\rotatebox{45}{Character}&\rotatebox{45}{NATOphonetic}\\A&AL-FAH\\B&BRAH-VOH\end{tabular}Thematerialcanbeanythingthatgoesinabox,includingagraphic.\rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}}Toplacetherotatedmaterial,therststepisthatLATEXsetsmaterialinabox,withareferencepointontheleftbaseline.Thesecondstepistherotation,bydefaultaboutthereferencepoint.ThethirdstepisthatLATEXcomputesaboxtoboundtherotatedmaterial.Fourth,LATEXmovesthisboxhorizontallysothattheleftedgeofthisnewboundingboxcoincideswiththeleftedgeoftheboxfromtherststep(theyneednotcoincidevertically).Thisnewboundingbox,initsnewposition,iswhatLATEXusesastheboxwhentypesettingthismaterial.Ifyouusethegraphicspackagethentherotationisaboutthereferencepointofthebox.Ifyouusethegraphicxpackagethenthesearetheoptionsthatcangointhekey-valuelist,butnotethatyoucangetthesameeectwithoutneedingthispackage,exceptforthexandyoptions(see Section22.3.1[\includegraphics],page183 ).originThepointofthematerial'sboxaboutwhichtherotationhappens.Possiblevalueisanystringcontainingoneortwoof:lforleft,rforright,bforbottom,cforcenter,tfortop,andBforbaseline.Thus,therstlinehere\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{moon}\rotatebox[origin=lB]{180}{LeBateau}willturnthepictureupsidedownfromthecenterwhilethesecondwillturnitspictureupsidedownaboutitsleftbaseline.(Thecharactercgivesthehorizontalcenterinbcortcbutgivestheverticalcenterinlcorrc,andgivesbothinc.)ThedefaultislB.x,ySpecifyanarbitrarypointofrotationwith\rotatebox[x=TEXdimension,y=TEXdimension]{...}(see Section14.1[Unitsoflength],page121 ).Thesegivetheosetfromthebox'sreferencepoint.unitsThiskeyallowsyoutochangethedefaultofdegreescounterclockwise.Settingunits=-360changesthedirectiontodegreesclockwiseandsettingunits=6.283185changestoradianscounterclockwise. Chapter22:Graphics189 22.3.3\scaleboxSynopses:\scalebox{horizontalfactor}{material}\scalebox{horizontalfactor}[verticalfactor]{material}\reflectbox{material}Scalethematerial.Thisexamplehalvesthesize,bothhorizontallyandvertically,ofthersttextanddoublesthesizeofthesecond.\scalebox{0.5}{DRINKME}and\scalebox{2.0}{EatMe}Ifyoudonotspecifytheoptionalverticalfactorthenitdefaultstothesamevalueasthehorizontalfactor.Youcanusethiscommandtoresizeagraphic,ashere.\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}Ifyouusethegraphicxpackagethenyoucanaccomplishthesamethingwithoptionalargumentsto\includegraphics(see Section22.3.1[\includegraphics],page183 ).The\reflectboxcommandabbreviates\scalebox{-1}[1]{material}.Thus,AblewasI\reflectbox{AblewasI}willshowthephrase`AblewasI'immediatelyfollowedbyitsmirrorre ection.22.3.4\resizeboxSynopses:\resizebox{horizontallength}{verticallength}{material}\resizebox*{horizontallength}{verticallength}{material}Givenasize,suchas3cm,transformmaterialtomakeitthatsize.Ifeitherhorizontallengthorverticallengthisanexclamationpoint!thentheotherargumentisusedtodetermineascalefactorforbothdirections.Thisexamplemakesthegraphicbeahalfinchwideandscalesitverticallybythesamefactortokeepitfrombeingdistorted.\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}}Theunstarredform\resizeboxtakesverticallengthtobethebox'sheightwhilethestarredform\resizebox*takesittobeheight+depth.Forinstance,makethetexthaveaheight+depthofaquarterinchwith\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{Thisboxhasbothheightanddepth.}}.Youcanuse\depth,\height,\totalheight,and\widthtorefertotheoriginalsizeofthebox.Thus,makethetexttwoincheswidebutkeeptheoriginalheightwith\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Twoinches}. 190 23SpecialinsertionsLATEXprovidescommandsforinsertingcharactersthathaveaspecialmeaningdonotcorrespondtosimplecharactersyoucantype.23.1ReservedcharactersLATEXsetsasidethefollowingcharactersforspecialpurposes.Forexample,thepercentsign%isforcomments.Theyarecalledreservedcharactersorspecialcharacters.#$%&{}_~^\Ifyouwantareservedcharactertobeprintedasitself,inthetextbodyfont,forallbutthenalthreecharactersinthatlistsimplyputabackslash\infrontofthecharacter.Thus,typing\$1.23willproduce$1.23inyouroutput.Astothelastthreecharacters,togetatildeinthetextbodyfontuse\~{}(omittingthecurlybraceswouldresultinthenextcharacterreceivingatildeaccent).Similarly,togetagetatextbodyfontcircum exuse\^{}.Togetabackslashinthefontofthetextbody,enter\textbackslash{}.Toproducethereservedcharactersinatypewriterfontuse\verb!!asbelow(thedoublebackslash\\isonlytheretosplitthelines).\begin{center}\#\$\%\&\{\}\_\~{}\^{}\textbackslash\\\verb!#$%&{}_~^\!\end{center}23.2UpperandlowercaseSynopsis:\uppercase{text}\lowercase{text}\MakeUppercase{text}\MakeLowercase{text}Changethecaseofcharacters.TheTEXprimitivescommands\uppercaseand\lowercaseonlyworkforAmericancharacters.TheLATEXcommands\MakeUppercaseand\MakeLowercasecommandsalsochangecharactersaccessedbycommandssuchas\aeor\aa.Thecommands\MakeUppercaseand\MakeLowercasearerobustbuttheyhavemovingarguments(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Thesecommandsdonotchangethecaseoflettersusedinthenameofacommandwithintext.ButtheydochangethecaseofeveryotherLatinletterinsidetheargumenttext.Thus,\MakeUppercase{Let$y=f(x)$gproduces`LETY=F(X)'.Anotherexampleisthatthenameofanenvironmentwillbechanged,sothat\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular}...\end{tabular}}willproduceanerrorbecausethersthalfischangedto\begin{TABULAR}.LATEXusesthesamexedtableforchangingcasethroughoutadocument,ThetableusedisdesignedforthefontencodingT1;thisworkswellwiththestandardTEXfontsforallLatinalphabetsbutwillcauseproblemswhenusingotheralphabets. Chapter23:Specialinsertions191 Tochangethecaseoftextthatresultsfromamacroinsidetextyouneedtodoexpansion.Herethe\Schoolnameproduces`COLLEGEOFMATHEMATICS'.\newcommand{\schoolname}{CollegeofMathematics}\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\schoolname}}ThetextcasepackagebringssomeofthemissingfeatureofthestandardLATEXcom-mands\MakeUppercaseand\MakeLowerCase.Touppercaseonlytherstletterofwords,youcanusethepackagemfirstuc.23.3SymbolsbyfontpositionYoucanaccessanycharacterofthecurrentfontusingitsnumberwiththe\symbolcom-mand.Forexample,thevisiblespacecharacterusedinthe\verb*commandhasthecodedecimal32,soitcanbetypedas\symbol{32}.Youcanalsospecifynumbersinoctal(base8)byusinga'prex,orhexadecimal(base16)witha"prex,sothepreviousexamplecouldalsobewrittenas\symbol{'40}or\symbol{"20}.23.4TextsymbolsLATEXprovidescommandstogenerateanumberofnon-lettersymbolsinrunningtext.Someofthese,especiallythemoreobscureones,arenotavailableinOT1.UnlessyouareusingXeLATEXorLuaLATEXthenyoumayneedtoloadthetextcomppackage.\copyright\textcopyrightc Thecopyrightsymbol.\dagyThedaggersymbol(intext).\ddagzThedoubledaggersymbol(intext).\LaTeXTheLATEXlogo.\LaTeXeTheLATEX2elogo.\guillemotleft()\guillemotright()\guilsinglleft()\guilsinglright(),,,Doubleandsingleanglequotationmarks,commonlyusedinFrench.\ldots\dots\textellipsis...Anellipsis(threedotsatthebaseline):\ldotsand\dotsalsoworkinmathmode.\lq`Left(opening)quote.\P\textparagraph{Paragraphsign(pilcrow). Chapter23:Specialinsertions192 \pounds\textsterling$Englishpoundssterling.\quotedblbase()\quotesinglbase( )and Doubleandsinglequotationmarksonthebaseline.\rq'Right(closing)quote.\S\textsectionxSectionsign.\TeXTheTEXlogo.\textasciicircum^ASCIIcircum ex.\textasciitilde~ASCIItilde.\textasteriskcentered*Centeredasterisk.\textbackslash\Backslash.\textbar|Verticalbar.\textbardbljjDoubleverticalbar.\textbigcircleBigcirclesymbol.\textbraceleftfLeftbrace.\textbracerightgRightbrace.\textbulletBullet.\textcircled{letter}Circlearoundletter.\textcompwordmark\textcapitalcompwordmark\textascendercompwordmarkUsedtoseparatelettersthatwouldnormallyligature.Forexample,f\textcompwordmarkiproduces`fi'withoutaligature.Thisismostusefulinnon-Englishlanguages.The\textcapitalcompwordmarkformhasthecapheightofthefontwhilethe\textascendercompwordmarkformhastheascenderheight. Chapter23:Specialinsertions193 \textdaggeryDagger.\textdaggerdblzDoubledagger.\textdollar(or\$)$Dollarsign.\textemdash(or---)|Em-dash(usedforpunctuation,asinTheplayoffs---ifyouarefortunateenoughtomaketheplayoffs---ismorelikeasprint.).\textendash(or--){En-dash(usedforranges,asinSeepages12--14).\texteuroTheEurosymbol:e.Foranalternativeglyphdesign,trytheeurosympack-age;also,mostfontsnowadayscomewiththeirownEurosymbol(UnicodeU+20AC).\textexclamdown(or!`)Upsidedownexclamationpoint.\textgreater&#x-333;Greaterthansymbol.\textlessLessthansymbol.\textleftarrowLeftarrow.\textordfeminine\textordmasculinea ,o Feminineandmasculineordinalsymbols.\textperiodcentered
Centeredperiod.\textquestiondown(or?`)�Upsidedownquestionmark.\textquotedblleft(or``)\Doubleleftquote.\textquotedblright(or'')"Doublerightquote.\textquoteleft(or`)`Singleleftquote.\textquoteright(or')'Singlerightquote.\textquotesingleStraightsinglequote.(FromTS1encoding.) Chapter23:Specialinsertions194 \textquotestraightbase\textquotestraightdblbaseSingleanddoublestraightquotesonthebaseline.\textregisteredR Registeredsymbol.\textrightarrowRightarrow.\textthreequartersemdash\Three-quarters"em-dash,betweenen-dashandem-dash.\texttrademarkTMTrademarksymbol.\texttwelveudash\Two-thirds"em-dash,betweenen-dashandem-dash.\textunderscore Underscore.\textvisiblespaceVisiblespacesymbol.23.5AccentsLATEXhaswidesupportformanyoftheworld'sscriptsandlanguages,throughthebabelpackageandrelatedsupportifyouareusingpdfLATEX,orpolyglossiaifyouareusingXeLATEXorLuaLATEX.Thissectiondoesnotcoverthatsupport.ItonlyliststhecoreLATEXcommandsforcreatingaccentedcharacters.The\capital...commandsshownhereproducealternativeformsforusewithcapitalletters.ThesearenotavailablewithOT1.Below,tomakethemeasiertond,theaccentsareallillustratedwithlowercase`o'.Notethat\iproducesadotlessi,and\jproducesadotlessj.Theseareoftenusedinplaceoftheirdottedcounterpartswhentheyareaccented.\"\capitaldieresisoUmlaut(dieresis).\'\capitalacuteoAcuteaccent.\._oDotaccent.\=\capitalmacronoMacron(overbar)accent.\^\capitalcircumflex^oCircum ex(hat)accent. Chapter23:Specialinsertions195 \`\capitalgraveoGraveaccent.\~\capitaltilde~nTildeaccent.\boBaraccentunderneath.Relatedtothis,\underbar{text}producesabarundertext.TheargumentisalwaysprocessedinLRmode(see Chapter17[Modes],page151 ).Thebarisalwaysaxedpositionunderthebaseline,thuscrossingthroughdescenders.Seealso\underlinein Section16.7[Mathmiscellany],page149 .\c\capitalcedillacCedillaaccentunderneath.\d\capitaldotaccento.Dotaccentunderneath.\H\capitalhungarumlaut}oLongHungarianumlautaccent.\k\capitalogonekoOgonek.NotavailableintheOT1encoding.\r\capitalringoRingaccent.\t\capitaltie\newtie\capitalnewtieooTie-afteraccent.The\newtieformiscenteredinitsbox.\u\capitalbreveoBreveaccent.\v\capitalcaronoHacek(check,caron)accent.23.6AdditionalLatinlettersHerearethebasicLATEXcommandsforinsertinglettersbeyondA{ZthatextendtheLatinalphabet,usedprimarilyinlanguagesotherthanEnglish.\aa\AAaandA. Chapter23:Specialinsertions196 \ae\AEand.\dh\DHIcelandiclettereth:ðandÐ.NotavailablewithOT1encoding,youneedthefontencpackagetoselectanalternatefontencoding,suchasT1.\dj\DJCrosseddandD,a.k.a.capitalandsmallletterdwithstroke.NotavailablewithOT1encoding,youneedthefontencpackagetoselectanalternatefontencoding,suchasT1.\ij\IJijandIJ(exceptsomewhatclosertogetherthanappearshere).\l\L land L.\ng\NGLappishlettereng,alsousedinphonetics.\o\Oand.\oe\OEand.\ss\SSandSS.\th\THIcelandicletterthorn:þandÞ.NotavailablewithOT1encoding,youneedthefontencpackagetoselectanalternatefontencoding,suchasT1.23.7\ruleSynopsis,oneof:\rule{width}{thickness}\rule[raise]{width}{thickness}Producearule,alled-inrectangle.Thisproducesarectangularblob,sometimescalledaHalmossymbol,oftenusedtomarktheendofaproof.\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}Theamsthmpackageincludesthiscommand,withasomewhatdierent-lookingsymbol.Themandatoryargumentsgivethehorizontalwidthandverticalthicknessoftherect-angle.Theyarerigidlengths(see Chapter14[Lengths],page120 ).Theoptionalargumentraiseisalsoarigidlength,andtellsLATEXhowmuchtoraisetheruleabovethebaseline,orloweritifthelengthisnegative.Thisproducesaline,arectanglethatiswidebutnottall.\noindent\rule{\textwidth}{0.4pt} Chapter23:Specialinsertions197 Thelineisthewidthofthepageand0.4pointstall.ThislinethicknessiscommoninLATEX.Arulethathaszerowidth,orzerothickness,willnotshowupintheoutput,butcancauseLATEXtochangetheoutputaroundit.See Section19.13[\strut],page165, forexamples.23.8\todaySynopsis:\todayProducetoday'sdateintheformat`monthdd,yyyy'.Anexampleofadateinthatformatis`July4,1976'.Multilingualpackagessuchasbabelorpolyglossia,orclassessuchaslettre,willlocalize\today.Forexample,thefollowingwilloutput`4juillet1976':\year=1976\month=7\day=4\documentclass{minimal}\usepackage[french]{babel}\begin{document}\today\end{document}\todayusesthecounters\day,\month,and\year(see Section13.8[\day&\month&\year],page119 ).AnumberofpackageonCTANworkwithdates.Oneisdatetimepackagewhichcanproduceawidevarietyofdateformats,includingISOstandards.ThedateisnotupdatedastheLATEXprocessruns,soinprinciplethedatecouldbeincorrectbythetimetheprogramnishes. 198 24SplittingtheinputLATEXletsyousplitalargedocumentintoseveralsmallerones.Thiscansimplifyeditingorallowmultipleauthorstoworkonthedocument.Itcanalsospeedprocessing.Regardlessofhowmanyseparatelesyouuse,thereisalwaysonerootle,onwhichLATEXcompilationstarts.Thisshowssuchalewithveincludedles.\documentclass{book}\includeonly{%commentoutlinesbelowtoomitcompilingpref,chap1,chap2,append,bib}\begin{document}\frontmatter\include{pref}\mainmatter\include{chap1}\include{chap2}\appendix\include{append}\backmatter\include{bib}\end{document}Thiswillbringinmaterialfrompref.tex,chap1.tex,chap2.tex,append.tex,andbib.tex.Ifyoucompilethisle,andthencommentoutallofthelinesinside\includeonly{...}exceptforchap1,andcompileagain,thenLATEXwillonlyprocessthematerialintherstchapter.Thus,youroutputwillappearmorequicklyandbeshortertoprint.However,theadvantageofthe\includeonlycommandisthatLATEXwillretainthepagenumbersandallofthecrossreferenceinformationfromtheotherpartsofthedocumentsothesewillappearinyouroutputcorrectly.See SectionA.4[Largerbooktemplate],page225, foranotherexampleof\includeonly.24.1\endinputSynopsis:\endinputWhenyou\include{filename},insidefilename.texthematerialafter\endinputwillnotbeincluded.Thiscommandisoptional;iffilename.texhasno\endinputthenLATEXwillreadallofthele.Forexample,supposethatadocument'srootlehas\input{chap1}andthisischap1.tex.\chapter{One}Thismaterialwillappearinthedocument. Chapter24:Splittingtheinput199 \endinputThiswillnotappear.Thiscanbeusefulforputtingdocumentationorcommentsattheendofale,orforavoidingjunkcharactersthatcanbeaddedduringmailing.Itisalsousefulfordebugging:onestrategytolocalizeerrorsistoput\endinputhalfwaythroughtheincludedleandseeiftheerrordisappears.Now,knowingwhichhalfcontainstheerror,moving\endinputtohalfwaythroughthatareafurthernarrowsdownthelocation.Thisprocessrapidlyndstheoendingline.Afterreading\endinput,LATEXcontinuestoreadtotheendoftheline,sosomethingcanfollowthiscommandandbereadnonetheless.Thisallowsyou,forinstance,toclosean\if...witha\fi.24.2\include&\includeonlySynopsis:\includeonly{%indocumentpreamble...filename,...}...\include{filename}%indocumentbodyBringmaterialfromtheexternallefilename.texintoaLATEXdocument.The\includecommanddoesthreethings:itexecutes\clearpage(see Section10.1[\clearpage&\cleardoublepage],page95 ),thenitinputsthematerialfromfilename.texintothedocument,andthenitdoesanother\clearpage.Thiscommandcanonlyappearinthedocumentbody.The\includeonlycommandcontrolswhichleswillbereadbyLATEXundersubsequent\includecommands.Itslistoflenamesiscomma-separated,anditcanonlyappearinthepreamble.Thisexamplerootdocument,constitution.tex,bringsinthreeles,preamble.tex,articles.tex,andamendments.tex.\documentclass{book}\includeonly{preamble,articles,amendments}\begin{document}\include{preamble}\include{articles}\include{amendments}\end{document}Thelepreamble.texcontainsnospecialcode;youhavejustexcerptedthechapterfromconsitution.texandputitinaseparatelejustforeditingconvenience.\chapter{Preamble} Chapter24:Splittingtheinput200 WethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,...RunningLATEXonconstitution.texmakesthematerialfromthethreelesappearinthedocumentbutalsogeneratestheauxiliarylespreamble.aux,articles.aux,andamendments.tex.Thesecontaininformationsuchaspagenumbersandcross-references(see Chapter7[Crossreferences],page41 ).Ifyounowcommentout\includeonly'slineswithpreambleandamendmentsandrunLATEXagainthentheresultingdocumentshowsonlythematerialfromarticles.tex,notthematerialfrompreamble.texoramendments.tex.Nonetheless,alloftheauxiliaryinformationfromtheomittedlesisstillthere,includingthestartingpagenumberofthechapter.Ifthedocumentpreambledoesnothave\includeonlythenLATEXwillincludeallthelesyoucallforwith\includecommands.The\includecommandmakesanewpage.Toavoidthat,see Section24.3[\input],page201, (which,however,doesnotretaintheauxiliaryinformation).See SectionA.4[Largerbooktemplate],page225, foranotherexampleusing\includeand\includeonly.Thatexamplealsouses\inputforsomematerialthatwillnotneces-sarilystartonanewpage.Filenamescaninvolvepaths.\documentclass{book}\includeonly{chapters/chap1,}\begin{document}\include{chapters/chap1}\end{document}Tomakeyourdocumentportableacrossdistributionsandplatformsyoushouldavoidspacesinthelenames.Thetraditionistoinsteadusedashesorunderscores.Nevertheless,forthename`amoamasamat',thisworksunderTEXLiveonGNU/Linux:\documentclass{book}\includeonly{"amo\spaceamas\spaceamat"}\begin{document}\include{"amo\spaceamas\spaceamat"}\end{document}andthisworksunderMiKTEXonWindows:\documentclass{book}\includeonly{{"amoamasamat"}}\begin{document}\include{{"amoamasamat"}}\end{document} Chapter24:Splittingtheinput201 Youcannotuse\includeinsidealethatisbeingincludedoryouget`LaTeXError:\includecannotbenested.'The\includecommandcannotappearinthedocumentpreamble;youwillget`LaTeXError:Missing\begin{document}'.Ifalethatyou\includedoesnotexist,forinstanceifyou\include{athiesm}butyoumeant\include{atheism},thenLATEXdoesnotgiveyouanerrorbutwillwarnyou`Nofileathiesm.tex.'(Itwillalsocreateathiesm.aux.)Ifyou\includetherootleinitselfthenyourstget`LaTeXError:Canbeusedonlyinpreamble.'Laterrunsget`TeXcapacityexceeded,sorry[textinputlevels=15]'.Toxthis,youmustremovetheinclusion\include{root}butalsodeletetheleroot.auxandrerunLATEX.24.3\inputSynopsis:\input{filename}LATEXprocessestheleasifitscontentswereinsertedinthecurrentle.Foramoresophisticatedinclusionmechanismsee Section24.2[\include&\includeonly],page199 .Iflenamedoesnotendin`.tex'thenLATEXrsttriesthelenamewiththatextension;thisistheusualcase.Iflenameendswith`.tex'thenLATEXlooksforthelenameasitis.Forexample,this\input{macros}willcauseLATEXtorstlookformacros.tex.Ifitndsthatlethenitprocessesitscontentsasthoughttheyhadbeencopy-pastedin.Ifthereisnoleofthenamemacros.texthenLATEXtriesthenamemacros,withoutanextension.(Thismayvarybydistribution.)Tomakeyourdocumentportableacrossdistributionsandplatformsyoushouldavoidspacesinthelenames.Thetraditionistoinsteadusedashesorunderscores.Nevertheless,forthename`amoamasamat',thisworksunderTEXLiveonGNU/Linux:\input{"amo\spaceamas\spaceamat"}andthisworksunderMiKTEXonWindows:\input{{"amoamasamat"}} 202 25Front/backmatter25.1Tableofcontentsetc.Synopsis,oneof:\tableofcontents\listoffigures\listoftablesProduceatableofcontents,orlistofgures,orlistoftables.Putthecommandintheinputlewhereyouwantthetableorlisttogo.Youdonottypetheentries;forexample,typicallythetableofcontentsentriesareautomaticallygeneratedfromthesectioningcommands\chapter,etc.Thisexampleillustratestherstcommand,\tableofcontents.LATEXwillproduceatableofcontentsonthebook'srstpage.\documentclass{book}%\setcounter{tocdepth}{1}\begin{document}\tableofcontents\newpage...\chapter{...}...\section{...}...\subsection{...}...\end{document}Uncommentingthesecondlinewouldcausethattabletocontainchapterandsectionlistingsbutnotsubsectionlistings,becausethe\sectioncommandhaslevel1.See Chapter6[Sectioning],page30, forlevelnumbersofthesectioningunits.Formoreonthetocdepthsee [Sectioning/tocdepth],page31 .Anotherexampleoftheuseof\tableofcontentsisin SectionA.4[Largerbooktem-plate],page225 .Ifyouwantapagebreakafterthetableofcontents,writea\newpagecommandafterthe\tableofcontentscommand,asabove.TomakethetableofcontentsLATEXstorestheinformationinanauxiliarylenamedroot-file.toc(see Chapter24[Splittingtheinput],page198 ).Forexample,thisLATEXletest.tex\documentclass{article}\begin{document}\tableofcontents\newpage\section{Firstsection}\subsection{Firstsubsection}... Chapter25:Front/backmatter203 writesthefollowinglinetotest.toc.\contentsline{section}{\numberline{1}Firstsection}{2}\contentsline{subsection}{\numberline{1.1}Firstsubsection}{2}Thesectionorsubsectionisthesectioningunit.Thehook\numberlineletsyoutochangehowtheinformationappearsinthetableofcontents.Ofitstwoarguments,1or1.1isthesectioningunitnumberandFirstsectionorFirstsubsectionisthetitle.Finally,2isthepagenumberonwhichthesectioningunitsstart.OneconsequenceofthisauxiliarylestoragestrategyisthattogetthecontentspagecorrectyoumustrunLATEXtwice,oncetostoretheinformationandoncetogetit.Inparticular,thersttimethatyourunLATEXonanewdocument,thetableofcontentspagewillbeemptyexceptforits`Contents'header.Justrunitagain.Thecommands\listoffiguresand\listoftablesproducealistofguresandalistoftables.Theyworkthesamewayasthecontentscommands;forinstance,theseworkwithinformationstoredin.lofand.lotles.Tochangetheheaderforthetableofcontentspagedosomethingliketherstlinehere.\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Tableofcontents}\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots}\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Tables}Similarly,theothertwolineswilldotheothertwo.Internationalizationpackagessuchasbabelorpolyglossiawillchangetheheadersdependingonthechosenbaselanguage.CTANhasmanypackagesforthetableofcontentsandlistsofguresandtables.Oneconvenientoneforadjustingsomeaspectsofthedefault,suchasspacing,istocloft.And,tocbibbindwillautomaticallyaddthebibliography,index,etc.tothetableofcontents.25.1.1\addcontentslineSynopsis:\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text}Addanentrytothelespeciedbyext.Usuallyextisoneoftocforthetableofcontents,lofforthelistofgures,orlotforthelistoftables.Thefollowingwillresultinan`Appendices'lineinthetableofcontents.\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}Itwillappearatthesameindentationlevelasthesections,willbeinboldface,andwillbeassignedthepagenumberassociatedwiththepointwhereitappearsintheinputle.The\addcontentslinecommandwritesinformationtotheleroot-name.ext.Itwritesthatinformationasthetextofthecommand\contentsline{unit}{text}{num},wherenumisthecurrentvalueofcounterunit.Themostcommoncaseisthetableofcontentsandtherenumisthepagenumberoftherstpageofunit.Thiscommandisinvokedbythesectioningcommands\chapter,etc.,andalsoby\captioninsidea oatenvironment.Butitisalsousedbyauthors.Forexample,inabooktohavetheprefaceunnumbered,youmayusethestarred\chapter*.Butthatdoesnotputintableofcontentsinformation,soyoucanenteritmanually,ashere.\chapter*{Preface}\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{}Preface} Chapter25:Front/backmatter204 Inthe.tocleLATEXwillputtheline\contentsline{chapter}{\numberline{}Preface}{3};notethepagenumber`3'.Alloftheargumentsfor\addcontentslinearerequired.extTypicallyoneofthestringstocforthetableofcontents,lofforthelistofgures,orlotforthelistoftables.Thelenameextensionoftheinformationle.unitAstringthatdependsonthevalueoftheextargument:tocForthetableofcontents,thisisthenameofasectionalunit:part,chapter,section,subsection,etc.lofForthelistofgures:figure.lotForthelistoftables:table.textThetextoftheentry.Youmust\protectanycommandsthatarefragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).The\addcontentslinecommandhasaninteractionwith\include(see Section24.2[\include&\includeonly],page199 ).Ifyouusethematthesamelevel,aswith\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}thenlinesinthetableofcontentscancomeoutinthewrongorder.Thesolutionistomove\addcontentslineintothelebeingincluded.IfyouuseaunitthatLATEXdoesnotrecognize,ashere\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}thenyoudon'tgetanerrorbuttheformattinginthetableofcontentswillnotmakesense.25.1.2\addtocontentsSynopsis:\addtocontents{ext}{text}Addtext,whichmaybetextorformattingcommands,directlytotheauxiliarylewithextensionext.Thisismostcommonlyusedforthetableofcontentssothatisthediscussionhere,butthisalsoappliestothelistofguresandlistoftables.Thiswillputsomeverticalspaceinthetableofcontentsafterthe`Contents'header.\tableofcontents\newpage\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace*{3ex}}The\addtocontentscommandhastwoarguments.Botharerequired.extTypicallyoneof:tocforthetableofcontents,lofforthelistofgures,orlotforthelistoftables.Theextensionoftheleholdingtheinformation.textThetext,andpossiblycommands,tobewritten.Thesectioningcommandssuchas\chapterusethe\addcontentslinecommandtostoreinformation.Thiscommandcreateslinesinthe.tocauxiliarylecontainingthe\contentslinecommand(see Section25.1.1[\addcontentsline],page203 ).Incontrast,thecommand\addtocontentsputsmaterialdirectlyinthatle. Chapter25:Front/backmatter205 The\addtocontentscommandhasaninteractionwith\include(see Section24.2[\include&\includeonly],page199 ).Ifyouusethematthesamelevel,aswith\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...}thenlinesinthetableofcontentscancomeoutinthewrongorder.Thesolutionistomove\addtocontentsintothelebeingincluded.25.1.3\nofilesSynopsis:\nofilesPreventLATEXfromwritinganyauxiliaryles.Theonlyoutputwillbethe.logand.pdf(or.dvi)les.Thiscommandmustgointhepreamble.Becauseofthe\nofilescommandthisexamplewillnotproducea.tocle.\documentclass{book}\nofiles\begin{document}\tableofcontents\newpage\chapter{...}...LATEXwillnoteraseanyexistingauxiliaryles,soifyouinsertthe\nofilescommandafteryouhaveruntheleandgottena.tocthenthetableofcontentspagewillcontinuetoshowtheoldinformation.25.2IndexesThisdocumenthasanindex.\documentclass{article}\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex...\begin{document}...RecallWilson'sTheorem:\index{Wilson'sTheorem}anumber\(�n1\)isprimeifandonlyifthefactorialof\(n-1\)iscongruentto\(-1\)modulo~\(n\)....\printindex...The\usepackage{makeidx}and\makeindexinthepreamblebringintherelevantcom-mands.Producinganindexisathreestageprocess.First,inthedocumentbodyyoudeclareindexentrieswiththe\indexcommand(see Section25.2.1[\index],page206 ).WhenyourunLATEX,the\indexwritesitsinformationtoanauxiliaryleroot-name.idx.Next,toalphabetizeandtodoothermanipulationsyourunanexternalcommand,typicallymakeindexorxindy(see Section25.2.2[makeindex],page207 ).Theseoutputaleroot-name.ind.Finally,youbringtheinformationbackintoyourdocumentandtypesetitwiththe\printindexcommand(see Section25.2.3[\printindex],page210 ). Chapter25:Front/backmatter206 Therearemanypackagesthatapplytoindexingcommands.Theshowidxpackagecauseseachindexentriestobeshowninthemarginonthepagewheretheentryappears.Thiscanhelpinpreparingtheindex.Themultindpackagesupportsmultipleindexes.SeealsotheTEXFAQentryonthistopic, http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind .25.2.1\indexSynopsis:\index{index-entry-string}Declareanentryintheindex.Thiscommandisfragile(see Section12.11[\protect],page113 ).Forexample,asdescribedin Section25.2[Indexes],page205 ,onewaytogetanindexfromwhat'sbelowistocompilethedocumentwithpdflatextest,thenprocesstheindexentrieswithmakeindextest,andthencompileagainwithpdflatextest.W~Ackermann(1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}...Ackermannfunction\index{Ackermann!function}...rateofgrowth\index{Ackermann!function!growthrate}Allthreeindexentrieswillgetapagenumber,suchas`Ackermann,22'.LATEXwillformatthesecondasasubitemoftherst,onthelinebelowitandindented,andthethirdasasubitemofthesecond.Threelevelsdeepisasfarasyoucannestsubentries.(Ifyouadd\index{Ackermann!function!growthrate!comparison}thenmakeindexsays`Scanninginputfiletest.idx....done(4entriesaccepted,1rejected)'andnothingappearsintheindex).Ifyouenterasecond\indexwiththesameindex-entry-stringthenyouwillgetasingleindexentrywithtwopagenumbers(unlesstheyhappentofallonthesamepage).Thus,addingasforAckermann.\index{Ackermann}laterinthesamedocumentasabovewillgiveanindexentrylike`Ackermann,22,151'.Also,youcanentertheindexentriesinanyorder,soforinstance\index{Ackermann!function}couldcomebefore\index{Ackermann}.Getapagerangeintheoutput,like`Hilbert,23--27',ashere.W~Ackermann(1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}...D~Hilbert(1862--1943)\index{Ackermann!Hilbert\(}...disapprovedofhismarriage.\index{Ackermann!Hilbert\)}Ifthebeginningandendingofthepagerangeareequalthenthesystemjustgivesasinglepageentry,notarange.Ifyouindexsubentriesbutnotamainentry,aswith\index{Jones!program}and\index{Jones!results},thentheoutputistheitem`Jones'withnocommaorpagenumber,followedbytwosubitems,like`program,50'and`results,51'.Generateaindexentrythatsays`See'byusingaverticalbarcharacter:\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter'sfunction}}.Youcaninsteadget`See Chapter25:Front/backmatter207 also'withseealso.(Thetext`See'isdenedby\seename,and`Seealso'by\alsoname.Youcanredenetheseeitherbyusinganinternationalizationpackagesuchasbabelorpolyglossia,ordirectlyaswith\renewcommand{\alsoname}[1]{Alsosee#1}.)The`See'featureispartofamoregeneralfunctionality.Aftertheverticalbaryoucanputthenameofaone-inputcommand,asin\index{group|textit}(notethemiss-ingbackslashonthe\textitcommand)andthesystemwillapplythatcommandtothepagenumber,heregivingsomethinglike\textit{7}.Youcandeneyourownone-inputcommands,suchas\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}}andthen\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage}willgiveabluepagenumber(see Chapter21[Color],page175 ).Another,lesspractical,exampleisthis,\newcommand\indexownpage[1]{#1,\thepage}...Epimenides.\index{self-reference|indexownpage}whichcreatesanentrycitingthepagenumberofitsownindexlisting.Thetwofunctionsjustdescribedcombine,ashere\index{Ackermann!function|(definedpage}...\index{Ackermann!function|)}whichoutputsanindexentrylike`function,23--27'wherethepagenumberrangeisinblue.Consideranindexentrysuchas`-ring'.Enteringitas$\alpha$-ringwillcauseittobealphabetizedaccordingtothedollarsign.Youcaninsteadenteritusinganat-sign,as\index{alpha-ring@$\alpha$-ring}.Ifyouspecifyanentrywithanat-signseparatingtwostrings,pos@text,thenposgivesthealphabeticalpositionoftheentrywhiletextproducesthetextoftheentry.Anotherexampleisthat\index{SaintMichael'sCollege@SMC}producesanindexentry`SMC'alphabetizedintoadierentlocationthanitsspellingwouldnaturallygiveit.Toputa!,or@,or|characterinanindexentry,precedingitwithadoublequote,".(Thedoublequotegetsdeletedbeforealphabetization.)AnumberofpackagesonCTANhaveadditionalfunctionalitybeyondthatprovidedbymakeidx.Oneisindex,whichallowsformultipleindicesandcontainsacommand\index*{index-entry-string}thatprintstheindex-entry-stringaswellasindexingit.The\indexcommandwritestheindexinginformationtotheleroot-name.idxle.Specically,itwritestextofthecommand\indexentry{index-entry-string}{page-num},wherepage-numisthevalueofthe\thepagecounter.Onoccasion,whenthe\printindexcommandisconfused,youhavetodeletethisletostartwithafreshslate.Ifyouomittheclosingbraceofan\indexcommandthenyougetamessagelikethis.Runawayargument?{Ackermann!function!Paragraphendedbefore\@wrindexwascomplete.25.2.2makeindexSynopsis,oneof:makeindexfilenamemakeindex-sstyle-filefilenamemakeindexoptionsfilename0... Chapter25:Front/backmatter208 Sort,andotherwiseprocess,theindexinformationintheauxiliarylelename.Thisisacommandlineprogram.Ittakesoneormorerawindexles,filename.idxles,andproducestheactualindexle,thefilename.indlethatisinputby\printindex(see Section25.2.3[\printindex],page210 ).Therstformofthecommandsucesformanyuses.Thesecondallowsyoutoformattheindexbyusinganindexstylele,a.istyle.Thethirdformisthemostgeneral;seethefulldocumentationonCTAN.Thisisasimple.istyle.%book.isty%$makeindex-sbook.isty-poddbook.idx%createstheindexasbook.ind,startingonanoddpage.preamble"\\pagestyle{empty}\\small\\begin{theindex}\\thispagestyle{empty}"postamble"\n\\end{theindex}"Thedescriptionherecoversonlysomeoftheindexformattingpossibilitiesinstyle-le.ForafulllistseethedocumentationonCTAN.Astyleleconsistsofalistofpairs:specierandattribute.Thesecanappearintheleinanyorder.Alloftheattributesarestrings,exceptwherenoted.Stringsaresurroundedwithdoublequotes,",andthemaximumlengthofastringis144characters.The\nisforanewlineand\tisforatab.Backslashesareescapedwithanotherbackslash,\\.Ifalinebeginswithapercentsign,%,thenitisacomment.preamblePreambleoftheoutputle.Denesthecontextinwhichtheindexisformatted.Default:"\\begin{theindex}\n".postamblePostambleoftheoutputle.Default:"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n".group_skipTraditionallyindexitemsarebrokenintogroups,typicallyagroupforentriesstartingwith`a',etc.Thisspeciergiveswhatisinsertedwhenanewgroupbegins.Default:"\n\n\\indexspace\n"(\indexspaceisarubberlengthwithdefaultvalue10ptplus5ptminus3pt).lethead_flagAninteger.Itgovernswhatisinsertedforanewgrouporletter.Ifitis0(whichisthedefault)thenotherthangroup_skipnothingwillbeinsertedbeforethegroup.Ifitispositivethenatanewletterthelethead_prefixandlethead_suffixwillbeinserted,withthatletterinuppercasebetweenthem.Ifitisnegativethenwhatwillbeinsertedistheletterinlowercase.Thedefaultis0. Chapter25:Front/backmatter209 lethead_prefixIfanewgroupbeginswithadierentletterthenthisistheprexinsertedbeforethenewletterheader.Default:""lethead_suffixIfagroupbeginswithadierentletterthenthisisthesuxinsertedafterthenewletterheader.Default:"".item_0Whatisputbetweentwolevel0items.Default:"\n\\item".item_1Putbetweentwolevel1items.Default:"\n\\subitem".item_2putbetweentwolevel2items.Default:"\n\\subsubitem".item_01Whatisputbetweenalevel0itemandalevel1item.Default:"\n\\subitem".item_x1Whatisputbetweenalevel0itemandalevel1iteminthecasethatthelevel0itemdoesn'thaveanypagenumbers(asin\index{aaa|see{bbb}}).Default:"\n\\subitem".item_12Whatisputbetweenalevel1itemandalevel2item.Default:"\n\\subsubitem".item_x2Whatisputbetweenalevel1itemandalevel2item,ifthelevel1itemdoesn'thavepagenumbers.Default:"\n\\subsubitem".delim_0Delimiterputbetweenalevel0keyanditsrstpagenumber.Default:acommafollowedbyablank,",".delim_1Delimiterputbetweenalevel1keyanditsrstpagenumber.Default:acommafollowedbyablank,",".delim_2Delimiterbetweenalevel2keyanditsrstpagenumber.Default:acommafollowedbyablank,",".delim_nDelimiterbetweentwopagenumbersforthesamekey(atanylevel).Default:acommafollowedbyablank,",".delim_rWhatisputbetweenthestartingandendingpagenumbersofarange.Default:"--".line_maxAninteger.Maximumlengthofanindexentry'slineintheoutput,beyondwhichthelinewraps.Default:72.indent_spaceWhatisinsertedatthestartofawrappedline.Default:"\t\t".indent_lengthAnumber.Thelengthofthewrappedlineindentation.Thedefaultindent_spaceistwotabsandeachtabiseightspacessothedefaulthereis16.page_precedenceAdocumentmayhavepagesnumberedindierentways.Forexample,abookmayhavefrontmatterpagesnumberedinlowercaseromanwhilemainmatterpagesareinarabic.Thisstringspeciestheorderinwhichtheywillappearin Chapter25:Front/backmatter210 theindex.Themakeindexcommandsupportsvedierenttypesofnumerals:lowercaseromanr,andnumericorarabicn,andlowercasealphabetica,anduppercaseromanR,anduppercasealphabeticA.Default:"rnaRA".Thereareanumberofotherprogramsthatdothejobmakeindexdoes.Oneisxindy,whichdoesinternationalizationandcanprocessindexesfordocumentsmarkedupusingLATEXandanumberofotherlanguages.Itishighlycongurable,bothinmarkuptermsandintermsofthecollatingorderofthetext,asdescribedinitsdocumentation.25.2.3\printindexSynopsis:\printindexPlacetheindexintotheoutput.Togetanindexyoumustrstinclude\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindexinthedoc-umentpreambleandcompilethedocument,thenrunthesystemcommandmakeindex,andthencompilethedocumentagain.See Section25.2[Indexes],page205, forfurtherdiscussionandanexampleoftheuseof\printindex.25.3GlossariesSynopsis:\usepackage{glossaries}\makeglossaries...\newglossaryentry{label}{settings}...\gls{label}....\printglossariesTheglossariespackageallowsyoutomakeglossaries,includingmultipleglossaries,aswellaslistsofacronyms.Togettheoutputfromthisexample,compilethedocument(forinstancewithpdflatexfilename),thenrunthecommandlinecommandmakeglossariesfilename,andthencompilethedocumentagain.\documentclass{...}\usepackage{glossaries}\makeglossaries\newglossaryentry{tm}{%name={Turingmachine},description={Amodelofamachinethatcomputes.Themodelissimplebutcancomputeanythinganyexistingdevicecancompute.ItisthestandardmodelusedinComputerScience.},}\begin{document}Everythingbeginswiththedefinitionofa\gls{tm}....\printglossaries\end{document} Chapter25:Front/backmatter211 Thatgivestwothings.Inthemaintextitoutputs`...definitionofaTuringmachine'.Inaddition,inaseparatesectionalunitheaded`Glossary'thereappearsadescriptionlist.Inboldfaceitsays`Turingmachine'andtherestoftheitemsaysinnormaltype`Amodelofamachine...ComputerScience'.Thecommand\makeglossaryopensthelethatwillcontaintheentryinformation,root-file.glo.Putthe\printglossariescommandwhereyouwanttheglossariestoappearinyourdocument.Theglossariespackageisverypowerful.Forinstance,besidesthecommands\newglossaryentryand\gls,therearesimilarcommandsforalistofacronyms.SeethepackagedocumentationsonCTAN.25.3.1\newglossaryentrySynopsis,oneof:\newglossaryentry{label}{name={name},description={description},otheroptions,...}or\longnewglossaryentry{label}{name={name},otheroptions...,}{description}Declareanewentryforaglossary.Thelabelmustbeuniqueforthedocument.Thesettingsassociatedwiththelabelarepairs:key=value.Thisputstheblackboardboldsymbolfortherealnumbersintheglossary.\newglossaryentry{R}{name={\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}},description={therealnumbers},}Usethesecondcommandformifthedescriptionspansmorethanoneparagraph.ForafulllistofkeysseethepackagedocumentationonCTANbuthereareafew.name(Required.)Theword,phrase,orsymbolthatyouaredening.description(Required.)Thedescriptionthatwillappearintheglossary.Ifthishasmorethanoneparagraphthenyoumustusethesecondcommandformgiveninthesynopsis.pluralThepluralformofname.Refertothepluralformusing\glsplor\Glspl(see Section25.3.2[\gls],page212 ). Chapter25:Front/backmatter212 sortHowtoplacethisentryinthelistofentriesthattheglossaryholds.symbolAsymbol,suchasamathematicalsymbol,besidesthename.25.3.2\glsSynopsis,oneof:\gls{label}\glspl{label}\Gls{label}\Glspl{label}Refertoaglossaryentry.Theentriesaredeclaredwith\newglossaryentry(see Section25.3.1[\newglossaryentry],page211 ).This\newglossaryentry{N}{%name={thenaturalnumbers},description={Thenumbers$0$,$1$,$2$,$\ldots$\@},symbol={\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}},}...Consider\gls{N}.givestheoutput`Considerthenaturalnumbers'.Thesecondcommandform\glspl{label}producesthepluralofname(bydefaultittriesaddingan`s').Thethirdformcapitalizestherstletterofname,asdoesthefourthform,whichalsotakestheplural. 213 26LettersSynopsis:\documentclass{letter}\address{sendersaddress}%returnaddress\signature{sendername}\begin{document}\begin{letter}{recipientaddress}\opening{salutation}letterbody\closing{closingtext}\end{letter}...\end{document}Produceoneormoreletters.Eachletterisinaseparateletterenvironment,whoseargumentrecipientaddressoftencontainsmultiplelinesseparatedwithadoublebackslash,(\\).Forexample,youmighthave:\begin{letter}{Ninondel'Enclos\\l'h\^otelSagonne}...\end{letter}Thestartoftheletterenvironmentresetsthepagenumberto1,andthefootnotenumberto1also.Thesenderaddressandsendernamearecommontoalloftheletters,whetherthereisoneormore,sothesearebestputinthepreamble.Aswiththerecipientaddress,oftensenderaddresscontainsmultiplelinesseparatedbyadoublebackslash(\\).LATEXwillputthesendernameundertheclosing,afteraverticalspaceforthetraditionalhand-writtensignature.Eachletterenvironmentbodybeginswitharequired\openingcommandsuchas\opening{DearMadamorSir:}.TheletterbodytextisordinaryLATEXsoitcancon-taineverythingfromenumeratedliststodisplayedmath,exceptthatcommandssuchas\chapterthatmakenosenseinaletterareturnedo.Eachletterenvironmentbodytypicallyendswitha\closingcommandsuchas\closing{Yours,}.Additionalmaterialmaycomeafterthe\closing.Youcansaywhoisreceivingacopyoftheletterwithacommandlike\cc{theBoss\\theBoss'sBoss}.There'sasimilar\enclcommandforalistofenclosures.And,youcanaddapostscriptwith\ps.LATEX'sdefaultistoindentthesendernameandtheclosingaboveitbyalengthof\longindentation.Bydefaultthisis0.5\textwidth.Tomakethem ushleft,put\setlength{\longindentation}{0em}inyourpreamble.Tosetaxeddateusesomethinglike\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}.Ifputinyourpreamblethenitwillapplytoalltheletters.Thisexampleshowsonlyoneletterenvironment.Thethreelinesmarkedasoptionalaretypicallyomitted.\documentclass{letter} Chapter26:Letters214 \address{Sender'sstreet\\Sender'stown}\signature{Sender'sname\\Sender'stitle}%optional:\location{Mailbox13}%optional:\telephone{(102)555-0101}\begin{document}\begin{letter}{Recipient'sname\\Recipient'saddress}\opening{Sir:}%optional:\thispagestyle{firstpage}Iamnotinterestedinenteringabusinessarrangementwithyou.\closing{Yourmosthumble,etc.,}\end{letter}\end{document}Thesecommandsareusedwiththeletterclass.26.1\addressSynopsis:\address{sendersaddress}Specifythereturnaddress,asitappearsontheletterandontheenvelope.Separatemultiplelinesinsendersaddresswithadoublebackslash,\\.Becauseitcanapplytomultiplelettersthisdeclarationisoftenputinthepreamble.However,itcangoanywhere,includinginsideanindividualletterenvironment.Thiscommandisoptional:ifyoudonotuseitthentheletterisformattedwithsomeblankspaceontop,forcopyingontopre-printedletterheadpaper.Ifyoudousethe\addressdeclarationthenitisformattedasapersonalletter.Hereisanexample.\address{StephenMaturin\\TheGrapesoftheSavoy}26.2\ccSynopsis:\cc{name0\\...}Producealistofnamestowhichcopiesoftheletterweresent.Thiscommandisoptional.Ifitappearsthentypicallyitcomesafter\closing.Putthenamesondierentlinesbyseparatingthemwithadoublebackslash,\\,asin:\cc{President\\VicePresident}26.3\closingSynopsis:\closing{text} Chapter26:Letters215 Producetheletter'sclosing.Thisisoptional,butusual.Itappearsattheendofaletter,aboveahandwrittensignature.Forexample:\closing{Regards,}26.4\enclSynopsis:\encl{firstenclosedobject\\...}Producealistofthingsincludedwiththeletter.Thiscommandisoptional;whenitisused,ittypicallyisputafter\closing.Separatemultiplelineswithadoublebackslash,\\.\encl{License\\Passport}26.5\locationSynopsis:\location{text}Thetextappearscenteredatthebottomofthepage.Itonlyappearsifthepagestyleisfirstpage.26.6\makelabelsSynopsis:\makelabels%inpreambleOptional,foradocumentthatcontainsletterenvironments.Ifyoujustput\makelabelsinthepreamblethenattheendofthedocumentyouwillgetasheetwithlabelsforalltherecipients,oneforeachletterenvironment,thatyoucancopytoasheetofpeel-oaddresslabels.Customizethelabelsbyredeningthecommands\startlabels,\mlabel,and\returnaddress(andperhaps\name)inthepreamble.Thecommand\startlabelssetsthewidth,height,numberofcolumns,etc.,ofthepageontowhichthelabelsareprinted.Thecommand\mlabel{returnaddress}{recipientaddress}producesthetwolabels(orone,ifyouchoosetoignorethereturnaddress)foreachletterenvironment.Therstargument,returnaddress,isthevaluereturnedbythemacro\returnaddress.Thesecondargument,recipientaddress,isthevaluepassedintheargumenttotheletterenvironment.Bydefault\mlabelignorestherstargument,thereturnaddress,causingthedefaultbehaviordescribedinthepriorparagraph.Thisillustratescustomization.Itsoutputincludesapagewithtwocolumnshavingtwolabelseach.\documentclass{letter}\renewcommand*{\returnaddress}{FredMcGuilicuddy\\Oshkosh,Mineola12305}\newcommand*\originalMlabel{} Chapter26:Letters216 \let\originalMlabel\mlabel\def\mlabel#1#2{\originalMlabel{}{#1}\originalMlabel{}{#2}}\makelabels...\begin{document}\begin{letter}{AEinstein\\112MercerStreet\\Princeton,NewJersey,USA08540}...\end{letter}\begin{letter}{KG\"odel\\145LindenLane\\Princeton,NewJersey,USA08540}...\end{letter}\end{document}Therstcolumncontainsthereturnaddresstwice.Thesecondcolumncontainstheaddressforeachrecipient.Thepackageenvlabmakesformattingthelabelseasier,withstandardsizesalreadypro-vided.Thepreamblelines\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab}and\makelabelsareallthatyouneedtoprintenvelopes.26.7\nameSynopsis:\name{name}Optional.Sender'sname,usedforprintingontheenvelopetogetherwiththereturnaddress.26.8\openingSynopsis:\opening{salutation}Required.Followsthe\begin{letter}{...}.Theargumentsalutationismandatory.Forinstance:\opening{DearJohn:}26.9\psSynopsis:\ps{text}Addapostscript.Thiscommandisoptionalandusuallyisusedafter\closing.\ps{P.S.Afteryouhavereadthisletter,burnit.Oreatit.} Chapter26:Letters217 26.10\signatureSynopsis:\signature{firstline\\...}Thesender'sname.Thiscommandisoptional,althoughitsinclusionisusual.Theargumenttextappearsattheendoftheletter,aftertheclosing.LATEXleavessomeverticalspaceforahandwrittensignature.Separatemultiplelineswithadoublebackslash,\\.Forexample:\signature{JFredMuggs\\WhiteHouse}LATEX'sdefaultfortheverticalspacefromthe\closingtextdowntothe\signaturetextis6\medskipamount,whichissixtimes\medskipamount(where\medskipamountisequaltoa\parskip,whichinturnisdenedbydefaulthereto0.7em).Thiscommandisusuallyinthepreamble,toapplytoallthelettersinthedocument.Tohaveitapplytooneletteronly,putitinsidealetterenvironmentandbeforethe\closing.Youcanincludeagraphicinthesignatureashere.\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\Myname}Forthisyoumustput\usepackage{graphicx}inthepreamble(see Chapter22[Graphics],page179 ).26.11\telephoneSynopsis:\telephone{number}Thesender'stelephonenumber.Thisistypicallyinthepreamble,whereitappliestoallletters.Thisonlyappearsifthefirstpagepagestyleisselected.Ifso,itappearsonthelowerrightofthepage. 218 27Terminalinput/output27.1\typeinSynopsis,oneof:\typein{prompt-msg}\typein[cmd]{prompt-msg}Printprompt-msgontheterminalandcauseLATEXtostopandwaitforyoutotypealineofinput.Thislineofinputendswhenyouhitthereturnkey.Forexample,thisAslongasIliveIshallneverforget\typein{Enterstudentname:}coupledwiththiscommandlineinteractionEnterstudentname:\@typein=AphraBehngivestheoutput`...neverforgetAphraBehn'.Therstcommandversion,\typein{prompt-msg},causestheinputyoutypedtobeprocessedasifithadbeenincludedintheinputleinplaceofthe\typeincommand.Inthesecondcommandversiontheoptionalargumentcmdargumentmustbeacommandname|itmustbeginwithabackslash,\.Thiscommandnameisthendenedorredenedtobetheinputthatyoutyped.Forexample,this\typein[\student]{Enterstudentname:}\typeout{Recommendationfor\student.}givesthisoutputonthecommandline,Enterstudentname:\student=JohnDeeRecommendationforJohnDee.wheretheuserhasentered`JohnDee.'27.2\typeoutSynopsis:\typeout{msg}Printmsgontheterminalandinthelogle.This\newcommand{\student}{JohnDee}\typeout{Recommendationfor\student.}outputs`RecommendationforJohnDee'.Likewhathappensherewith\student,com-mandsthataredenedwith\newcommandor\renewcommand(amongothers)arereplacedbytheirdenitionsbeforebeingprinted.LATEX'susualrulesfortreatingmultiplespacesasasinglespaceandignoringspacesafteracommandnameapplytomsg.Asabove,usethecommand\spacetogetasinglespace, 219 independentofsurroundingspaces.Use^^Jtogetanewline.Getapercentcharacterwith\csname@percentchar\endcsname.Thiscommandcanbeusefulforsimpledebugging,ashere:\newlength{\jhlength}\setlength{\jhlength}{5pt}\typeout{Thelengthis\the\jhlength.}producesonthecommandline`Thelengthis5.0pt'. 220 28CommandlineSynopsis(fromaterminalcommandline):pdflatexoptionsargumentRunLATEXonargument.Inplaceofpdflatexyoucanalsousexelatex,orlualatex,ordviluatex,orlatex.Forexample,thiswillrunLATEXonthelethesis.tex,creatingtheoutputthesis.pdf.pdflatexthesisNotethat.texisthedefaultleextension.pdfTEXisadevelopmentoftheoriginalTEXprogram,asareXeTEXandLuaTEX(see Section2.3[TEXengines],page4 ).Theyarecompletelybackwardcompatible.Buttheoriginalprogramhadacustomoutputformat,DVI,whiletheneweronescanoutputdirectlytoPDF.ThisallowsthemtotakeadvantageoftheextrafeaturesinPDFsuchashyperlinks,supportformodernimageformatssuchasJPGandPNG,andubiquitousviewingprograms.Inshort,ifyourunpdflatexorxelatexorlualatexthenyouwillbydefaultgetPDFandhaveaccesstoallitsmodernfeatures.Ifyourunlatex,ordvilualatex,thenyouwillgetDVI.ThedescriptionhereassumespdfLATEX.See Section28.1[Commandlineoptions],page220 ,foraselectionofthemostusefulcommandlineoptions.Astoargument,theusualcaseisthatitdoesnotbeginwithabackslash,sothesystemtakesittobethenameofaleanditcompilesthatle.IfargumentbeginswithabackslashthenthesystemwillinterpretitasalineofLATEXinput,whichcanbeusedforspecialeects(see Section28.2[Commandlineinput],page222 ).Ifyougavenoargumentsoroptionsthenpdflatexpromptsforinputfromtheterminal.Youcanescapefromthisbyenteringont;&#xrol0;.IfLATEXndsanerrorinyourdocumentthenbydefaultitstopsandasksyouaboutit.See Section28.3[Recoveringfromerrors],page222, foranoutlineofwhattodo.28.1CommandlineoptionsThesearethecommand-lineoptionsrelevanttoordinarydocumentauthoring.Forafulllist,tryrunning`latex--help'fromthecommandline.Withmanyimplementationsyoucanspecifycommandlineoptionsbyprexingthemwith`-'or`--'.ThisisthecaseforbothTEXLive(andMacTEX)andMiKTEX.Wewillusebothconventionsinterchangeably.-versionShowthecurrentversion,like`pdfTeX3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16(TeXLive2015/Debian)'alongwithasmallamountofadditionalinformation,andexit.-helpGiveabriefusagemessagethatisusefulasapromptandexit.-interaction=modeTEXcompilesadocumentinoneoffourinteractionmodes:batchmode,nonstopmode,scrollmode,errorstopmode.Inerrorstopmode(thedefault),TEXstopsateacherrorandasksforuserintervention.Inbatchmodeitprintsnothingontheterminal,errorsarescrolledasiftheuserhit&#xretu;&#xrn00;ateveryerror,andmissinglescausethejobtoabort.Innonstopmode,diagnosticmessageappearontheterminalbutasinbatchmodethereisno Chapter28:Commandline221 userinteraction.Inscrollmode,TEXonlystopsformissinglesorkeyboardinput.Forinstance,startingLATEXwiththiscommandlinepdflatex-interaction=batchmodefilenameeliminatesmostterminaloutput.-jobname=stringSetthevalueofTEX'sjobnametothestring.Thelogleandoutputlewillthenbenamedstring.logandstring.pdf.Whenyourunpdflatexoptionsargument,ifargumentdoesnotstartwithabackslashthenTEXconsidersitthenameofaletoinput.Otherwiseitwaitsfortherst\inputinstructionandthenameoftheinputlewillbethejobname.Thisisusedtonamethelogletheoutputle.Thejobnameoptionoverridesthatprocessanddirectlyspeciesthename.See Section28.2[Commandlineinput],page222, foranexampleofitsuse.-output-directory=directoryWritelesinthedirectorydirectory.Itmustalreadyexist.--shell-escape--no-shell-escape--enable-write18--disable-write18Enableordisable\write18{shellcommand}.ThersttwooptionsareforwithTEXLiveorMacTEXwhilethesecondtwoareforMiKTEX.SometimesyouwanttorunexternalsystemcommandsfrominsideaLATEXle.ForinstancethepackagesagetexallowsyoutohavethemathematicssoftwaresystemSagedocalculationsordrawgraphsandthenincorporatethatoutputinyourdocument.ForthisTEXprovidesthe\write18command.Butwiththisfunctionalityenabled,securityissuescouldhappenifyoucompiledaLATEXlefromtheInternet.Bydefault\write18isdisabled.(Moreprecisely,bydefaultTEXLive,MacTEX,andMiKTEXonlyallowtheexecutionofalimitednumberofTEX-relatedprograms,whichtheydistribute.)IfyouinvokeLATEXwiththeoptionno-shell-escape,andinyourdocumentyoucall\write18{ls-l},thenyoudonotgetanerrorbuttheloglesays`runsystem(ls-l)...disabled'.-halt-on-errorStopprocessingatthersterror.-file-line-error-no-file-line-errorEnableordisablefilename:lineno:error-styleerrormessages.TheseareonlyavailablewithTEXLiveorMacTEX. Chapter28:Commandline222 28.2CommandlineinputAspartofthecommandlineinvocationpdflatexoptionsargumentyoucanspecifyar-bitraryLATEXinputbystartingargumentwithabackslash.Thisallowsyoutodosomespecialeects.Forexample,thisle(whichusesthehyperrefpackageforhyperlinks)canproducetwokindsofoutput,oneforpaperandoneforaPDF.\ifdefined\paperversion%inpreamble\newcommand{\urlcolor}{black}\else\newcommand{\urlcolor}{blue}\fi\usepackage[colorlinks=true,urlcolor=\urlcolor]{hyperref}...\href{https://www.ctan.org}{CTAN}%inbody...Compilingthisdocumentbook.texwiththecommandlinepdflatexbookwillgivethe`CTAN'linkinblue.Butcompilingitwithpdflatex"\def\paperversion{}\inputbook.tex"hasthelinkinblack.(Notetheuseofdoublequotestopreventinterpretationofthesymbolsbythecommandlineshell;yoursystemmaydothisdierently.)Inasimilarway,fromthesinglelemain.texyoucancompiletwodierentversions.pdflatex-jobname=students"\def\student{}\input{main}"pdflatex-jobname=teachers"\def\teachers{}\input{main}"Thejobnameoptionistherebecauseotherwisebothleswouldbecalledmain.pdfandthesecondwouldoverwritetherst.Analexample.Thisloadsthepackagegraphicxwiththeoptiondraftpdflatex-jobname=aa"\RequirePackage[draft]{graphicx}\input{aa.tex}"sothegraphiclesarereadfortheirsizeinformationbutnotincorporatedintothePDF.(Thejobnameoptionistherebecauseotherwisetheoutputlewouldbegraphicx.pdf,as\RequirePackagedoesan\inputofitsown.)28.3RecoveringfromerrorsIfLATEXndsanerrorinyourdocumentthenitgivesyouanerrormessageandpromptsyouwithaquestionmark,?.Forinstance,runningLATEXonthisle\newcommand{\NP}{\ensuremath{\textbf{NP}}}The\PN{}problemisamilliondollarone.causesitshowthis,andwaitforinput.!Undefinedcontrolsequence.l.5The\PN{}problemisamilliondollarone.?Thesimplestthingistoenter`x'and&#xretu;&#xrn00;andxthetypo.Youcouldinsteadenter`?'and&#xretu;&#xrn00;toseeotheroptions. 223 Therearetwoothererrorscenarios.Therstisthatyouforgottoincludethe\end{document}ormisspelledit.InthiscaseLATEXgivesyoua`*'prompt.Youcangetbacktothecommandlinebytyping\stopand&#xretu;&#xrn00;.Thelastscenarioisthatyoumistypedthelename.Forinstance,insteadofpdflatextestyoumighttypepdflatextste.!Ican'tfindfile`tste'.&#x*000;tste(PressEntertoretry,orControl-Dtoexit)Pleasetypeanotherinputfilename:Thesimplestthingistoenteront;&#xrol0;and`d'(holdingthemdownatthesametime),andthenretypethecorrectcommandline. 224 AppendixADocumenttemplatesAlthoughnotreferencematerial,perhapsthesedocumenttemplateswillbeuseful.Addi-tionaltemplateresourcesarelistedat http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates .A.1beamertemplateThebeamerclasscreatespresentationslides.Ithasavastarrayoffeatures,buthereisabasictemplate:\documentclass{beamer}\title{BeamerClasstemplate}\author{AlexAuthor}\date{July31,2007}\begin{document}\maketitle%without[fragile],any{verbatim}codegetsmysteriouserrors.\begin{frame}[fragile]\frametitle{FirstSlide}\begin{verbatim}Thisis\verbatim!\end{verbatim}\end{frame}\end{document}Onewebresourceforthis: http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/ .A.2articletemplate\documentclass{article}\title{ArticleClassTemplate}\author{AlexAuthor}\begin{document}\maketitle\section{Firstsection}Sometext.\subsection{Firstsection,firstsubsection}Additionaltext. AppendixA:Documenttemplates225 \section{Secondsection}Somemoretext.\end{document}A.3booktemplateThisisastraightforwardtemplateforabook.SeeSee SectionA.4[Largerbooktemplate],page225, foramoreelaborateone.\documentclass{book}\title{BookClassTemplate}\author{AlexAuthor}\begin{document}\maketitle\chapter{First}Sometext.\chapter{Second}Someothertext.\section{Asubtopic}Theend.\end{document}A.4LargerbooktemplateThisisamoreelaboratetemplateforabook.Ithas\frontmatter,\mainmatter,and\backmattertocontrolthetypographyofthethreemainareasofabook(see Section6.7[\frontmatter&\mainmatter&\backmatter],page37 ).Thebookhasabibliographyandanindex.Notableisthatituses\includeand\includeonly(see Chapter24[Splittingtheinput],page198 ).Whileyouareworkingonachapteryoucancommentoutalltheotherchapterentriesfromtheargumentto\includeonly.Thatwillspeedupcompilationwithoutlosinganyinformationsuchascross-references.(Materialthatdoesnotneedtocomeonanewpageisbroughtinwith\inputinsteadof\include.Youdon'tgetthecross-referencebenetthisway.)\documentclass[titlepage]{book}\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex\title{BookClassTemplate}\author{AlexAuthor}\includeonly{%frontcover,preface,chap1, AppendixA:Documenttemplates226 ...}\begin{document}\frontmatter\include{frontcover}%maybecommentoutwhiledrafting:\maketitle\input{dedication}\input{copyright}\tableofcontents\include{preface}\mainmatter\include{chap1}...\appendix\include{appena}...\backmatter\bibliographystyle{apalike}\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}\bibliography\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index}\printindex\include{backcover}\end{document}A.5tugboattemplateTUGboatisthejournaloftheTEXUsersGroup, http://tug.org/TUGboat .\documentclass{ltugboat}\usepackage{graphicx}\usepackage{ifpdf}\ifpdf\usepackage[breaklinks,hidelinks]{hyperref}\else\usepackage{url}\fi%%%Startofmetadata%%%\title{Example\TUB\article}%repeatinfoforeachauthor.\author{FirstLast}\address{StreetAddress\\Town,Postal\\Country}\netaddress{user(at)exampledotorg}\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/} AppendixA:Documenttemplates227 %%%Endofmetadata%%%\begin{document}\maketitle\begin{abstract}Thisisanexamplearticlefor\TUB{}.Pleasewriteanabstract.\end{abstract}\section{Introduction}Thisisanexamplearticlefor\TUB,linkedfrom\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.Werecommendthe\texttt{graphicx}packageforimageinclusions,andthe\texttt{hyperref}packageifactiveurlsaredesired(inthe\acro{PDF}output).Nowadays\TUB\isproducedusing\acro{PDF}filesexclusively.The\texttt{ltugboat}classprovidestheseabbreviations(andmanymore):%verbatimblocksareoftenbetterin\small\begin{verbatim}[\small]\AllTeX\AMS\AmS\AmSLaTeX\AmSTeX\aw\AW\BibTeX\CTAN\DTD\HTML\ISBN\ISSN\LaTeXe\mf\MFB\plain\POBox\PS\SGML\TANGLE\TB\TP\TUB\TUG\tug\UNIX\XeT\WEB\WEAVE\,\bull\Dash\dash\hyph\acro{FRED}�-{\small[er]fred}%pleaseuse!\cs{fred}�-\fred\meta{fred}�-red;\nth{n}red;-1st,2nd,...\sfrac{3/4}red;-3/4\booktitle{BookofFred}\end{verbatim}Forreferencestoother\TUB\issue,pleaseusetheformat\textsl{volno:issno},e.g.,``\TUB\32:1''forour\nth{100}issue.Thisfileisjustatemplate.The\TUB\styledocumentationisthe\texttt{ltubguid}documentat\url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}.(For 228 \CTAN\references,wheresensiblewerecommendthatformofurl,using\texttt{/pkg/};or,ifyouneedtorefertoaspecificfilelocation,\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.)Email\verb|tugboat@tug.org|ifproblemsorquestions.\bibliographystyle{plain}%werecommendtheplainbibliographystyle\nocite{book-minimal}%justmakingthebibliographynon-empty\bibliography{xampl}%xampl.bibcomeswithBibTeX\makesignature\end{document} 229 Index*`*'prompt:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 219 *-formofenvironmentcommands::::::::::::: 107 *-formofsectioningcommands::::::::::::::::: 31 *-form,deningnewcommands::::::::::::::: 103 ..glole:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 207 .idxle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 202 , 204 .indle:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 204 .istyle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 204 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 145 ``see'and`seealso'indexentries::::::::::::::: 203 n\fboxrule::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 168 \fboxsep:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 168 \NEWLINE:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 158 \SPACE:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 158 \TAB:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 158 Aabstracts:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 accents::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 accents,mathematical:::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 accessinganycharacterofafont:::::::::::::: 188 acronyms,listof:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 207 acuteaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 acuteaccent,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 additionalpackages,loading::::::::::::::::::::: 9 aeligature:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 algorithm2epackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 alignenvironment,fromamsmath::::::::::::::: 52 aligningequations:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 52 alignmentviatabbing:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 74 amsfontspackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 127 amsmathpackage::::: 47 , 50 , 87 , 127 , 141 , 143 , 145 amsmathpackage,replacingeqnarray:::::::::: 52 amsthmpackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87 , 193 appendices::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 37 appendix:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 37 appendixpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38 aring::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 arrays,math::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47 arrow,left,intext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 arrow,right,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 ascenderheight::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 ASCIIcircum ex,intext::::::::::::::::::::: 189 ASCIItilde,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 asterisk,centered,intext::::::::::::::::::::: 189 Asymptotepackage::::::::::::::::::::::: 163 , 167 atclause,infontdenitions::::::::::::::::::: 110 author,fortitlepage:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 150 auxiliaryle:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 Bbabelpackage::::::::::: 34 , 84 , 191 , 194 , 200 , 203 background,colored::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 175 backslash,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 bar,doublevertical,intext::::::::::::::::::: 189 bar,vertical,intext:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 bar-overaccent::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 bar-overaccent,math::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 bar-underaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 basicsofLATEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 beamertemplateandclass:::::::::::::::::::: 221 beginningofdocumenthook::::::::::::::::::: 51 bibliographyformat,open::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 bibliography,creating(automatically):::::::::: 86 bibliography,creating(manually)::::::::::::::: 83 bibTEX,using:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 bigcirclesymbols,intext::::::::::::::::::::: 189 Bigpoint::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 bigfootpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 102 blackboxes,omitting::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 blackboardbold:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 140 bmpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 140 boldfont:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 boldmath::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 boldtypewriter,avoiding::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 boldfacemathematics::::::::::::::::::::::::: 140 book,backmatter::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38 book,endmatter:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38 book,frontmatter::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38 book,mainmatter::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38 box::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 166 box,allocatingnew::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 106 box,colored:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 174 box,save::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 170 box,usesavedbox:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 171 boxes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 166 brace,left,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 brace,right,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 breakinglines:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 90 breakingpages::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 95 breaks,multiplicationdiscretionary::::::::::: 145 breveaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 breveaccent,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 bugreporting::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 Index230 bulletsymbol::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 130 bullet,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 bulletedlists::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 Ccalligraphicfonts:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 140 calligraphiclettersformath:::::::::::::::::::: 18 capheight:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 caronaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 catcode::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 categorycode,character::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 cclist,inletters:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 211 cedillaaccent::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 centeredasterisk,intext:::::::::::::::::::::: 189 centeredequations:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 centeredperiod,intext::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 centeringtext,declarationfor:::::::::::::::::: 48 centeringtext,environmentfor::::::::::::::::: 48 Centimeter::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 chapter:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 , 33 charactercategorycode::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 characters,accented:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 characters,caseof:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 187 characters,non-English::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 characters,reserved::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 187 characters,special:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 187 checkaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 checkaccent,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 Cicero:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 circlesymbol,big,intext::::::::::::::::::::: 189 circledletter,intext:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 circum exaccent::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 circum exaccent,math::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 circum ex,ASCII,intext::::::::::::::::::::: 189 citationkey:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 84 classandpackagecommands::::::::::::::::::: 11 classandpackagedierence:::::::::::::::::::: 10 classandpackagestructure:::::::::::::::::::: 10 classleexample:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 classlelayout:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 classoptions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 , 10 , 12 classesofdocuments:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 cleverefpackage::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 , 100 closingletters::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 211 closingquote::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 code,typesetting::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 coloncharacter::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 145 color::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 colormodels:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 172 colorpackagecommands:::::::::::::::::::::: 173 colorpackageoptions::::::::::::::::::::::::: 172 color,dene:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 173 coloredboxes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 174 coloredpage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 175 coloredtext::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 173 commandline::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 217 commandsyntax:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 commands,classandpackage:::::::::::::::::: 11 commands,deningnewones:::::::::::: 103 , 105 commands,documentclass::::::::::::::::::::: 10 commands,graphicspackage:::::::::::::::::: 180 commands,ignorespaces:::::::::::::::::::::: 112 commands,redening::::::::::::::::::::::::: 103 commands,star-variants:::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 compositewordmark,intext::::::::::::::::: 189 computerprograms,typesetting:::::::::::::::: 88 conguration,graphicspackage::::::::::::::: 177 contentsle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 copyrightsymbol::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 counters,alistof::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 114 counters,deningnew:::::::::::::::::::::::: 105 counters,gettingvalueof::::::::::::::::::::: 115 counters,printing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 114 counters,setting:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 116 cprotectpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 , 89 creatingpictures::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 66 creatingtables::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 77 creditfootnote:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 151 crossreferences:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 crossreferences,resolving::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 crossreferencingwithpagenumber::::::::::::: 44 crossreferencing,symbolic::::::::::::::::::::: 44 currency,dollar::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 currency,euro:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 Ddagger,double,intext:::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 dagger,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 , 190 date,fortitlepage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 151 date,today's:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 194 datetimepackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 194 denecolor::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 173 deninganewcommand::::::::::::::::: 103 , 105 deningnewenvironments:::::::::::::::::::: 106 deningnewfonts:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 110 deningnewtheorems:::::::::::::::::::::::: 108 denitions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 103 delimiters,paired::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 descriptionlists,creating::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 designsize,infontdenitions::::::::::::::::: 110 Didotpoint::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 dieresisaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 dierencebetweenclassandpackage::::::::::: 10 discretionarybreaks,multiplication::::::::::: 145 discretionaryhyphenation:::::::::::::::::::::: 92 displaymathmode::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 148 displayingquotedtextwithparagraphindentation::::::::::::::::::::::: 74 displayingquotedtextwithoutparagraphindentation::::::::::::::::::::::: 74 documentclasscommands::::::::::::::::::::: 10 documentclassoptions:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 documentclass,dened::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 documentclasses:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 Index231 documenttemplates:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 221 dollarsign:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 dotaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 dotoveraccent,math::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 dot-overaccent::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 dot-underaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 dotlessi:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 dotlessi,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 132 dotlessj:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 dotlessj,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 132 dots:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 141 doubleanglequotationmarks::::::::::::::::: 188 doubledagger,intext:::::::::::::::::::: 188 , 190 doubledotaccent,math:::::::::::::::::::::: 143 doubleguillemets::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 doubleleftquote:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 doublelow-9quotationmark:::::::::::::::::: 189 doublequote,straightbase:::::::::::::::::::: 191 doublerightquote:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 doublespacing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 doubleverticalbar,intext:::::::::::::::::::: 189 doublestruck:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 140 Ee-dash:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 e-TEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 ellipses::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 141 ellipsis:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 em::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 em-dash:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 em-dash,three-quarters::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 em-dash,two-thirds::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 emphasis:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 enclosurelist::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 212 endofdocumenthook::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 endingandstarting::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 engines,TEX:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 enlargecurrentpage::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 96 enumitempackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 62 environment:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 environment,theorem-like::::::::::::::::::::: 108 environments:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 environments,dening:::::::::::::::::::::::: 106 envlabpackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 213 EPSles::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 177 , 180 equationnumber,crossreferencing::::::::::::: 44 equationnumbers,leftvs.right:::::::::::::::::: 9 equationnumbers,omitting:::::::::::::::::::: 53 equations,aligning::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 52 equations,environmentfor::::::::::::::::::::: 53 equations, ushleftvs.centered::::::::::::::::: 9 es-zetGermanletter:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 eth,Icelandicletter::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 etoolboxpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 eurosymbol:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 eurosympackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 ex:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 exclamationpoint,upside-down::::::::::::::: 190 exponent::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 128 extendedLatin::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 externalles,writing::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 54 Ffamilies,offonts::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 fancyhdrpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::: 150 , 152 fancyvrbpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 , 88 feminineordinalsymbol::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 gurenumber,crossreferencing:::::::::::::::: 44 gures,footnotesin:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 66 gures,inserting::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 53 le,root:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 195 xed-widthfont:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 flafterpackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 floatpackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 oatpage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 ushleftequations:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 ushing oatsandstartingapage:::::::::::::: 95 fontcatalogue:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 fontcommands,low-level::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 fontsize::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 fontsizes:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 fontstyles::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 17 fontsymbols,bynumber:::::::::::::::::::::: 188 fonts::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 17 fonts,newcommandsfor:::::::::::::::::::::: 110 fonts,script::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 140 footerstyle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 152 footer,parametersfor:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 footnotenumber,crossreferencing::::::::::::: 44 footnoteparameters:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 98 footnote,inatable::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 100 footnote,insectionheadings:::::::::::::::::: 100 footnote,ofafootnote:::::::::::::::::::::::: 102 footnotesingures::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 66 footnotes,creating::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 98 Footnotes,inaminipage::::::::::::::::::::::: 99 footnotes,symbolsinsteadofnumbers:::::::::: 98 formulas,environmentfor:::::::::::::::::::::: 53 formulas,math::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 127 forwardreference:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 forwardreferences,resolving::::::::::::::::::::: 4 fraction::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 fragilecommands::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 111 Frenchquotationmarks::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 functions,math::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 142 Index232 Ggeometrypackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 globaloptions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 , 10 glossaries::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 207 glossary:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 207 glossary,entries::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 208 glossary,entryreference::::::::::::::::::::::: 208 glueregister,plainTEX::::::::::::::::::::::: 106 graphics::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 176 , 177 , 180 graphicspackage:::::::::::::::::::: 176 , 177 , 180 graphicspackagecommands::::::::::::::::::: 180 graphicspackageoptions:::::::::::::::::::::: 176 graphicspackages:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 graphics,resizing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 186 graphics,scaling:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 186 graveaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 graveaccent,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 greaterthansymbol,intext:::::::::::::::::: 190 greekletters:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 129 group,andenvironments::::::::::::::::::::::: 46 Hhacekaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 hacekaccent,math::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 Halmossymbol::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 hataccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 hataccent,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 headerstyle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 152 header,parametersfor::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 hello,world::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 here,putting oats::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 horizontalspace:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 155 horizontalspace,stretchable:::::::::::::::::: 155 hungarianumlautaccent:::::::::::::::::::::: 192 hyperrefpackage::::::::::::::::::: 100 , 152 , 218 hyphenation,dening:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 hyphenation,discretionary::::::::::::::::::::: 92 hyphenation,forcing::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 92 hyphenation,preventing:::::::::::::::::::::: 166 IIcelandiceth:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 Icelandicthorn::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 idxle:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 204 ijletter,Dutch:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 implementationsofTEX::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 importinggraphics:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 180 in-lineformulas:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 64 includinggraphics:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 180 indent,forcing:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 124 indentationofparagraphs,inminipage::::::::: 66 indentfirstpackage::::::: 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 124 indexentries,`see'and`seealso':::::::::::::: 203 indexentry::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 203 indexpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 204 index,pagerange::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 203 index,printing:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 207 index,processing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 204 indexes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 202 innitehorizontalstretch::::::::::::::::::::: 155 inniteverticalstretch:::::::::::::::::::::::: 164 innerparagraphmode:::::::::::::::::::::::: 148 inputle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 195 input/output,toterminal::::::::::::::::::::: 215 insertinggures:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 53 insertionsofspecialcharacters:::::::::::::::: 187 internalverticalmode::::::::::::::::::::::::: 148 italiccorrection::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 160 italicfont:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 JJPEGles::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 177 , 180 JPGles::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 177 , 180 justication,raggedleft:::::::::::::::::::::::: 56 justication,raggedright:::::::::::::::::::::: 56 KKnuth,DonaldE.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 Llabel::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 labelledlists,creating:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 LamportTEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 Lamport,Leslie::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 landscapeorientation:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 LATEXlogo:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 LATEXoverview::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 LATEXProjectteam::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 LATEXvs.LATEX2e:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 LATEX2elogo::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 Latinletters,additional::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 layoutcommands:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 layout,pageparametersfor:::::::::::::::::::: 25 leftanglequotationmarks:::::::::::::::::::: 188 leftarrow,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 leftbrace,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 leftquote::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 leftquote,double::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 leftquote,single:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 left-handequationnumbers::::::::::::::::::::: 9 left-justifyingtext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 56 left-justifyingtext,environmentfor::::::::::::: 55 left-to-rightmode::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 148 lengths,addingto::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 120 lengths,allocatingnew:::::::::::::::::::::::: 106 lengths,deningandusing:::::::::::::::::::: 118 lengths,predened:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 121 lengths,setting::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 120 lessthansymbol,intext:::::::::::::::::::::: 190 letters,accented:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 letters,additionalLatin::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 Index233 letters,ending:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 211 letters,starting::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 213 letters,writing:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 210 linebreak,forcing:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 90 linebreaking::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 90 linebreaks,changing::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 linebreaks,forcing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 94 linebreaks,multiplicationdiscretionary::::::: 145 linebreaks,preventing::::::::::::::::::::::::: 94 linesintables:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 78 liningnumerals:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 liningtextupintables::::::::::::::::::::::::: 78 liningtextupusingtabstops:::::::::::::::::: 74 listitems,specifyingcounter:::::::::::::::::: 115 listofguresle:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 listoftablesle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 listingspackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 , 88 listsofitems::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 listsofitems,generic::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 listsofitems,numbered:::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 loadingadditionalpackages:::::::::::::::::::::: 9 logle:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 logo,LATEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 logo,LATEX2e::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 logo,TEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 longcommand::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11 low-9quotationmarks,singleanddouble:::::: 189 low-levelfontcommands::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 lowercase::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 187 LRmode::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 148 ltugboatclass:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 223 LuaTEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 Mm-width:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 macropackage,LATEXas:::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 macronaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 macronaccent,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 macros2epackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 Madsen,Lars:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 52 makeabox::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 166 makeindexprogram::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 204 makingatitlepage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87 makingparagraphs::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 123 marginalnotes:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 125 masculineordinalsymbol::::::::::::::::::::: 190 matchingbrackets:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 matchingparentheses::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 mathaccents::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 mathformulas:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 127 mathfunctions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 142 mathmiscellany:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 145 mathmode::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 148 mathmode,entering:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 127 mathmode,spacing:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 144 mathsymbols::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 129 math,bold::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 mathtoolspackage::::::::::::::::::::::: 127 , 144 mfirstucpackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 mhchempackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 128 Millimeter:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 minipage,creatinga::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 64 mintedpackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 , 88 modes:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 148 monospacefont:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 movingarguments:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 111 mpfootnotecounter:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 99 mu,mathunit:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 multicolumntext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 multilingualsupport:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 multindpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 202 multiplication,discretionary:::::::::::::::::: 145 NNBSP:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 158 nested\include,notallowed::::::::::::::::: 197 newclasscommands::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 newcommand,check::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11 newcommand,denition::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 newcommands,dening::::::::::::::::: 103 , 105 newline,outputasinput::::::::::::::::::::::: 91 newline,starting:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 90 newline,starting(paragraphmode):::::::::::: 92 newpage,starting::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 96 non-Englishcharacters:::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 notesinthemargin::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 125 nulldelimiter::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 numbereditems,specifyingcounter::::::::::: 115 numerals,old-style::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 Oobliquefont:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 oeligature:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 ogonek::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 old-stylenumerals:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 one-columnoutput::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 openingquote:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 OpenTypefonts::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 options,class:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 options,colorpackage::::::::::::::::::::::::: 172 options,documentclass::::::::::::::::::::: 8 , 10 options,global::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 options,graphicspackage::::::::::::::::::::: 176 options,package:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 , 12 ordinals,feminineandmasculine:::::::::::::: 190 oslash:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 outerparagraphmode:::::::::::::::::::::::: 148 overbaraccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 overdotaccent,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 overlining::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 overviewofLATEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 Index234 Ppackagelelayout::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 packageoptions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 , 12 package,algorithm2e:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 package,amsfonts:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 127 package,amsmath:::: 47 , 50 , 87 , 127 , 141 , 143 , 145 package,amsthm::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87 , 193 package,appendix::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38 package,Asymptote:::::::::::::::::::::: 163 , 167 package,babel:::::::::: 34 , 84 , 191 , 194 , 200 , 203 package,bigfoot::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 102 package,bm::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 140 package,cleveref:::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 , 100 package,cprotect:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 , 89 package,datetime:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 194 package,enumitem::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 62 package,envlab:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 213 package,etoolbox::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 package,eurosym::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 package,fancyhdr::::::::::::::::::::::: 150 , 152 package,fancyvrb:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 , 88 package,flafter:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 package,float::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 package,geometry:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 package,hyperref::::::::::::::::::: 100 , 152 , 218 package,indentfirst::::::: 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 124 package,index:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 204 package,listings:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 , 88 package,macros2e:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 package,mathtools:::::::::::::::::::::: 127 , 144 package,mfirstuc:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 package,mhchem:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 128 package,minted:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 , 88 package,multind::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 202 package,pict2e:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 package,polyglossia:::::::::: 191 , 194 , 200 , 203 package,sagetex::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 218 package,setspace::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 package,showidx::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 202 package,siunitx::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 159 package,symbols::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 129 package,textcase:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 package,textcomp::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 package,TikZ:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 163 , 167 package,titlesec::::::::::::::: 32 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 package,tocbibbind:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 200 package,tocloft::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 200 package,ulem::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 144 package,url::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 package,verbatimbox:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 packages,loadingadditional::::::::::::::::::::: 9 pagebreak,forcing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 97 pagebreak,preventing::::::::::::::::::::::::: 97 pagebreaking:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 95 pagelayoutparameters:::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 pagenumber,crossreferencing::::::::::::::::: 44 pagenumberingstyle::::::::::::::::::::::::: 151 pagestyle,thispage:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 153 pagestyles:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 150 page,colored::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 175 paireddelimiters:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 paragraph:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 , 36 paragraphindentation:::::::::::::::::::::::: 125 paragraphindentation,inminipage::::::::::::: 66 paragraphindentationsinquotedtext:::::::::: 74 paragraphindentationsinquotedtext,omitting::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 74 paragraphmode::::::::::::::::::::::::: 148 , 168 paragraphsymbol::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 paragraph,ending:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 123 paragraph,inabox::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 168 paragraphs::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 123 parameters,forfootnotes::::::::::::::::::::::: 98 parameters,pagelayout:::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 part:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 , 32 PDFgraphicles:::::::::::::::::::::::: 177 , 180 pdfTEX::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 pdfTEXengine:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 period,abbreviation-ending::::::::::::::::::: 157 period,centered,intext::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 period,sentence-ending::::::::::::::::::::::: 157 period,spacingafter:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 157 pica:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 pict2epackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 pictures,creating:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 66 pilcrow::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 placementof oats::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 PNGles:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 177 , 180 poetry,anenvironmentfor::::::::::::::::::::: 89 Point::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 polishl::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 polyglossiapackage::::::::::: 191 , 194 , 200 , 203 portraitorientation::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 position,inpicture::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 68 positionalparameter:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 103 postscript,inletters:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 213 poundssymbol::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 preamble,dened::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 predenedlengths:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 121 prompt,`*'::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 219 pronunciation::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 Qquad::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 145 questionmark,upside-down::::::::::::::::::: 190 quotationmarks,French:::::::::::::::::::::: 188 quote,singlestraight:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 quote,straightbase::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 quotedtextwithparagraphindentation,displaying::::::::::::::::::::::: 74 quotedtextwithoutparagraphindentation,displaying::::::::::::::::::::::: 74 Index235 Rradical:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 raggedlefttext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 56 raggedlefttext,environmentfor::::::::::::::: 56 raggedrighttext::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 56 raggedrighttext,environmentfor:::::::::::::: 55 redeningenvironments::::::::::::::::::::::: 106 reference,forward:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 references,resolvingforward::::::::::::::::::::: 4 registeredsymbol::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 relation,textabove::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 147 remarksinthemargin:::::::::::::::::::::::: 125 reportingbugs:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 reservedcharacters:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 187 resizing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 186 rightanglequotationmarks::::::::::::::::::: 188 rightarrow,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 rightbrace,intext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 rightquote::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 rightquote,double:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 rightquote,single::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 right-handequationnumbers:::::::::::::::::::: 9 right-justifyingtext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 56 right-justifyingtext,environmentfor::::::::::: 56 ringaccent::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 ringaccent,math::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 robustcommands::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 111 romanfont::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 rootle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 195 roots::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 rotatinggraphics:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 185 rotatingtext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 185 rotation:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 185 row,tabbing::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 75 rubberlengths,deningnew:::::::::::::::::: 106 runningheaderandfooter:::::::::::::::::::::: 25 runningheaderandfooterstyle::::::::::::::: 152 Ssagetexpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 218 sansseriffont:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 Scaledpoint:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 scaling:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 186 scriptfonts::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 140 scriptlettersformath:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 section::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 , 34 sectionnumber,crossreferencing::::::::::::::: 44 sectionnumbers,printing:::::::::::::::::::::: 31 sectionsymbol:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 section,redening:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38 sectioningcommands:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 sectioning,part:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 32 series,offonts::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 setspacepackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 settingcounters::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 116 shapes,offonts:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 sharpSletters:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 showidxpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 202 simulatingtypedtext:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 singleanglequotationmarks:::::::::::::::::: 188 singleguillemets:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 singleleftquote::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 singlelow-9quotationmark::::::::::::::::::: 189 singlequote,straight:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 singlerightquote::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 siunitxpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 159 sizesoftext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 skipregister,plainTEX::::::::::::::::::::::: 106 slantedfont:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 sloppyparenvironment::::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 smallcapsfont::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 space,hard::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 158 space,insertinghorizontal::::::::::::::::::::: 155 space,insertingvertical::::::::::::::::::::::: 165 space,negativethin::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 159 space,thin:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 159 space,unbreakable:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 158 space,vertical:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 163 spaces:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 154 spaces,ignorearoundcommands:::::::::::::: 112 spacingwithinmathmode:::::::::::::::::::: 144 spacing,inter-sentence::::::::::::::::::: 157 , 158 Spanishordinals,feminineandmasculine:::::: 190 specialcharacters:::::::::::::::::::::::: 187 , 192 specialinsertions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 187 specier, oatplacement::::::::::::::::::::::: 28 splittingtheinputle::::::::::::::::::::::::: 195 squareroot::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 146 stackmath::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 147 star-variants,commands:::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 starredform,deningnewcommands::::::::: 103 startinganewpage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 96 startinganewpageandclearing oats::::::::: 95 startingandending::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 startingonaright-handpage:::::::::::::::::: 95 sterlingsymbol::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 straightdoublequote,base:::::::::::::::::::: 191 straightquote,base::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 straightsinglequote:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 190 stretch,innitehorizontal::::::::::::::::::::: 155 stretch,innitevertical::::::::::::::::::::::: 164 stretch,omittingvertical::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 strut:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 162 stylesoftext::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 17 styles,page::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 150 subparagraph:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 , 36 subscript::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 128 subsection:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 , 35 subsubsection:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 36 superscript::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 128 symbolspackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 129 symbols,boldface::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 140 symbols,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 129 symbols,text::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 Index236 Ttabstops,using:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 74 tableofcontentsentry,manuallyadding::::::: 200 tableofcontentsle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 tableofcontents,avoidingfootnotes::::::::::: 100 tableofcontents,creating::::::::::::::::::::: 199 tableofcontents,sectioningnumbersprinted::: 32 tables,creating:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 77 template,article:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 221 template,beamer::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 221 template,book:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 222 template,TUGboat::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 223 templates,document:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 221 terminalinput/output:::::::::::::::::::::::: 215 TEXlogo::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 textsymbols:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 text,resizing:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 186 text,scaling:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 186 textcasepackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 188 textcomppackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 thanks,fortitlepage:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 151 theorem-likeenvironment::::::::::::::::::::: 108 theorems,dening:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 108 theorems,typesetting:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 thinspace:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 145 , 159 thinspace,negative:::::::::::::::::::::: 145 , 159 thorn,Icelandicletter::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 three-quartersem-dash:::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 tie:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 158 tie-afteraccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 TikZpackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 163 , 167 tildeaccent::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 tildeaccent,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 tilde,ASCII,intext:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 titlepage,separateorrun-in:::::::::::::::::::: 9 titlepages,creating:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87 title,fortitlepage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 151 titles,making::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 150 titlesecpackage::::::::::::::: 32 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 tocbibbindpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 200 tocloftpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 200 today'sdate:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 194 tombstone:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 193 trademarksymbol:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 transcriptle::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 TrueTypefonts::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 TUGboattemplate::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 223 two-columnoutput::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 two-thirdsem-dash::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 typestyles::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 17 typedtext,simulating:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 typefacesizes:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 typefaces:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 17 typewriterfont::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 typewriterlabelsinlists:::::::::::::::::::::::: 49 Uulempackage::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 144 umlautaccent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 underbar::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 192 underlining::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 underscore,intext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 191 Unicodeinput,native::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 units,oflength::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 unocialnatureofthismanual:::::::::::::::::: 2 unorderedlists::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 uppercase::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 187 urlpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 usingBibTEX:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 86 UTF-8:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 Vvariables,alistof::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 114 vectorsymbol,math:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 verbatimtext:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 verbatimtext,inline::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 verbatimboxpackage:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 verticalbar,double,intext::::::::::::::::::: 189 verticalbar,intext::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 189 verticalmode::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 148 verticalspace:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 163 , 165 verticalspacebeforeparagraphs::::::::::::::: 125 visiblespace::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 visiblespacesymbol,intext:::::::::::::::::: 191 Wweights,offonts::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 whitespace::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 154 widehataccent,math:::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 widetildeaccent,math::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 widths,offonts:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20 writingexternalles::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 54 writingletters:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 210 Xx-height:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119 XeTEX:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 xindyprogram:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 206