Microcontrollers, Microcomputers, and Microprocessors - PowerPoint Presentation

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Microcontrollers, Microcomputers, and Microprocessors

© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

Digital ElectronicsSlide2

2A microcontroller is a small, low cost computer on a single integrated circuit.ATmega328 MicrocontrollerProcessorMemoryProgrammable Input/Output(I/O)Microcontroller, Microcomputer, or Microprocessor?What is the difference?

Arduino Uno Microcontroller Board

SparkFun Electronics, . Arduino Uno - R3. 2013. Photograph. Wikipedia Commons Web. 7 Jan 2014.Microcontrollers are used to perform one dedicated task. One specific program. They are usually embedded in products.Slide3

3A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. It includes:a microprocessormemoryinput/output (I/O) facilitiesMicrocontroller, Microcomputer, or Microprocessor?What is the difference?Commodore 64 MicrocomputerEvan-Amos, . Commodore-64-Computer

. 2011. Photograph. Wikipedia Commons Web. 7 Jan 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commodore-64-Computer.jpg>..Slide4

4Why is it called a “micro” computer?Early computers such as ENIAC filled entire rooms.A “micro”computer by comparison with a keyboard, monitor, and mouse are commonly referred to as a personal computer today.The prefix “micro” is not commonly used in describing computers anymore.Microcontroller, Microcomputer, or Microprocessor?What is the difference?U.S. Army Photo, . ENIAC. 197. Photograph. Wikipedia Commons Web. 7 Jan 2014.Slide5

5Microcontroller, Computer, or Processor?What is the difference?Application ProcessorsAs the use of smart phones and mobile devices has expanded, a new type of processor has been defined.Today, microprocessors in computers are often just referred to as processors. All computers today have a processor as the CPU. Microprocessors designed for use in mobile applications are called application processors.Intel® Quark

SoC X1000 Application ProcessorSlide6

6Microcontroller, Microcomputer, or Microprocessor?What is the difference?A microprocessor is an IC which has only the Central Processing Unit inside them. They only have processing powers.Microprocessors don’t have RAM, ROM, and other peripheral on the chip.A system designer has to add them externally to make them functional. Once again, the prefix “micro” is increasingly left today in favor of just processor.Slide7

What is a Microcontroller?7Microcontrollers are used to control many everyday products like garage door openers, traffic lights, home thermostats, and robots. Embedded controllers are everywhere.Slide8

What are the Parts of a Microcontroller?8Microcontrollers contain: A Central Processing Unit (CPU)Some form of memory (MEMORY)Programmable Input / Output (

I/O)

ATmega328 MicrocontrollerSlide9

What are the Parts of the Arduino Microcontroller Board?9The Arduino Microcontroller Board Specifications: (14) Digital I/O Pins: (6) are PWM Specific(6) Analog I/O Pins Power: USB or external. If using power supply with 2.1mm center-positive plug, recommend range 7V-12V.USB Connection: Type B5V or 3.3V option

Analog

Digital / PWM

USB

Vext

PowerSlide10

Programming a Microcontroller10Programming languages have their own grammar called syntax. Programs written with the Ardiuno software are called Sketches.

A Sketch (program written with Arduino) will contain:

VariablesFunctions Setup()Loop()StructuresCommentsSlide11

Programming a Microcontroller11The Arduino software consists of an Integrated development environment (IDE) and the core libraries. The core libraries are written in C and C++ and compiled using avr-gcc and AVR Libc.The Arduino software language you program in is very similar to C++ because it is derived from C/C++.Slide12

Example: Blink12This sketch (program) will continue to turn on LED on for 1 second and off for 1 second.The sketch (program) includes :setup() function - Initializes variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc.loop() function - loops code consecutively.

// Comments

- Detailed descriptions not executed.Slide13

Example: Blink13void - The void keyword is used only in function declarations. It indicates that the function is expected to return no information to the function from which it was called.Slide14

Example: Blink14Syntax: { } Curly Braces(also referred to as just "braces" or as "curly brackets")Curly Braces are a major part of the C programming language.Balanced Braces - An opening curly brace "{" must always be followed by a closing curly brace "}". Slide15

Example: Blink15Curly Braces – Beginning programmers, and programmers coming to C from the BASIC language often find using braces confusing or daunting.

The same curly braces in C replace: the RETURN statement in a subroutine (function), the ENDIF statement in a conditional and

the NEXT statement in a FOR loop in the BASIC language.Slide16

Example: Blink16Syntax: The main uses of { } Curly Braces Functions void myfunction(datatype argument){ statements(s) }Loops while (boolean expression) { statement(s) } do { statement(s)

} while (boolean expression); for (initialisation; termination condition; incrementing expr) { statement(s) }

Conditional statements if (boolean expression) { statement(s) } else if (boolean expression) { statement(s) } else { statement(s) }Slide17

Example: Blink17/* Blink Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly. This example code is in the public domain. */ // Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.// give the variable “integer” the name “led”:

int led = 13;// the setup routine runs once

to declare function when you press reset:void setup() { // initialize the digital pin “pinMode” you defined as “led” as an output. pinMode(led, OUTPUT); }// the void loop routine runs over and over again forever:void loop() { digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)

delay

(1000);

//

wait for a second

digitalWrite

(

led

,

LOW

);

// turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW

delay

(1000);

// wait for a second

}Slide18

Example: Blink18/* Blink Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly. This example code is in the public domain. */ // Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.// give the variable “integer” the name “led”:

int led = 13;A variable is a place for storing a piece of data. It

has a type, a name, and a value. For example, the Blink sketch declares a variable with: the type “integer” int, name led, and an initial value = 13; Slide19

Example: Blink19Variable Data Types Include: voidbooleancharunsigned charbyteintunsigned intwordunsigned longshort

floatdoublestring - char arrayString - objectArray

longSlide20

Example: Blink20/* Blink Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly. This example code is in the public domain. */ // Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.// give the variable “integer” the name “led”:

int led = 13;// the setup

routine runs once to declare function when you press reset:void setup() { // initialize the digital pin “pinMode” you defined as “led” as an output. pinMode(led, OUTPUT); }A function (also known as a sub-routine) is a named piece of code that can be used from elsewhere in the code. The setup() function in this example sets the variable led as an OUTPUT

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Example: Blink21// the void loop routine runs over and over again forever:void loop() { digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) delay(1000);

// wait for a second digitalWrite(led, LOW);

// turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW delay(1000); // wait for a second}The loop() function loops consecutively, allowing your program to change and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board./* Blink Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly. This example code is in the public domain. */ // Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards

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Your Turn22Open Source Community Arduino Software is free. You can install it at home if you would like to continue work on your DE projects and/or create new projects of your own. For the newest version of Aurdino IDE visit their website.In the next activities, you will program a microcontroller to integrate new types of sensors and input devices

.

Memsic 2125 Dual-axis Accelerometer2-Axis JoystickPIR Sensor(Passive Infra-Red)